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| Date Aug. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48168 |
Title
California and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Waiver: Frequently Asked Questions August 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48168 SUMMARY California and the Clean Air Act (CAA) Waiver: Frequently Asked Questions In the Air Quality Act of 1967 (P.L. 90-148), later amended to the Clean Air Act (CAA; codified at 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.), Congress preempted state ...
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| Date Aug. 30, 2024 |
Report No. RL34209 |
Title
Fishery Disaster Assistance Updated August 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34209 SUMMARY Fishery Disaster Assistance RL34209 August 30, 2024 Oceanic conditions, climate, human activities, and weather events can affect fishery resources and commercial infrastructure, such as boats, shoreside processing, and ports. Congress Anthony R. Marshak authorized the ...
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| Date Aug. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IN12415 |
Title
INSIGHTi Sri Lanka s 2024 Presidential Election August 30, 2024 The South Asian island state of Sri Lanka is scheduled to hold a presidential election on September 21, 2024, its first since protests fueled by a severe economic crisis forced former President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to resign and flee the country in July 2022. Some observers say this crisis has sparked widespread disillusionment with Sri ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IN12414 |
Title
INSIGHTi DOD Plans for Stabilizing and Improving the Military Health System August 29, 2024 The Department of Defense (DOD) administers a Military Health System (MHS) that provides health care entitlements authorized in Title 10, Chapters 55 and 56, of the U.S. Code, and is organized, in part, under the TRICARE program. The TRICARE program offers health care benefits to approximately 9.6 million ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF11443 |
Title
Updated August 29, 2024 District of Columbia Voting Representation in Congress: Overview of Proposals The U.S. Constitution provides for the creation of a district to serve as the permanent seat of the federal government. Article I, Section 8, Clause 17 also grants Congress plenary legislative authority over that district. Since the establishment of the District of Columbia (DC) as the federal ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12750 |
Title
August 29, 2024 Required Minimum Distribution (RMD) Rules for Original Owners of Retirement Accounts Introduction Required minimum distributions, or RMDs, are annual withdrawals that individuals with certain retirement accounts are required to make after (1) reaching a specified age (or retiring) or (2) inheriting retirement accounts. RMDs are intended to prevent tax-advantaged retirement accounts ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12596 |
Title
Updated August 29, 2024 Tax Credit Transfers and Direct Payments in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) created or modified 20 energy-related income tax credits. These credits subsidize clean or efficient energy production and usage by individuals and businesses. The IRA also created two credit delivery mechanisms that extend the full value ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12751 |
Title
August 29, 2024 The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) Finalizes Rule for a Registry of Nonbank Covered Orders Nonbank consumer finance companies offer consumer finance products or services but do not have traditional bank or credit union charters and are subsequently less regulated, in general, at the federal level. Examples of nonbanks include financial technology companies (fintechs), ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IN12326 |
Title
INSIGHTi Vietnam s Nonmarket Economy (NME) Status Updated August 29, 2024 Shortly after extending normal trade relations (NTR) status to Vietnam in 2001, the United States designated Vietnam as a nonmarket economy (NME) for the purposes of antidumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) investigations. The government of Vietnam has long sought to remove the designation, arguing it may hinder closer ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10023 |
Title
Updated August 29, 2024 The Congressional Review Act (CRA): A Brief Overview Overview What is the CRA? The CRA (codified at 5 U.S.C. 801808) is a tool Congress can use to overturn certain federal agency actions. The CRA was enacted as part of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act in 1996. The CRA requires agencies to report the issuance of rules to Congress and provides Congress ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R44324 |
Title
Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators Offices, FY2001-FY2023 Updated August 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44324 SUMMARY Staff Pay, Selected Positions in Senators Offices, FY2001-FY2023 Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R43838 |
Title
Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense Issues for Congress Updated August 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43838 Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense Issues for Congress Summary The emergence over the past decade of intensified U.S. competition with the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) and the Russian Federation (Russia) ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R45184 |
Title
Teen Birth Trends: In Brief Updated August 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45184 SUMMARY Teen Birth Trends: In Brief Adolescent childbearing is associated with significant social, health, and financial risks for teens, their families, and society more broadly. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), within the Centers for Disease Control ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF12748 |
Title
August 28, 2024 Power of Siberia 2: Another Russia-China Pipeline Overview After suspending natural gas exports to certain European Union (EU) countries in April 2022, Russia has expedited negotiations with China for a new natural gas pipeline named the Power of Siberia 2 (PS-2). Russia s leaders seek to replace exports lost since Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Moscow ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IN12411 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Military Construction and Housing Authorizations August 28, 2024 For fiscal year 2025 (FY2025), the Biden Administration requested $17.545 billion for U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) military construction (MILCON) accounts and family housing programs (a total that is 6% less than the $18.675 billion enacted by Congress for MILCON and family housing in the previous year). On ...
