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| Date Sept. 11, 2024 |
Report No. IN12420 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Counterspace Capabilities September 11, 2024 What Is Counterspace? Counterspace operations can be either offensive or defensive. Offensive counterspace operations aim to deceive an adversary, disrupt the use of a space system (such as a satellite), temporarily deny the use of a space system, degrade or impair an adversary s space system, or permanently eliminate a space system. ...
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| Date Sept. 11, 2024 |
Report No. R44178 |
Title
Patriot Day: Fact Sheet Updated September 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44178 Patriot Day: Fact Sheet n 2001, P.L. 107-89 designated September 11 as Patriot Day to honor the individuals who lost their lives as a result of the terrorist attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001. The law asks the President to issue an annual Proclamation for ...
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| Date Sept. 11, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11224 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Moody v. NetChoice, LLC: The Supreme Court Addresses Facial Challenges to State Social Media Laws September 11, 2024 On July 1, 2024, the Supreme Court vacated the judgments in two consolidated First Amendment challenges to state laws that regulate certain online platforms moderation of user-posted content and remanded the cases for further proceedings. The courts of appeals that ...
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| Date Sept. 11, 2024 |
Report No. IF11616 |
Title
Updated September 11, 2024 Klamath River Dam Removal and Restoration The Klamath River Basin (Figure 1) a 12,000 square mile area on the California-Oregon border is a focal point for discussions on water allocation and species protection. These issues have generated conflict among farmers, federally recognized tribes (hereinafter, Tribes), fishermen, federal water project and wildlife refuge ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48173 |
Title
Macroeconomic Theory for Policymakers: An Illustrated Guide September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48173 Macroeconomic Theory for Policymakers: An Illustrated Guide Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 The Economy and Long-Term Growth ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R47715 |
Title
The United Nations System: Frequently Asked Questions Updated September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47715 SUMMARY The United Nations System: Frequently Asked Questions R47715 September 10, 2024 Luisa Blanchfield Specialist in International The United Nations (U.N.) system is a group of interconnected entities that includes the United Relations Nations ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R46406 |
Title
Voter Registration: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress Updated September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46406 SUMMARY Voter Registration: Recent Developments and Issues for Congress Voter registration policies are typically determined by state and local governments, subject to certain federal requirements. Historically, much of the federal policy ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R46652 |
Title
Regulating Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Updated September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46652 SUMMARY Regulating Contaminants Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Detections of contaminants in public water supplies in numerous states have raised questions about drinking water quality and have increased congressional interest ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. IN12340 |
Title
INSIGHTi The FY2025 President s Budget in Historical Context Updated September 10, 2024 On March 11, 2024, the Biden Administration submitted its budget for FY2025, which proposes increased federal revenues, continued growth in mandatory outlays, and decreased discretionary outlays relative to the size of the economy. In June 2024, the Congressional Budget Office issued its analysis of the ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. IN12367 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Military Basic Pay Reform Proposal Updated September 10, 2024 In 2023, the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) established a Quality of Life (QoL) Panel to develop proposals for an FY2025 National Defense Authorization Act (FY2025 NDAA). Several of the Panel s recommendations from the final report were included in the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement Act (H.R. 8070 ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48174 |
Title
Constitution and Citizenship Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48174 Constitution and Citizenship Day Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Legislative History ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48178 |
Title
Post-9/11 GI Bill Transferability: Frequently Asked Questions September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48178 SUMMARY Post-9/11 GI Bill Transferability: Frequently Asked Questions R48178 September 10, 2024 Cassandria Dortch Specialist in Education Congress determined that because military service in Iraq and Afghanistan following September Policy 11, 2001, ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF11479 |
Title
Updated September 10, 2024 Defense Primer: United States Transportation Command United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) is a Department of Defense (DOD) combatant command responsible for providing air, land, and sea transportation across the globe to meet national security needs. History and Role Established in 1987 and headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, IL, USTRANSCOM serves as the ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. IN12309 |
