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| Date Aug. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF11826 |
Title
Updated August 5, 2024 Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction Submarine Construction Industrial Base The Navy has been procuring Virginia-class nuclear powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The Navy s envisaged successor to the Virginia-class design is the Next-Generation Attack Submarine, or SSN(X). The Navy s FY2024 budget ...
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| Date Aug. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF11838 |
Title
Updated August 5, 2024 Navy TAGOS-25 Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy in FY2022 procured the first of a planned class of seven new TAGOS-25 class ocean surveillance ships. Under the Navy s FY2025 budget submission, the Navy is proposing to defer procurement of the second TAGOS-25 class ship from FY2025 to FY2026. The Navy s proposed ...
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| Date Aug. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF10932 |
Title
Updated August 5, 2024 Argentina: An Overview Located on the Atlantic coast of South America s Southern Cone, Argentina is the third-largest economy in Latin America (after Brazil and Mexico). U.S.-Argentina relations have traditionally been strong, and many Members of Congress maintain interest in security and commercial ties, among other aspects of the relationship. Argentina at a Glance Capital ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. R47162 |
Title
Overview of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Infrastructure (EI) Assistance Updated August 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47162 SUMMARY Overview of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Environmental Infrastructure (EI) Assistance Congress has authorized and appropriated funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) environmental infrastructure (EI) ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF11322 |
Title
Updated August 2, 2024 Water Resources Development Acts: Primer and Action in the 118th Congress The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a Department of Defense agency that, among other missions, develops water resource projects, principally to improve navigable channels, reduce flood and storm damage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. Congress often considers, on a biennial schedule, omnibus ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12729 |
Title
August 2, 2024 Conveying Unneeded Federal Real Property to Tribal Entities: Background and Issues for Congress The General Services Administration (GSA) is responsible for the government-wide procurement of federal goods and services and the acquisition, management, and disposal of federal real property. Federal real property generally includes all federally owned buildings, structures, and land, ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12401 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: TRICARE Coverage of Gender-Affirming Care August 2, 2024 Background The Department of Defense (DOD) administers a statutory health entitlement (under Title 10, Chapter 55, of the U.S. Code), through the Military Health System (MHS). The MHS offers health care benefits and services through its TRICARE program to approximately 9.5 million beneficiaries composed of ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12354 |
Title
INSIGHTi Venezuela s 2024 Presidential Election Updated August 2, 2024 On July 28, 2024, Venezuela held presidential elections that most international observers, including the U.S. Department of State, concluded did not meet international standards. Many observers, including the U.S. Administration, allege that the government of President Nicol s Maduro failed to uphold the democratic standards ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF11631 |
Title
Updated August 2, 2024 Financial Inclusion: Access to Bank Accounts Most U.S. consumers choose to open a bank account, such as a checking or savings account, because it is considered a safe and secure way to store money, particularly as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures up to $250,000 per depositor against an institution s failure. In addition, consumers gain access to ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10766 |
Title
Updated August 2, 2024 Transnational Crime Issues: INTERPOL The International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO)INTERPOL is the world s largest international police organization. Its purpose is to enable cooperation on crime fighting and prevention matters worldwide. Congress authorized the United States to be an INTERPOL member in 1938 (22 U.S.C. 263a) and has long maintained interest in several ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46471 |
Title
Federally Supported Projects and Programs for Wastewater, Drinking Water, and Water Supply Infrastructure Updated August 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46471 SUMMARY Federally Supported Projects and Programs for Wastewater, Drinking Water, and Water Supply Infrastructure R46471 August 1, 2024 Jonathan L. Ramseur, Coordinator Acting Section Research Manager ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R48147 |
Title
Chief Information Officers (CIOs): Agency Roles and Responsibilities August 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48147 SUMMARY Chief Information Officers (CIOs): Agency Roles and Responsibilities In the course of fulfilling their missions, federal agencies constantly consume, create, use, and store information from a variety of sources, media formats, and ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12400 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Reproductive Health Care Provisions August 1, 2024 Background The Department of Defense (DOD) administers a health entitlement (under Title 10, Chapter 55, of the U.S. Code) through the Military Health System (MHS). The MHS offers health benefits and services through its TRICARE program to approximately 9.5 million beneficiaries composed of servicemembers, military retirees, ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12399 |
Title
INSIGHTi Canada s Digital Services Tax Act: Issues Facing Congress August 1, 2024 In June 2024, the Canadian government enacted Bill C-59, which included a 3% digital services tax (DST) retroactive to January 1, 2022 on certain revenue of large digital services providers active in, for example, online marketplaces, online advertising, social media platforms, and the sale or licensing of user data. ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12435 |
Title
Updated August 1, 2024 Secondary Cockpit Barriers for Airline Aircraft For the past two decades, there has been continuing policy interest in enhancing airline in-flight security with secondary cockpit barriers. A secondary cockpit barrier, also known as an installed physical secondary barrier (IPSB), typically consists of a lockable gate constructed of metal rods, bars, and cables or similar ...