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| Date Aug. 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11013 |
Title
Legal Sidebari State Regulation of Foreign Ownership of U.S. Land: January 2023 to July 2024 Updated August 28, 2024 State and federal lawmakers have expressed interest in legislative options to address the potential national security and economic implications of foreign ownership of U.S. land. Between January 2023 and July 2024, at least 22 states enacted legislation regulating foreign ownership ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R48162 |
Title
Possible U.S.-Saudi Agreements and Normalization with Israel: Considerations for Congress Updated August 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48162 SUMMARY Possible U.S.-Saudi Agreements and Normalization with Israel: Considerations for Congress R48162 August 27, 2024 Christopher M. Blanchard Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs The Biden Administration has ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R44322 |
Title
House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, 2001-2023 Updated August 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44322 SUMMARY House Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, 2001-2023 The level of pay for congressional staff is a source of recurring interest among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be interest in congressional pay ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R44323 |
Title
Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2023 Updated August 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44323 SUMMARY R44323 Staff Pay, Selected Positions in House Member Offices, 2001-2023 August 27, 2024 Levels of pay for congressional staff are a source of recurring questions among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R48167 |
Title
The 2024 Farm Bill: H.R. 8467 Compared with Current Law August 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48167 SUMMARY The 2024 Farm Bill: H.R. 8467 Compared with Current Law Congress sets food and agriculture policy through periodic legislation referred to as farm bills. The previous farm bill, the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334), was extended by ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R44325 |
Title
Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023 Updated August 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44325 SUMMARY R44325 Senate Committee Staff Pay, Selected Positions, FY2001-FY2023 August 27, 2024 The level of pay for congressional staff is a source of recurring interest among Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. There may be ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IN12413 |
Title
INSIGHTi Facts and Figures: EDA Awards Phase 2 Grants Under Tech Hubs and Recompete Programs August 27, 2024 In the summer of 2024, U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA) awarded $688 million through two recently authorized programs: $504 million to 12 Regional Technology Hubs (Tech Hubs) grantees (see Figure 2); and $184 Million to six Recompete Pilot Program (Recompete) grantees (see ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12136 |
Title
Updated August 27, 2024 Student Loans: A Timeline of Actions Taken in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic In light of the COVID-19 national emergency, lawmakers and the Department of Education (ED) provided various types of relief for federal student loan borrowers. For most borrowers, the primary debt relief was the suspension of (1) interest accrual and (2) the requirement that borrowers make monthly ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12749 |
Title
August 27, 2024 Bureau of Land Management: FY2025 Appropriations The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 245 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for diverse purposes, including livestock grazing, energy development, recreation, and conservation. The agency also administers onshore ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF11859 |
Title
Updated August 27, 2024 The Army s M-10 Booker (Formerly Known as Mobile Protected Firepower [MPF]) System What Is the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) System? The Army s MPF system is intended to address an operational shortfall in infantry units: Currently the Army s Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCT) do not have a combat vehicle assigned that is capable of providing mobile, protected, direct, ...
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| Date Aug. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IG10044 |
Title
Middle East Oil Updated August 27, 2024 Author Information Phillip Brown Specialist in Energy Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R42784 |
Title
U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress Updated August 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42784 U.S.-China Strategic Competition in South and East China Seas Summary Over the past 10 to 15 years, the South China Sea (SCS) has emerged as an arena of strategic competition between the United States and the ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47746 |
Title
Social Security Administration (SSA): FY2024 Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation: In Brief Updated August 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47746 SSA: FY2024 Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation: In Brief Contents Introduction ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12416 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Department of Defense Small Business Contracting August 26, 2024 Congress has authorized the Department of Defense (DOD) to promote small business contracting, including set-asides under certain conditions, and to award sole-source contracts to small businesses, often through the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA). Throughout its history, DOD has relied on ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R48166 |
Title
The U.S. Mining Industry and the Rosemont Decision August 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48166 SUMMARY The U.S. Mining Industry and the Rosemont Decision The General Mining Act of 1872 (Mining Act) formed the bedrock of U.S. mining policy during westward expansion in the 19th century. The law remains in effect. Among other provisions, it allows parties to ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12398 |
Title
INSIGHTi Israel, Iran, Hamas, and Lebanese Hezbollah: Various Strikes amid Regional Turmoil Updated August 26, 2024 Since the October 7, 2023, attacks led by Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO), conflicts between Israel and Iran and/or its allies have spread across the Middle East. After Israel and Iran exchanged direct fire in April 2024, three incidents in July led ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12410 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Sahm Rule Trigger: Is the United States in a Recession? August 26, 2024 The cooling labor market has fueled speculation that the United States could be in or headed for a recession. The unemployment rate has been gradually rising from a low of 3.4% in April 2023, and the July jobs report showed slower job growth and an uptick in the unemployment rate to 4.3%, the highest rate since ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11218 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Effect of Rescheduling Marijuana on Access to Financial Services August 26, 2024 Although federal law prohibits most marijuana-related activities, a majority of U.S. states and territories have adopted laws permitting certain types of marijuana sales and other marijuana-related activities. Many financial institutions, however, are unwilling to provide common banking products and ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11219 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Divided En Banc Federal Appeals Court Rejects Second Amendment Challenge to Maryland s Ban on Assault Weapons August 26, 2024 In 2017, the en banc U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit held that a Maryland ban on certain firearms defined as assault weapons was consistent with the Second Amendment. In 2022, the Supreme Court in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12267 |
