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| Date Nov. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12821 |
Title
November 20, 2024 Over-The-Counter Monograph Drug User Fee Program (OMUFA) Reauthorization On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act, P.L. 116-136) was signed into law. The CARES Act added Section 505G to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), which reformed the regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) monograph drugs and authorized the Food and ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF10177 |
Title
Updated November 19, 2024 Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) is an interagency body chaired by the Secretary of the Treasury. It serves the President in overseeing the potential national security risks of certain foreign direct investment (FDI) in the U.S. economy. CFIUS jurisdiction includes the review of ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF10733 |
Title
Updated November 19, 2024 U.S.-South Korea (KORUS) FTA and Bilateral Trade Relations The U.S.-South Korea free trade agreement (KORUS FTA) entered into force in March 2012. The agreement has reduced and, in most cases, eliminated tariff and non-tariff barriers between the two parties on manufactured goods, agricultural products, and services. It also: provides rules and disciplines on investment, ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF12820 |
Title
November 19, 2024 Selected Issues in Tax Policy: The Child Tax Credit Tax reform proposals in the 119th Congress may include reforms to the child tax credit, which increases the after-tax incomes of some households with children. The child tax credit was substantively modified by P.L. 115-97 (often referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, TCJA), and those changes are scheduled to expire after the ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IN12460 |
Title
INSIGHTi Downloadable Federal Budget Data: Spending by Function, Subfunction, and Agency November 19, 2024 Tracking spending trends informs how Congress exercises its power of the purse granted by the Constitution. This Insight provides congressional clients with links to spreadsheets containing spending data broken down in various ways to make tracking spending more convenient. The Insight also ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF12466 |
Title
Updated November 19, 2024 State Department Passport Services: Background and Issues for Congress Background The U.S. Department of State (DOS) defines a passport as an internationally recognized travel document that verifies the identity and nationality of the bearer. Congress has vested authority in DOS to grant, issue, and verify U.S. passports. DOS data indicate that the number of passports it ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF12816 |
Title
Updated November 19, 2024 The War and Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan The conflict in Sudan that began in 2023 between rival elements of the security forces has fueled the world s largest displacement crisis and largest hunger crisis. The war has pushed over 11 million people from their homes. More than half the population, over 25 million people, reportedly face acute food insecurity, including 1.5 ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IN12459 |
Title
INSIGHTi Implementing the National Defense Industrial Strategy: Issues for Congress November 19, 2024 In January 2024, the Department of Defense (DOD) released its first-ever National Defense Industrial Strategy (NDIS), which identified and characterized four long-term priorities for the U.S. defense industrial base (DIB) supply chain resilience, workforce readiness, flexible acquisition, and ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R44125 |
Title
Consumer and Credit Reporting, Scoring, and Related Policy Issues Updated November 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44125 SUMMARY Consumer and Credit Reporting, Scoring, and Related Policy Issues R44125 November 19, 2024 Darryl E. Getter Specialist in Financial The consumer data industry collects and subsequently provides information to firms about the ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48270 |
Title
How Is Primary Energy Defined and Used? November 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48270 SUMMARY How Is Primary Energy Defined and Used? A fundamental consideration in energy policy debates is the amount of primary energy from oil, coal, nuclear power, renewables, and other resources produced and consumed in the United States and throughout the world. However ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF10553 |
Title
Updated November 19, 2024 Defense Primer: Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Advanced technology plays a critical role in ensuring U.S. national security. To maintain technological superiority on the battlefield, the Department of Defense (DOD) relies on scientific and technical knowledge developed in large measure through research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) funded by the ...