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| Date July 31, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11214 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Circuit Splits from July 2024 July 31, 2024 The U.S. Courts of Appeals for the thirteen circuits issue thousands of precedential decisions each year. Because relatively few of these decisions are ultimately reviewed by the Supreme Court, the U.S. Courts of Appeals are often the last word on consequential legal questions. The federal appellate courts ...
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| Date July 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF12725 |
Title
July 31, 2024 Presidential Transitions: A Brief Summary of the Presidential Transition Act This In Focus provides a brief summary of the provisions of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963, as amended (PTA). For a discussion of the PTA and associated statutes in greater depth, see CRS Report R46602, Presidential Transition Act: Provisions and Funding. The constitutional transfer of power and ...
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| Date July 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF12726 |
Title
July 31, 2024 Presidential Transitions: Executive Clemency In Section 2 of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (as amended; 3 U.S.C. 102 note), Congress declared that [t]he national interest requires that [presidential] transitions be accomplished so as to assure continuity in the faithful execution of the laws and in the conduct of the affairs of the Federal Government, both foreign and ...
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| Date July 31, 2024 |
Report No. R48146 |
Title
Biodiversity and Conservation in Tanzania July 31, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48146 SUMMARY Biodiversity and Conservation in Tanzania Tanzania is rich in biodiversity and is home to several iconic species, including elephants, lions, black rhinoceros, and giraffes. Tanzania hosts 6 of 25 globally designated biodiversity hotspots and has protected or ...
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| Date July 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF12727 |
Title
July 31, 2024 Earned Wage Access Products For many people, the need for cash in between paychecks is a substantial burden. Earned wage access (EWA) products have generally been developed by technology-focused, nonbank financial technology companies (or fintechs ) to provide wages to workers upon demand. EWA products may help individuals manage their personal cash flows arguably at a lower cost and ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48145 |
Title
Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations July 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48145 SUMMARY Legislative Branch: FY2025 Appropriations The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights; Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Architect of the ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. TE10106 |
Title
Statement of Elizabeth Rybicki Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process Before Rules and Administration Committee U.S. Senate Hearing on Senate Procedures to Confirm Nominees July 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10106 Congressional Research Service 1 Chairwoman Klobuchar, Ranking Member Fischer, and members of the Committee, I am honored to have ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. TE10105 |
Title
Statement of Sean M. Stiff Legislative Attorney Before Rules and Administration Committee U.S. Senate Hearing on Senate Procedures to Confirm Nominees July 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10105 Congressional Research Service 1 C hairwoman Klobuchar, Ranking Member Fischer, and Members of the Committee: My name is Sean Stiff, and I am a legislative attorney ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12724 |
Title
July 30, 2024 Executive Orders and Presidential Transitions Since at least the Administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the concept of a President s first 100 days has been a touchstone for evaluation of presidential effectiveness and places at least some pressure on incoming Administrations to act quickly on their campaign commitments and other priorities. Executive orders have developed into one ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IN12397 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Department of Defense Acquisition Policy July 30, 2024 The Defense Acquisition System (DAS) develops and maintains the process through which the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) develops and buys goods and services from contractors. The process is based on statute and regulation. The process includes design, engineering, construction, testing, deployment, sustainment, and ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12347 |
Title
Updated July 30, 2024 Digital Trade and Data Policy: Key Issues Facing Congress Digital trade includes trade in all goods and services for which orders are placed digitally. E-commerce generally refers to digitally ordered goods. Services that are digitally ordered may also be delivered digitally (e.g., online banking) or provided through a subscription (e.g., streaming or cloud services). Cross- ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12723 |