Title
Updated August 26, 2024 Direct Loan Program Student Loans: Terms and Conditions The William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan (Direct Loan) program is the largest source of federal financial aid supporting students postsecondary educational pursuits. As of March 31, 2024, $1.4 trillion in Direct Loan program loans, borrowed by or on behalf of 38 million individuals, were outstanding. When borrowing a ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10253 |
Title
Updated August 26, 2024 Thailand: Background and U.S. Relations Thailand is a long-time military ally and economic partner of the United States. The United States operates numerous regional offices from the Bangkok Embassy, one of the largest U.S. diplomatic missions in the world. Cooperation includes security initiatives and operations, intelligence and law enforcement efforts, and regional ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF11543 |
Title
Updated August 23, 2024 Defense Primer: The Defense Logistics Agency Established under Title 10 Sections 191 and 192 of the U.S. Code (U.S.C.), the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) is the Department of Defense (DOD) agency responsible for supply or service activities common to all military departments. Section 193 of Title 10 identifies DLA as a combat support agency, a designation that DLA ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF11699 |
Title
Updated August 23, 2024 Defense Primer: Department of Defense Pre-Positioned Materiel As part of its global posture, the Department of Defense (DOD) maintains stocks of mission-essential equipment, supplies, and munitions deemed sufficient to attain and sustain strategic objectives in contingency plans. To facilitate rapid deployment of U.S. forces during the initial phases of operations, some of ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11217 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Arbitration Law Update: The Supreme Court s October 2023 Term August 23, 2024 Many contracts contain arbitration agreements that waive the parties right to litigate disputes in court and instead require them to submit legal claims to binding arbitration before a neutral third party. The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) generally makes covered arbitration agreements valid, irrevocable, ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF10894 |
Title
Updated August 23, 2024 Moldova: An Overview Moldova is one of three post-Soviet states together with Ukraine and Georgia that have sought greater integration with the West in the face of Russian interference and territorial occupation. Members of Congress may assess U.S. efforts to support Moldova s democratic trajectory and European integration, as well as efforts to combat Russian malign ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11092 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fourth Circuit Holds That Certain Medicaid and State-Funded Health Plans Discriminate by Refusing to Cover Treatments for Gender Dysphoria Updated August 23, 2024 States have recently considered the extent to which transgender individuals should have access to certain medical treatments to address a discordance between a person s sex characteristics and gender identity. While some ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF10113 |
Title
Updated August 23, 2024 The Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program Introduction Program Components The Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program was enacted into law on January 4, 1975 (P.L. 93-647). When the program was first established, its goals were to reimburse the states and the federal government for the cash assistance payments they provided families, and to help other families remain off ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R45183 |
Title
Adolescent Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs Updated August 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45183 SUMMARY Adolescent Pregnancy: Federal Prevention Programs Congress has supported adolescent pregnancy prevention efforts for many years. These programs aim to prevent adolescent pregnancy to avert associated public health, social, and economic challenges ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R48164 |
Title
Discretionary Spending in 10 Graphs August 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48164 SUMMARY Discretionary Spending in 10 Graphs Each year, Congress provides discretionary funding for a broad range of government activities through appropriations legislation. As Congress develops and considers such legislation, debate often focuses on the desired level of ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47467 |
Title
Qatar: Issues for the 118th Congress Updated August 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47467 SUMMARY Qatar: Issues for the 118th Congress The State of Qatar is a small, energy-rich emirate strategically located near the center of the Persian Gulf. Defense and diplomatic cooperation anchor close U.S.-Qatari relations: Qatar hosts thousands of U.S. troops, ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10877 |
Title
Updated August 22, 2024 Federal Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs Background The U.S. teen birth rate or the number of births per 1,000 females aged 15 to 19 each year has steadily declined since the early 1990s. The rate decreased by 78% from the most recent high of 61.8 in 1991 to the most recent low of 13.6 in 2022 (the most recent data available). Researchers suggest that multiple ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12660 |
Title
August 22, 2024 FY2025 Budget Request for the Military Health System On March 11, 2024, President Joseph R. Biden submitted his Fiscal Year (FY) 2025 budget request to Congress. Discretionary funding in the Department of Defense (DOD) budget request totals $849.8 billion, including $61.4 billion (7.2%) to fund the Military Health System (MHS), which delivers certain health entitlements under Title ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11783 |
Title
Updated August 22, 2024 Biometric Technologies and Global Security Biometric technologies use unique biological or behavioral attributes such as DNA, fingerprints, cardiac signatures, voice or gait patterns, and facial or ocular measurements to authenticate an individual s identity. Although biometric technologies have been in use for decades, recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12747 |
Title
August 22, 2024 911 Telecommunicator Reclassification: Status and Considerations for Congress 911 telecommunicators (also called 911 call takers or 911 dispatchers) have been referred to as the first first responders (i.e., they are often the initial responders to an emergency). 911 telecommunicators are not federally classified as first responders under the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IG10062 |
Title
Fishery Resource Disaster Determination Timeframes August 22, 2024 Author Information Anthony R. Marshak Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. ...
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