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| Date Aug. 21, 2024 |
Report No. R47985 |
Title
The 2024 Army Force Structure Transformation Initiative Updated August 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47985 SUMMARY The 2024 Army Force Structure Transformation Initiative Since the U.S. Army s inception in 1775, it has reorganized or transformed its force structure on several occasions. These changes have occurred for a variety of reasons, such as ...
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| Date Aug. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN12408 |
Title
INSIGHTi CRA Lookback Period Currently Estimated to Begin in August 1 Time Frame August 21, 2024 The Congressional Review Act (CRA, 5 U.S.C. 801-808) is a tool that Congress can use to overturn recently finalized regulations. Enacted in 1996, the CRA requires that agencies submit covered rules to Congress and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) before they may take effect. Congress then has ...
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| Date Aug. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN12409 |
Title
INSIGHTi Financial Services and General Government FY2025 Appropriations: CFPB s Funding and Structure Provisions August 21, 2024 On June 17, 2024, the House Committee on Appropriations reported its FY2025 Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill (H.R. 8773). The reported bill would change the funding and structure of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) by ...
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| Date Aug. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IG10061 |
Title
Emergency Management in the U.S.: Sharing the Costs August 21, 2024 Author Information Erica A. Lee Specialist in Emergency Management and Disaster Recovery Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. R48165 |
Title
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as Amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): An Analytical Review of the Allocation Formulas August 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48165 Elementary and Secondary Education Act: A Review of the Allocation Formulas The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as Amended by the Every Student ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. R41833 |
Title
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B: Key Statutory and Regulatory Provisions Updated August 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41833 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B Summary The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a statute that authorizes grant programs that support special education ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF11226 |
Title
Updated August 20, 2024 Defense Primer: Acquiring Specialty Metals and Sensitive Materials Some metals and metal alloys, as well as strong permanent magnets known as rare earth magnets, are critical to U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) operations. These are frequently integrated into components (e.g., integrated circuits, electrical wiring, or optoelectronic devices) or structures (e.g., aircraft ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. R45122 |
Title
Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy Updated August 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45122 SUMMARY Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy Three years after the Taliban s 2021 return to power, U.S. policymakers are still grappling with the reality of the group s autocratic rule and the negative consequences that rule has had for many Afghans and U.S. ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF11256 |
Title
Updated August 20, 2024 SEC Securities Disclosure: Background and Policy Issues Disclosure requirements are the cornerstone of federal securities regulation. One of the key federal securities laws, the Securities Act of 1933 (P.L. 73-22), is often referred to as the truth in securities law. As this name suggests, the 1933 act focuses on disclosure, specifically requiring companies offering ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IN12407 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 Military Construction Appropriations: A Summary August 20, 2024 The Biden Administration s fiscal year 2025 (FY2025) budget submission to Congress requested $17.545 billion for U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) military construction (MILCON) and family housing programs. The funding requested for FY2025 was 6.1% percent less than the $18.675 billion enacted for MILCON and family ...
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| Date Aug. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12746 |
Title
August 20, 2024 Three-Judge District Courts The Constitution vests federal judicial power in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. Congress establishes federal courts via legislation and possesses substantial authority to structure courts and set judicial procedures. One way in which Congress regulates judicial proceedings is by ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48163 |
Title
Foreign Nationals in the U.S. Armed Forces: Immigration Issues August 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48163 SUMMARY Foreign Nationals in the U.S. Armed Forces: Immigration Issues Enlistment and appointment in the U.S. Armed Forces is currently limited to U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), and residents of certain Pacific ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48161 |
Title
The Federal Statistical System: An Overview August 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48161 SUMMARY The Federal Statistical System: An Overview The federal statistical system (FSS) is a decentralized institution comprising more than 100 agencies, organizational units, and programs across the U.S. government that engage in statistical activities. Thirteen ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. RS22380 |
Title
Child Support Enforcement: Program Basics Updated August 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22380 SUMMARY Child Support Enforcement: Program Basics RS22380 August 19, 2024 The Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program was enacted in 1975 as a federal-state program (Title IV-D of the Social Security Act). The primary purpose of this program was to reduce Jessica ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IN12406 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Defense Industrial Base Policy August 19, 2024 Background The defense industrial base (DIB) is the network of organizations, facilities, and resources that supplies the U.S. government particularly the Department of Defense (DOD) with materials, products, and services for defense purposes. The DIB is large and complex, encompassing private and public entities engaged in ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48160 |
Title
Law Enforcement and Technology: Use of Automated License Plate Readers August 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48160 SUMMARY Law Enforcement and Technology: Use of Automated License Plate Readers Over the past couple of decades, law enforcement use of automated license plate readers (ALPRs; also referred to as LPRs) has increased. These tools are now ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF10909 |
Title