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| Date Nov. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48271 |
Title
Paying for Drinking Water: Background and Issues for Congress November 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48271 SUMMARY Paying for Drinking Water: Background and Issues for Congress For decades, the affordability of drinking water services has been a concern of Congress, dating back to the 1974 enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Over time, system ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF11999 |
Title
Updated November 18, 2024 AUKUS Nuclear Cooperation On August 7, 2024, President Joseph Biden submitted to Congress an Agreement among the Government of Australia, the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the Government of the United States of America for Cooperation Related to Naval Nuclear Propulsion. This In Focus explains the agreement s substance, as ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. IG10068 |
Title
The HIPAA Privacy Rule November 18, 2024 Author Information Amanda K. Sarata Specialist in Health Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF11147 |
Title
Updated November 18, 2024 Defense Primer: Active Component Enlisted Recruiting Congressional Role The Constitution provides Congress with broad powers over the Armed Forces, including the power To raise and support Armies and To provide and maintain a Navy. In the exercise of this authority, Congress has historically shown interest in military recruiting, which is critical to maintaining a fully ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF12538 |
Title
Updated November 18, 2024 U.S. Efforts to Manage Western Hemisphere Migration Flows In FY2024, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) enforcement encounters at the Southwest border totaled 2.1 million, the lowest total recorded since FY2021 but still above the levels recorded prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2023, pandemic-related border entry restrictions ended; those restrictions had ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF12819 |
Title
November 18, 2024 Export-Import Bank Financing of Fossil Fuel Projects The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank) provides financing for U.S. exports of goods and services in many sectors, including energy. The 118th Congress has debated whether or not Ex-Im Bank should continue to finance U.S. exports to be used for fossil fuel projects. Proponents argue that such financing advances ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. R44279 |
Title
Thanksgiving: Fact Sheet Updated November 18, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44279 Thanksgiving: Fact Sheet Introduction Thanksgiving is a federal holiday observed on the fourth Thursday in November. In 1789, President George Washington declared November 26 a National Day of Thanksgiving. Subsequent Presidents issued Thanksgiving proclamations, but the dates ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. 98-684 |
Title
Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections Updated November 18, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-684 Latin America and the Caribbean: Fact Sheet on Leaders and Elections T his report provides the results of recent presidential elections in Latin America and the Caribbean. Below are three tables, organized by region, that include the ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF10519 |
Title
Updated November 18, 2024 Defense Primer: Strategic Nuclear Forces The United States is in the process of modernizing its strategic nuclear forces. This modernization effort includes numerous Department of Defense (DOD) major defense acquisition programs, some of which are annually assessed by the Government Accountability Office, and warhead modernization programs implemented by the National ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2024 |
Report No. R48269 |
Title
Beginning Farmers or Ranchers (BFRs): Challenges and Opportunities November 18, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48269 SUMMARY Beginning Farmers or Ranchers (BFRs): Challenges and Opportunities In statute, a beginning farmer or rancher (BFR) refers to a farmer or rancher who has operated a farm or ranch for not more than 10 years. This statutory definition ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R47351 |
Title
Noncitizens Access to Health Care Updated November 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47351 SUMMARY Noncitizens Access to Health Care This report discusses the eligibility criteria for noncitizen populations for various federal health care coverage programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, and Affordable Care Act subsidies for private health insurance. R47351 ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10165 |
Title
Updated October 25, 2024 South Korea: Background and U.S. Relations Overview South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States most important strategic and economic partners in Asia. The U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty, signed in 1953 at the end of the Korean War, commits the United States to help South Korea defend itself, particularly from North Korea (officially ...
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| Date Oct. 24, 2024 |
Report No. R48245 |
Title
The Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) October 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48245 SUMMARY The Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) R48245 October 24, 2024 Christine Whitt Analyst Agricultural Policy Farming and ranching are inherently risky. Some of the risks (e.g., production loss or quality damage) can come from natural ...
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| Date Oct. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF11732 |
Title
Updated October 23, 2024 U.S. Secret Service: Threats to and Assaults on Sitting Presidents and Vice Presidents Overview Protected Individuals and Facilities USSS has two mandated missions: (1) criminal investigations, and (2) protection of persons and facilities. Criminal investigations focus primarily on financial crimes, whereas protection focuses on the safety and security of specific ...
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| Date Oct. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R46943 |
Title
Voter Registration Records and List Maintenance for Federal Elections Updated October 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46943 SUMMARY Voter Registration Records and List Maintenance for Federal Elections R46943 October 23, 2024 Sarah J. Eckman Analyst in American Each state except North Dakota requires voter registration as a prerequisite for voting in ...
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| Date Oct. 7, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11239 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Equal Time Rule for Political Candidates: Constitutional Context October 7, 2024 On July 23, 2024, two days after announcing that he would exit the 2024 presidential race, President Joe Biden wrote on social media that he would address the country on what lies ahead. In advance of this address, news organizations reported that President Donald Trump s campaign had sent a letter ...
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| Date Oct. 7, 2024 |
Report No. R42567 |
Title
Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress Updated October 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42567 Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The Coast Guard s program of record (POR), which dates to 2004, calls for procuring 8 National Security Cutters (NSCs), 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and up to ...
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| Date Oct. 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11238 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from September 2024 October 4, 2024 The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the 13 circuits issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the U.S. Courts of Appeals are often the last word on consequential legal questions. The federal appellate courts ...
