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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11737 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 China: Nuclear and Missile Proliferation The U.S. government has for decades expressed concerns about China s proliferation of nuclear- and missile-related technologies to other countries, with more recent focus on the threat of Chinese acquisition of U.S.-origin nuclear technology. (See CRS In Focus IF11050, New U.S. Policy Regarding Nuclear Exports to China, by Paul K. ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11657 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 Introduction to U.S. Economy: Consumer Spending Consumer spending is a key driver of short-run economic growth in the U.S. economy. This In Focus provides an overview of consumer spending, summarizes recent trends, describes its relationship with the business cycle, and discusses policy that can impact and be affected by consumer spending. In recent years, overall real PCE ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF10018 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 Trade Remedies: Antidumping and Countervailing Duties Overview What are they? Antidumping (AD) and Countervailing Duties (CVD) address unfair trade practices by providing relief to U.S. industries and workers that are materially injured, or threatened with injury, due to imports of like products sold in the U.S. market at less than fair value (AD), or subsidized by a ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11030 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview Introduction A tariff is a customs duty levied on imported and exported goods and services. Historically, countries used tariffs as a primary means of collecting revenue. Today, other taxes account for most government revenue in developed countries. Tariffs are now typically used to protect domestic industries or as leverage in trade ...
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| Date Oct. 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11235 |
Title
Updated October 3, 2024 Defense Primer: Senior Reserve Officers Training Corps Background The Senior Reserve Officers Training Corps (SROTC) more commonly referred to as the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) is an officer training and scholarship program for postsecondary students authorized under Chapter 103 of Title 10 of the United States Code. By enrolling in ROTC, students can pursue an ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. R45221 |
Title
Capital Markets: Public and Private Securities Offerings Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45221 Capital Markets: Public and Private Securities Offerings Summary U.S. capital markets are the largest and considered to be the most efficient in the world. Companies rely heavily on capital access to fund growth and create jobs. As the principal ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. RL34391 |
Title
Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34391 Coast Guard Polar Security Cutter (Polar Icebreaker) Program Summary Required number of polar icebreakers. A 2023 Coast Guard fleet mix analysis concluded that the service will require a total of eight to ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. R43743 |
Title
Monuments and Memorials Authorized and Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act in the District of Columbia Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43743 Monuments and Memorials Completed Under the Commemorative Works Act Summary Since the enactment of the Commemorative Works Act (CWA) in 1986, Congress has authorized 48 commemorative works to be ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12599 |
Title
Updated October 2, 2024 Defense Primer: Navy Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) Concept Introduction Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) is the operating concept of the Department of the Navy (or DON, which includes the Navy and Marine Corps) for using U.S. naval (i.e., Navy and Marine Corps) forces in combat operations against an adversary, particularly China, that has substantial ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10486 |
Title
Updated October 2, 2024 Defense Primer: Naval Forces Naval Forces Refers to Both the Navy and Marine Corps Although the term naval forces is often used to refer specifically to Navy forces, it more properly refers to both Navy and Marine Corps forces, because both the Navy and Marine Corps are naval services. For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10484, Defense Primer: Department of the Navy, ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. R42704 |
Title
The Purple Heart: Background and Issues for Congress Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42704 The Purple Heart: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The Purple Heart is one of the oldest and most recognized American military medals, awarded to servicemembers who were killed or wounded by enemy action. The conflicts 2001 to the present have ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10485 |
Title
Updated October 2, 2024 Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design World geography is an influence on U.S. strategy, which in turn helps shape the design of U.S. military forces. World Geography and U.S. Strategy Most of the world s people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in the other hemisphere, particularly Eurasia. In response to ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12775 |
Title
October 2, 2024 Copyright and Uses of Music by Political Campaigns During election seasons, news stories often report of musicians and songwriters objecting to uses of their music by political campaigns. Sometimes, these artists send ceaseand-desist letters, threaten or file lawsuits, or otherwise publicly demand that candidates stop using their songs or recordings at political rallies or other ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12331 |
Title
INSIGHTi Haiti in Crisis: What Role for a Multinational Security Support Mission? Updated October 2, 2024 The political and security situation in Haiti has deteriorated since the start of 2024; more than 3,600 people were killed or injured by gang violence in the first half of 2024. The gangs some of which are aligned with political elites amassed control over territory and illicit markets amid ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. RS21666 |
Title
Tunisia: In Brief Updated October 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21666 Tunisia: In Brief Summary Once considered the lone democratic success story of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, Tunisia has seen erratic and increasingly authoritarian rule under President Kais Sa ed, first elected in 2019. Sa ed has dismantled institutional checks and balances, while ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12777 |
Title
October 2, 2024 Implications of the European Union Deforestation Regulation Many people have expressed concerns about global deforestation (the conversion of forest for non-forest uses) and forest degradation (the conversion of primary forests to other forest types). Forests store terrestrial carbon and are key components of the global carbon cycle. When forests are cleared, burned, or altered by ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12380 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Basic Needs Allowance for Military Families Updated October 2, 2024 In 2023, the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) established the Quality of Life (QOL) Panel to develop legislative proposals for the 118th Congress. On April 8, 2024, the QOL Panel released its final report. Several of the Panel s recommendations were included in the Servicemember Quality of Life ...