Updated August 19, 2024 U.S. Sanctions: Targeting International Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking Sanctions play a role in U.S. national drug control strategies to disrupt and deter the illicit production and trafficking of foreign-produced drugs. The 118th Congress has focused on the role of sanctions in combating synthetic opioid production and trafficking (including fentanyl). Opioids are ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. RL33153 |
Title
China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities Background and Issues for Congress Updated August 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33153 China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities Summary China s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is the top focus of U.S. defense planning and ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. R48158 |
Title
Kazakhstan: Background and Issues for Congress August 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48158 SUMMARY Kazakhstan: Background and Issues for Congress R48158 August 16, 2024 Maria A. Blackwood Analyst in Asian Policy Kazakhstan, a U.S. partner in areas such as counterterrorism, regional security, and nuclear nonproliferation, is a strategically situated country ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. R48159 |
Title
Selected Potential Considerations with Respect to Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal: In Brief August 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48159 Selected Potential Considerations with Respect to Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal Contents Overview of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal Approaches .................................................... 2 Biological Pathway ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11216 |
Title
Legal Sidebar District Court Holds That Google Unlawfully Monopolizes Online Search: Overview and Potential Remedies August 16, 2024 On August 5, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia held that Google unlawfully monopolizes the markets for general search services and general search text ads through a series of exclusive contracts with browser developers, mobile device ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12742 |
Title
August 16, 2024 Federal Criminal Laws Prohibiting Unlawful Voting Introduction While the U.S. Constitution charges the states with primary responsibility for regulating federal elections, it also provides that the federal government play a significant role in overseeing such elections. The Supreme Court has held that this role includes enacting laws to protect the integrity of federal elections. ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12745 |
Title
August 16, 2024 Policies Governing Employment Discrimination and Harassment in the Judicial Branch Several federal laws, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 501), protect members of the federal workforce from employment discrimination. Together, these laws prohibit ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48156 |
Title
The Biden Administration s Student Loan Debt Relief Rulemaking August 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48156 SUMMARY The Biden Administration s Student Loan Debt Relief Rulemaking Outstanding Higher Education Act (HEA) Title IV federal student loan debt exceeds $1.6 trillion and is owed by about 45 million borrowers. In August 2022, the Biden Administration ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48157 |
Title
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget and Funding: Overview and Issues for Congress August 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48157 SUMMARY National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget and Funding: Overview and Issues for Congress The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12744 |
Title
August 15, 2024 Patent Law: An Introduction and Issues for Congress Patents, a form of intellectual property, give their owners certain exclusive rights in new and useful inventions. To encourage innovation, the Constitution gives Congress the power to grant patents to inventors for a limited time. Patents have been a part of federal law ever since Congress enacted the first Patent Act in 1790. ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12481 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 Taiwan: Defense and Military Issues U.S. policy toward Taiwan (which also calls itself the Republic of China or ROC) has long prioritized the maintenance of peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. The United States supports Taiwan s efforts to deter the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) from using force to gain control of the archipelago, which the PRC claims ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12667 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2025 Budget Request and Appropriations The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency in the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; share that information; and conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11157 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Assessing Recent U.S. Airstrikes in the Middle East Under the War Powers Framework Updated August 15, 2024 Airstrikes by U.S. forces in the Middle East have markedly increased since the outbreak of the current Israel-Hamas conflict on October 7, 2023. To date, the targets have been Iranian-supported militant groups in Iraq and Syria and in Yemen and the Red Sea. The strikes have ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12305 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 U.S. Direct Financial Support for Ukraine Background Congress has enacted five emergency supplemental funding measures to address Russia s ongoing invasion of Ukraine. These include USAID has obligated $24.1 billion to PEACE between FY2022-FY2024; the most recent obligation of $3.9 billion will not fund pensions, pursuant to the FY2024 USSAA. the Ukraine Supplemental ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12741 |
Title
August 15, 2024 Introduction to Financial Services: International Regulation While financial markets have become global, financial regulation and supervision is conducted by domestic agencies. Thus, domestic regulators take into account how financial institutions and markets they regulate are affected by international financial markets and foreign regulatory frameworks. In the absence of an ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN12404 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Summary of Proposed Funding Authorizations August 15, 2024 Of the $895.2 billion requested in the FY2025 President s budget for discretionary activities within the national defense budget function, approximately $883.7 billion fell within the scope of proposed versions of a National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (NDAA; H.R. 8070; S. 4638). While the NDAA by ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF10968 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 Defense Primer: Lowest Price Technically Acceptable Contracts Background When procuring goods or services, the Department of Defense (DOD) generally seeks to obtain the best value for the government by encouraging full and open competition, as required by the 1984 Competition in Contracting Act (P.L. 98-369, also known as CICA). Full and open competition occurs when all ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12740 |
Title
August 15, 2024 U.S. Air Force Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) What Are Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA)? The U.S. Air Force is developing a new type of semiautonomous, uncrewed aircraft (UAV) called Collaborative Combat Aircraft. The Air Force contends that CCA is being created as a so-called loyal wingman, a large UAV that could fly alongside new and existing crewed fighter jets. The Air ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R47679 |