Title
INSIGHTi Iraq: Attacks and U.S. Strikes Reopen Discussion of U.S. Military Presence Updated September 10, 2024 After a months-long pause (Figure 1), recurrent attacks on facilities in Iraq hosting U.S. personnel and U.S. defensive measures could affect U.S.-Iraqi talks on the future of U.S. forces in Iraq. Iran-backed armed groups attacked U.S. personnel in Iraq more than 60 times between the ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. R47943 |
Title
Joint Employment and the National Labor Relations Act Updated September 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47943 SUMMARY Joint Employment and the National Labor Relations Act R47943 September 10, 2024 Jon O. Shimabukuro Legislative Attorney The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) recognizes the right of most private sector employees to engage in collective ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF12759 |
Title
September 10, 2024 The HIPAA Privacy Rule: Overview and Issues The final HIPAA Privacy Rule (the Rule) was first issued in December 2000, and a final modified rule was issued in August of 2002, pursuant to authority in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA, P.L. 104-191). HIPAA was enacted to improve the availability and continuity of health insurance coverage; ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12480 |
Title
Updated September 9, 2024 The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Exemption for Executive, Administrative, and Professional (EAP) Employees The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes a federal minimum wage for most private and public sector employees and generally requires overtime compensation at a rate of one and one-half times an employee s regular hourly rate for hours worked beyond a 40-hour ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12757 |
Title
September 9, 2024 Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): An Overview of Current Laws and Legislation Introduced in the 118th Congress Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is fuel derived from sustainable sources that meets aviation technical standards. The most touted potential benefits of SAF include assisting with decarbonizing the aviation sector and assisting with rural economic development. Challenges ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2024 |
Report No. R47698 |
Title
Home Energy Rebates from the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, P.L. 117-169: Frequently Asked Questions Updated September 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47698 Home Energy Rebates from the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, P.L. 117-169: FAQs Summary P.L. 117-169, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), appropriated $9 billion for ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IN11831 |
Title
INSIGHTi Election Worker Safety and Privacy Updated September 9, 2024 Concerns about election workers safety and privacy have been reported in surveys, news articles, and congressional hearings from the 2020 elections through the current election cycle. Those concerns, along with a perceived increase in politically motivated job scrutiny, have led some to leave, or consider leaving, their roles. ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12758 |
Title
September 9, 2024 Medicare Coverage of GLP-1 Drugs Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, marketed under brand names such as Wegovy and Ozempic, are a class of medications used primarily in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, GLP-1 drugs have gained attention for their effectiveness in obesity treatment. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity amongst ...
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| Date Sept. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF11991 |
Title
Updated September 9, 2024 The U.S. Army s Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW): Dark Eagle What Is the Army s Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon? The Army s Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon (LRHW), also known as Dark Eagle (Figure 1), with a reported range of 1,725 miles, consists of a ground-launched missile equipped with a hypersonic glide body and associated transport, support, and fire control equipment. ...
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| Date Sept. 6, 2024 |
Report No. R45030 |
Title
Federal Role in Voter Registration: The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) and Subsequent Developments Updated September 6, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45030 SUMMARY Federal Role in Voter Registration: The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (NVRA) and Subsequent Developments R45030 September 6, 2024 Sarah J. Eckman Analyst in American ...
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| Date Sept. 6, 2024 |
Report No. R47321 |
Title
Iran: Background and U.S. Policy Updated September 6, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47321 SUMMARY Iran: Background and U.S. Policy R47321 September 6, 2024 Relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States have been largely antagonistic since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, with tensions spiking since 2023. Of particular Clayton Thomas ...
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| Date Sept. 6, 2024 |
Report No. IF12736 |
Title
Updated September 6, 2024 Nominee Financial Disclosure During a Presidential Transition Every four years, the United States conducts a presidential election. In instances where a transition from one presidential Administration to another occurs, one of the President-elect s tasks is to fill approximately 1,000 Senateconfirmed civilian positions in the executive branch. The Ethics in Government Act ...