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| Date Oct. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10484 |
Title
Updated October 2, 2024 Defense Primer: Department of the Navy One Military Department with Two Military Services The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs an admiral whose title is the Chief of ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R41153 |
Title
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41153 Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region s future. The United States, by ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R43571 |
Title
Federal Student Loan Forgiveness and Loan Repayment Programs Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43571 SUMMARY Federal Student Loan Forgiveness and Loan Repayment Programs Service-contingent student loan forgiveness and loan repayment programs enable borrowers to have all or part of their student loan debt forgiven or repaid in exchange for work ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47560 |
Title
Agricultural Conservation: FY2023 and FY2024 Appropriations Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47560 SUMMARY Agricultural Conservation: FY2023 and FY2024 Appropriations The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the U.S. Forest Service. The FY2023 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117-328, ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46556 |
Title
Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46556 SUMMARY Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known generally as the Origination Clause because it requires that R46556 ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46558 |
Title
The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46558 SUMMARY The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known as the Origination Clause because it provides that All Bills for raising ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47292 |
Title
Congressional Rules and Practices Concerning User Fees and Other Nonrevenue Collections in the Federal Budget Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47292 SUMMARY Congressional Rules and Practices Concerning User Fees and Other Nonrevenue Collections in the Federal Budget R47292 October 1, 2024 James V. Saturno Specialist on Congress and the ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R48151 |
Title
The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program: Potential Issues for Reauthorization Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48151 SUMMARY The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) Program: Potential Issues for Reauthorization R48151 October 1, 2024 Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy The Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R43287 |
Title
Columbia River Treaty Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43287 Columbia River Treaty Summary The Columbia River Treaty (CRT or Treaty) is an international agreement between the United States and Canada for the cooperative development and operation of the water resources of the Columbia River Basin to provide for flood control and electric power. ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R44692 |
Title
Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44692 Five-Year Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program: Status and Issues in Brief Contents Leasing Program Status ................................................................................................................... 1 ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF10578 |
Title
Updated October 1, 2024 U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: From the M rida Initiative to the Bicentennial Framework Elevated drug overdose deaths in the United States and homicide rates in Mexico have led some in Congress to question the efficacy of U.S.-Mexican security cooperation. U.S. drug overdose deaths rose from 27,700 in 2007 to some 107,450 in 2023, 69.4% of which were linked to fentanyl. ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF10590 |
Title
Updated October 1, 2024 Child Welfare: Purposes, Federal Programs, and Funding The Work of Child Welfare Agencies Children depend on adults usually their parents to protect and support them. The broadest mission of public child welfare agencies is to strengthen families so that children can depend on their parents to provide them with a safe and loving home. More specifically, child welfare ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12486 |
Title
Updated October 1, 2024 Central America: Policy Options Following Expiration of Targeted Sanctions Authority On December 27, 2023, a targeted sanctions authority created by Congress to respond to corruption and democratic backsliding in four Central American countries (Figure 1) expired along with any visa restrictions that the State Department had imposed pursuant to the authority. Congress may ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN10835 |
Title
INSIGHTi What Happens If the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Lapses? Updated October 1, 2024 This Insight provides a short overview of what would happen if the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) were not to be reauthorized by December 20, 2024, and allowed to lapse. Expiration of Certain NFIP Authorities The NFIP is authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (Title XIII of ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12432 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Port Strike s Effect on Maritime Commerce October 1, 2024 The strike by port dockworkers (commonly called longshoremen) at East and Gulf Coast ports has raised concerns about the economic impact should the strike last more than a few days. The International Longshoremen s Association (ILA) and the U.S. Maritime Alliance, Ltd., the employers representing ocean carriers and port ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. RS22432 |
Title
Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22432 SUMMARY Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual s incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows direct appeal ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF11409 |
Title