Title
Congressional and Executive Authority Over Foreign Trade Agreements Updated August 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47679 SUMMARY Congressional and Executive Authority Over Foreign Trade Agreements This report examines the constitutional powers of Congress and the President to make foreign trade agreements, the respective roles the legislative and executive ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R45811 |
Title
Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress Updated August 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45811 SUMMARY Hypersonic Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress R45811 August 14, 2024 Kelley M. Sayler Specialist in Advanced The United States has actively pursued the development of hypersonic weapons maneuvering Technology and Global weapons that ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R48155 |
Title
Oversight of Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity: Current Policies and Options for Congress August 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48155 SUMMARY Oversight of Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity: Current Policies and Options for Congress R48155 August 14, 2024 Todd Kuiken Analyst in Science and Technology Policy In the United States, oversight of the life ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12324 |
Title
INSIGHTi Omnibus Appropriations: Overview of Recent Practice Updated August 14, 2024 Congress makes decisions on discretionary spending through the annual appropriations process, which currently consists of the development and consideration of 12 regular appropriations bills for each fiscal year. Historically, regular appropriations bills were considered individually and enacted as standalone ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12403 |
Title
Decennial Census and Apportionment: Frequently Asked Questions August 14, 2024 Every 10 years, the U.S. Constitution requires administration of a national census an actual Enumeration conducted in such Manner as [Congress] shall by Law direct. The next decennial census is scheduled to be conducted in 2030. At times, Congress has considered legislation to address decennial census operations. In the ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12738 |
Title
August 14, 2024 Aerial Targets Congress has required the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) to conduct realistic testing of certain weapon systems. The U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy have acquired a portfolio of subscale and full-scale aerial targets in part to meet this requirement. Aerial targets simulate real world aerial threats, such as crewed fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, missiles, and ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12739 |
Title
August 14, 2024 The Illegality Doctrine and 501(c)(3) Organizations Courts and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) have long recognized an implied requirement that organizations exempt from taxation under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 501(c)(3) must not have an illegal purpose. As explained by the Supreme Court in Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983), the origins of this ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R48153 |
Title
Marginal Effective Tax Rates on Investment and the Expiring 2017 Tax Cuts August 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48153 SUMMARY Marginal Effective Tax Rates on Investment and the Expiring 2017 Tax Cuts P.L. 115-97, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), made significant changes impacting taxes on new investment. Some provisions enacted by ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. RL31675 |
Title
Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process Updated August 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31675 SUMMARY Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process RL31675 August 13, 2024 This report reviews the process and procedures that apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell Paul ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF10803 |
Title
Updated August 13, 2024 Global Human Rights: International Religious Freedom Policy For decades, U.S. policymakers have sought to promote religious freedom abroad, reflective both of a general interest in promoting human rights through U.S. foreign policy, as well as the emphasis on religious freedom in U.S. domestic law and political culture. Protection of religious freedom is also affirmed in ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12397 |
Title
Updated August 13, 2024 U.S. Army s Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) System Background Figure 1. M-SHORAD Increment I The Army is developing a new maneuver short-range air defense system, or M-SHORAD, to perform short-range air defense (SHORAD). The Army defines SHORAD as capabilities that provide air defense against low-altitude air threats. In the early 2000s, the Army divested SHORAD ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R48152 |
Title
Biden Administration Executive Actions Resulting in Modifications for the Federal Student Loan Programs August 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48152 SUMMARY Biden Administration Executive Actions Resulting in Modifications for the Federal Student Loan Programs R48152 August 12, 2024 Alexandra Hegji Specialist in Social Policy Outstanding federal student ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R43978 |
Title
Older Americans Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated August 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43978 Older Americans Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Introduction May is Older Americans Month (OAM) a time some celebrate and pay tribute to older people across the country. Since 1992, the Administration on Aging (AOA) has selected an annual theme for ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IN12396 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recent Developments in the Democratic Presidential Nominating Process Updated August 12, 2024 On July 21, President Joseph Biden announced that he would no longer seek the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination. This CRS Insight discusses selected issues that could be of interest to Congress as the party approaches the Democratic National Convention in August. With issues discussed ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R43977 |
Title
Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated August 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43977 Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Introduction May is Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month. It is a time to recognize the contributions and achievements of Americans of Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12737 |
Title
August 12, 2024 Presidential Transitions: Facilities and Related Services Provided by the General Services Administration In order to minimize disruptions that might be occasioned by transitions in the office of President, the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (PTA; P.L. 82-277), as amended, authorizes the General Services Administration (GSA) to assist in the transfer of executive power prior ...
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