Title
July 30, 2024 Presidential Transitions: Midnight Rulemaking Midnight Rulemaking Overview During the final months of presidential Administrations, federal agencies have often increased the pace of their regulatory activities. This phenomenon is often referred to as midnight rulemaking. Because it can be a challenge to change or eliminate rules after they have been finalized, issuing midnight rules ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12720 |
Title
July 30, 2024 Political-to-Career Conversions ( Burrowing In ) Some individuals who are serving in appointed (noncareer) positions in the executive branch convert to career positions in the competitive service, the Senior Executive Service (SES), or the excepted service. This practice, commonly referred to as burrowing in, is permissible when laws and regulations governing career appointments are ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12721 |
Title
July 30, 2024 Presidential Transitions: Executive Branch Political Appointment Status The status of incumbent political appointees during presidential transitions has often been of interest to Congress. In some instances, appointees of an outgoing President have continued to serve into a new Administration. These appointees might not share the new President s policy preferences or readily ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12722 |
Title
July 30, 2024 Presidential and Federal Records: Transition Considerations At the conclusion of a presidency, both the President and the Administration have likely generated millions of government records that document the actions and decisionmaking processes of the executive branch and may be of long-term interest to Congress, federal agencies, incoming Presidents, researchers, and members of the ...
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| Date July 30, 2024 |
Report No. IG10060 |
Title
The Creation of Presidential Records July 30, 2024 Author Information Meghan M. Stuessy Analyst in Government Organization and Management Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. R45154 |
Title
Lame Duck Sessions of Congress, 1935-2022 (74th-117th Congresses) Updated July 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45154 Lame Duck Sessions of Congress, 1935-2022 (74th-117th Congresses) Summary A lame duck session of Congress occurs whenever one Congress meets after its successor is elected but before the end of its own constitutional term. Under present ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10732 |
Title
Updated July 29, 2024 Federal Assistance for Wildfire Response and Recovery Wildfires are unplanned fires. Wildfires may be caused by natural phenomena (i.e., lightning strikes) or by deliberate or accidental human activities. Wildfires occur naturally, and many ecosystems evolved in the presence of wildfire, meaning wildfires cannot be entirely prevented and may have beneficial impacts. However, ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. R48143 |
Title
Ownership of Retirement Accounts in 2022: Amounts in Defined Contribution Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts July 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48143 Ownership of Retirement Accounts in 2022: Amounts in DC Plans and IRAs Contents Introduction ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12384 |
Title
Updated July 29, 2024 Federal Interagency Wildfire Response Framework Wildfires are unplanned fires in vegetated landscapes. Where a wildfire begins determines jurisdiction for wildfire response. Because wildfires often cross jurisdictional boundaries and may impact nearby communities, there is an established framework for interagency coordination for wildfire response activities. This framework ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. R47595 |
Title
State Laws Restricting or Prohibiting Abortion Updated July 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47595 SUMMARY State Laws Restricting or Prohibiting Abortion This report provides an overview of existing or recently passed state laws prohibiting or limiting abortion prior to 24 weeks gestational age. It also identifies trigger laws that generally prohibit ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. R48144 |
Title
Space Resource Extraction: Overview and Issues for Congress July 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48144 SUMMARY Space Resource Extraction: Overview and Issues for Congress Many in Congress have expressed interest in opportunities to extract resources (e.g., oxygen, water, precious metals) from the Moon, Mars, and asteroids an activity often referred to as ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11211 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Arms Transfers and International Law July 29, 2024 The ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas have prompted questions about the international legal obligations of states that provide arms to parties to a conflict. Several cases, for example, have been brought in international and domestic courts (including one in a U.S. district court) alleging ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10491 |