Updated October 1, 2024 Defense Primer: Army Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) As an operational concept, Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) influence what types of weapon systems and equipment the Army procures, what types and numbers of soldiers are needed, the organizational structure of the Army, and what type of training is required all significant congressional oversight concerns. What Are Multi- ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12433 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA) in FY2025: Current Status October 1, 2024 The FY2025 Spending Limits The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, established statutory discretionary spending limits for FY2024 and FY2025 for both defense (security) and nondefense (nonsecurity) discretionary spending. Table 1 shows the limits established for each category in ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12435 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Accelerating Technology Transitions October 1, 2024 The Defense Department seeks technological advantages to obtain battlefield overmatch, deter potential enemies, and contribute to decisive U.S. military victory. Underpinning U.S. technological advantages are leading-edge innovations built on a foundation of insights gained from research and development (R&D) activities. ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12434 |
Title
INSIGHTi Disaster Recovery Funding for Military Facilities on Guam October 1, 2024 Overview In May 2023, a category-four typhoon struck the U.S. territory of Guam, causing damage to U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force facilities, cutting power lines, and disrupting water supplies for some of the 6,500 U.S. military servicemembers permanently stationed on the island. Cost estimates for this damage vary, ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. RL33391 |
Title
Federal Habeas Corpus: A Legal Overview Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33391 Federal Habeas Corpus: A Brief Legal Overview Summary Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual s incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows direct appeal ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48195 |
Title
Fact Sheet: Congressional Votes in Response to the Russia-Ukraine War September 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48195 SUMMARY Fact Sheet: Congressional Votes in Response to the Russia-Ukraine War On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. In response, Congress has considered legislation related to the conflict, including, for ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R41129 |
Title
Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41129 Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program Summary The Navy s Columbia (SSBN-826) class ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) program is a program to design and build a class of ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48176 |
Title
FY2025 Appropriations Status: In Brief Updated September 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48176 SUMMARY FY2025 Appropriations Status: In Brief Each year, Congress makes decisions about appropriations to provide discretionary funding for a broad range of government activities related to defense, transportation, education, the environment, homeland security, ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF10992 |
Title
Updated September 30, 2024 Department of Education Support for School Safety Initiatives Congressional interest in elementary and secondary public school safety and security remains strong. Though public school safety and security is primarily a state and local responsibility, there are federal programs and initiatives that can support these efforts. This In Focus provides an overview of programs ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12774 |
Title
September 30, 2024 Defining Recession Over time, an economy fluctuates between periods of above- and below-average short-term growth. These fluctuations are referred to as the economy s business cycle. As the economy moves through the business cycle, gross domestic product (GDP) and several additional economic indicators rise and fall. Policymakers may seek to act preventatively or swiftly when ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11235 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 6: The SpanishAmerican War and First and Second World Wars September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the sixth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IN12430 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Security Cooperation September 30, 2024 Background The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) broadly defines security cooperation (also known as SC) as department interactions with foreign security establishments to build security relationships that promote specific U.S. security interests, develop allied and partner nation military and security capabilities for self-defense and ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11231 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 2: Historical Background, Drafting, and Ratification September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the second part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11232 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 3: Authorizations for Use of Military Force and Debate over Initiating Military Action September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the third part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11233 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 4: Jurisprudence and Practice and Early American Conflicts September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the fourth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11234 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 5: The Civil War September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the fifth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water[.] The power to take the ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11237 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 8: Vietnam War Through 21st-Century Conflicts September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the last in an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water[.] ...
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