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| Date Sept. 6, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11222 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from August 2024 September 6, 2024 The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen circuits issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the U.S. Courts of Appeals are often the last word on consequential legal questions. The federal appellate ...
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| Date Sept. 6, 2024 |
Report No. IN12301 |
Title
INSIGHTi Houthi Attacks in the Red Sea: Issues for Congress Updated September 6, 2024 Since the October 7, 2023 Hamas attacks and Israel s military response in Gaza, the Ansar Allah/Houthi movement, an Iran-backed force in Yemen, has targeted (Figure 1) Israeli territory and commercial and naval vessels near the Bab al Mandeb Strait, a key maritime choke point. In response, the United States, its ...
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| Date Sept. 6, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11223 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Johnson v. National Collegiate Athletic Association: Third Circuit Allows College Athletes Claim for Wages to Move Forward September 6, 2024 In Johnson v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (Third Circuit) considered whether college athletes can be barred as a matter of law from asserting claims for compensation because they are ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. R44710 |
Title
Military Construction: Authorities and Processes Updated September 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44710 SUMMARY Military Construction: Authorities and Processes R44710 September 5, 2024 Andrew Tilghman Analyst in U.S. Defense Congress appropriates several billion dollars annually to support construction projects for the Infrastructure Policy Department of ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. R46574 |
Title
Enactment of Appropriations Measures During Lame Duck Sessions Updated September 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46574 SUMMARY Enactment of Appropriations Measures During Lame Duck Sessions Fourteen of the past 15 Congresses have concluded with post-election, or lame duck, sessions. Under contemporary conditions, any meeting of Congress that occurs between a ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. R43599 |
Title
Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview Updated September 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43599 Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview Summary The number of unaccompanied alien children (UAC, unaccompanied children) apprehended at the Southwest border between U.S. ports of entry while attempting to enter the United States without authorization has ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. R47901 |
Title
Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 118th Congress Updated September 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47901 SUMMARY Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 118th Congress This report discusses immigration-related bills that have received congressional action in the 118th Congress as of the report s cover date. For the purposes of the report, bills ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12755 |
Title
September 5, 2024 Too Big to Fail Financial Institutions: Policy Issues Some financial institutions are perceived to be too big to fail (TBTF), meaning that their failure would trigger financial instability. Although the term TBTF is a popular shorthand, too interconnected to fail is considered to be a more apt phrase to describe these firms because they are the key participants in a certain ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12756 |
Title
September 5, 2024 Defined Contribution Retirement Plans: Automatic Enrollment Many employers offer their employees the opportunity to save for retirement in defined contribution (DC) plans, of which the most common is the 401(k) plan. Sponsors of DC plans have two ways to enroll eligible employees. Historically, most employees had to opt in to participate in their plans. In opt-in plans, eligible ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN11701 |
Title
INSIGHTi Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulation of Employee Exposure to Heat Updated September 5, 2024 Employees who work outdoors, including those in industries such as construction and agriculture, may be exposed to extreme heat conditions. Similarly, certain indoor work situations such as bakeries, warehouses, and steel mills may also expose employees to unsafe heat ...