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| Date Oct. 4, 2024 |
Report No. R47828 |
Title
Israel and Hamas Conflict In Brief: Overview, U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress Updated October 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47828 SUMMARY Israel and Hamas Conflict In Brief: Overview, U.S. Policy, and Options for Congress R47828 October 4, 2024 Jim Zanotti Specialist in Middle Since October 7, 2023, Israel has been at war with the Palestinian Sunni ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11030 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview Introduction A tariff is a customs duty levied on imported and exported goods and services. Historically, countries used tariffs as a primary means of collecting revenue. Today, other taxes account for most government revenue in developed countries. Tariffs are now typically used to protect domestic industries or as leverage in trade ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11235 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 Defense Primer: Senior Reserve Officers Training Corps Background The Senior Reserve Officers Training Corps (SROTC) more commonly referred to as the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) is an officer training and scholarship program for postsecondary students authorized under Chapter 103 of Title 10 of the United States Code. By enrolling in ROTC, students can pursue an ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF10018 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties Overview What are they? Antidumping (AD) and Countervailing Duties (CVD) address unfair trade practices by providing relief to U.S. industries and workers that are materially injured, or threatened with injury, due to imports of like products sold in the U.S. market at less than fair value (AD), or subsidized by a ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF10411 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 Introduction to U.S. Economy: The Business Cycle and Growth On July 19, 2021, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), an independent, nonprofit research group, announced that economic activity in the United States reached a post-COVID-19 pandemic onset trough in April 2020 and subsequently exited a two-month recession. NBER has not announced any peaks in economic ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12331 |
Title
INSIGHTi Haiti in Crisis: What Role for a Multinational Security Support Mission? Updated October 2, 2024 The political and security situation in Haiti has deteriorated since the start of 2024; more than 3,600 people were killed or injured by gang violence in the first half of 2024. The gangs some of which are aligned with political elites amassed control over territory and illicit markets amid ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10484 |
Title
Updated October 2, 2024 Defense Primer: Department of the Navy One Military Department with Two Military Services The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs an admiral whose title is the Chief of ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. RS21666 |
Title
Tunisia: In Brief Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21666 Tunisia: In Brief Summary Once considered the lone democratic success story of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, Tunisia has seen erratic and increasingly authoritarian rule under President Kais Sa ed, first elected in 2019. Sa ed has dismantled institutional checks and balances, while ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. R45221 |
Title
Capital Markets: Public and Private Securities Offerings Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45221 Capital Markets: Public and Private Securities Offerings Summary U.S. capital markets are the largest and considered to be the most efficient in the world. Companies rely heavily on capital access to fund growth and create jobs. As the principal ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN10835 |
Title
INSIGHTi What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? Updated October 1, 2024 This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by December 20, 2024, and allowed to lapse. Expiration of Certain NFIP Authorities The NFIP is authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (Title XIII of ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12486 |
Title
Updated October 1, 2024 Central America: Policy Options Following Expiration of Targeted Sanctions Authority On December 27, 2023, a targeted sanctions authority created by Congress to respond to corruption and democratic backsliding in four Central American countries (Figure 1) expired along with any visa restrictions that the State Department had imposed pursuant to the authority. Congress may ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF10578 |
Title
Updated October 1, 2024 U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: From the M rida Initiative to the Bicentennial Framework Elevated drug overdose deaths in the United States and homicide rates in Mexico have led some in Congress to question the efficacy of U.S.-Mexican security cooperation. U.S. drug overdose deaths rose from 27,700 in 2007 to some 107,450 in 2023, 69.4% of which were linked to fentanyl. ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. RS22432 |
Title
Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22432 SUMMARY Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual s incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows direct appeal ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46556 |
Title
Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46556 SUMMARY Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known generally as the Origination Clause because it requires that R46556 ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46558 |
Title
The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46558 SUMMARY The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known as the Origination Clause because it provides that All Bills for raising ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11233 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 4: Jurisprudence and Practice and Early American Conflicts September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the fourth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11234 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 5: The Civil War September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the fifth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water[.] The power to take the ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11231 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 2: Historical Background, Drafting, and Ratification September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the second part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IN12430 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Security Cooperation September 30, 2024 Background The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) broadly defines security cooperation (also known as SC) as department interactions with foreign security establishments to build security relationships that promote specific U.S. security interests, develop allied and partner nation military and security capabilities for self-defense and ...
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| Date Sept. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12730 |
Title
Updated September 27, 2024 Kids Online Safety Act On July 30, 2024, the Senate passed an amended version of S. 2073, titled the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act. Title I of the act includes provisions similar to those in the Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA; S. 1409). On September 18, 2024, the House Committee on Energy and Commerce ordered an amended House version of KOSA to be reported (H.R. 7891 ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R43419 |
Title
NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet Updated September 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43419 NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet Overview Congressional deliberations about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) often focus on the availability of funding. This fact sheet provides data on past and current NASA ...
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