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| Date Sept. 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11156 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Department of Labor s 2024 Independent Contractor Rule Updated September 5, 2024 On January 10, 2024, the Department of Labor (DOL) issued a rule that identifies criteria for how it classifies whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor for purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), the federal law that establishes minimum wage and overtime compensation standards ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2024 |
Report No. R48185 |
Title
Sources of Data on Federal Small Business Contracts: In Brief September 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48185 Sources of Data on Federal Small Business Contracts: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Static Reports on Dollars ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12754 |
Title
September 4, 2024 Federal Communications Commission: Agency Regulatory Authority and Selected Rules The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent federal administrative agency established by the Communications Act of 1934 (1934 Act; 47 U.S.C. 151 et seq.) to regulate interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The agency is headed ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45307 |
Title
Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy Updated September 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45307 SUMMARY Georgia: Background and U.S. Policy Georgia has been one of the United States closest partners among the post-Soviet states that gained their independence after the Soviet Union s dissolution in 1991. Building on a history of substantial development aid and ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11221 |
Title
Legal Sidebar State Regulation of Prescription Drug Prices: Prescription Drug Affordability Boards and Related Litigation September 4, 2024 As conversations about health care costs, including prescription drug prices, continue in the 118th Congress, the federal Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program, created in the Inflation Reduction Act, has continued to move forward. Despite several lawsuits ...
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| Date Sept. 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12753 |
Title
September 4, 2024 Climate Change: What Are Net-Zero Emissions? Net-zero emissions refers to a situation in which humancaused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from sources such as fossil fuel combustion and deforestation are fully balanced by carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere. Methods of removal include natural absorption and storage in forests and other ecosystems as well as ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. R46511 |
Title
Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA): Pension Programs Updated September 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46511 SUMMARY Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA): Pension Programs Within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) administers three veteran pension programs. These programs provide monthly benefits to ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. R48169 |
Title
Animal Disease Traceability: Electronic Identification Requirements September 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48169 SUMMARY Animal Disease Traceability: Electronic Identification Requirements R48169 September 3, 2024 Lia Biondo Analyst in Agricultural Animal disease traceability (ADT) is the concept of ensuring a rapid, coordinated Policy national response ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. R40628 |
Title
Continuity of Congressional Representation: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40628 SUMMARY Continuity of Congressional Representation: Background and Issues for Congress R40628 September 3, 2024 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American Challenges to congressional operations have been posed in the past by a ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11166 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Montana s TikTok Ban Goes Before the Ninth Circuit Updated September 3, 2024 On November 30, 2023, a federal district court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of a law banning TikTok s Montana operations. Without the district court s preliminary injunction, the Montana law would have become effective January 1, 2024. Montana appealed the district court s order to ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12470 |
Title
Updated September 3, 2024 The Intelligence Community s Foreign Malign Influence Center FMIC Background FMIC Mission General concern over the potential for foreign efforts to manipulate U.S. public opinion and interfere in U.S. elections has grown with the recognition that foreign malign actors are able to employ sophisticated tools such as artificial intelligence (AI) to conduct disinformation ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12752 |
Title
September 3, 2024 Education Department Updates Title IX Regulations: Protections for Pregnant Students and Employees Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (hereinafter, Title IX ) bars sex discrimination in education programs that receive federal financial assistance (20 U.S.C. 1681 et seq.). The U.S. Department of Education s (ED s) regulations implementing Title IX cover all educational ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11220 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Courts Consider Recent Agency Regulations Prohibiting Gender Identity Discrimination Before and After Loper Bright September 3, 2024 In spring 2024, the Departments of Education (ED) and Health and Human Services (HHS) released new regulations interpreting sex discrimination to include gender identity discrimination under two federal laws. ED s regulations implement Title IX of the ...
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| Date Sept. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12169 |
Title
Updated September 3, 2024 An Overview of Medical Debt: Collection, Credit Reporting, and Related Policy Issues Medical debt is a fairly common occurrence for Americans who have received medical care. This InFocus discusses medical debt; how that debt is collected and reported to credit reporting agencies (CRAs); and proposals to change those practices from industry, some Members of Congress, and ...
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| Date Aug. 30, 2024 |
Report No. RL33220 |
Title
Support Offices in the House of Representatives: Roles and Authorities Updated August 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33220 SUMMARY Support Offices in the House of Representatives: Roles and Authorities Article I of the Constitution, in Sections 2 and 3, authorizes the House of Representatives and Senate to choose their own officers. The number of such ...
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