Title
Updated July 29, 2024 Australia: Background and U.S. Relations Overview Australia s relationship with the United States, forged as allies in all major U.S. wars, remains close. The two countries enjoy close trade, political, cultural, intelligence, and defense relations, and maintain close people-to-people ties. As geopolitical uncertainty in the Indo-Pacific has increased, the alliance has ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11212 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Supreme Court s Narrow Construction of Federal Criminal Laws: 2023 Term July 29, 2024 Criminal law marks a boundary between conduct that society deems permissible and behavior that it deems worthy of punishment. Courts have expressed that those who cross the line may be subject to penalty and social disapproval. In addition to punishment, transgressors may face wide-ranging ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12662 |
Title
Updated July 29, 2024 Immigration: Grounds of Inadmissibility Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), aliens may be denied admission to the United States or face other adverse immigration consequences if they are inadmissible. (The INA defines an alien as any person not a citizen or national of the United States.) Immigration officials from different agencies make inadmissibility ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12717 |
Title
July 26, 2024 IT Outage from CrowdStrike s Update: Impacts to Certain Public Safety Systems and Considerations for Congress On July 19, 2024, CrowdStrike, a U.S. cybersecurity firm, released a software update to their customers. The update caused certain systems to crash, disrupting services across several industries, including airlines, banks, hospitals, government agencies, and public safety ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12718 |
Title
July 26, 2024 Smithsonian Institution: Background, Entities, and Leadership Congress created the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, 10 years after it agreed to accept the bequest of James Smithson, an English scientist who died in 1829. Smithson left the bulk of his estate to the United States of America to found at Washington the establishment that bears his name. Today, the Smithsonian is a ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11210 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Federal Appellate Decisions in Recent Years Applying Chevron Deference July 26, 2024 In late June 2024, the Supreme Court issued a decision in the consolidated cases of Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless, Inc. v. Department of Commerce (collectively referred to as Loper Bright here) overruling the Chevron doctrine. The doctrine, ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10320 |
Title
Updated July 26, 2024 Timor-Leste: Background and U.S. Relations Overview Timor-Leste (also known as East Timor), is one of the world s youngest nation-states, having gained its independence from Indonesia on May 20, 2002. The United States and the U.S. Congress have lent significant support to the new nation s efforts to provide stability, economic prosperity, and democratic governance. Timor- ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10211 |
Title
Updated July 26, 2024 Foreign Leaders Addressing Congress Foreign leaders are periodically invited to address Congress. The first address by a foreign dignitary occurred on December 10, 1824, when Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the House. The most recent address took place on July 24, 2024, when His Excellency Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, addressed a ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48141 |
Title
Trends in USDA Procurement of U.S. Food and Agricultural Products July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48141 SUMMARY Trends in USDA Procurement of U.S. Food and Agricultural Products The U.S. government is a significant buyer of food and agricultural products. In FY2023, the U.S. government spent $7.7 billion on food and agricultural products across several ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48136 |
Title
National Park Service Deferred Maintenance: Overview and Issues July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48136 SUMMARY National Park Service Deferred Maintenance: Overview and Issues The National Park Service (NPS) has a multibillion-dollar backlog of deferred maintenance maintenance that was not performed as scheduled or as needed and was put off to a future ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48137 |
Title
Privatized Military Housing: Costs and Budgetary Issues for Congress July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48137 SUMMARY Privatized Military Housing: Costs and Budgetary Issues for Congress Privatized military housing programs have become an area of legislative interest for the 118th Congress. Some Members have advocated for expanding the existing program to ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48138 |
Title
Legislative Evolution of U.S. Secret Service July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48138 SUMMARY Legislative Evolution of U.S. Secret Service Counterfeiting of U.S. currency after the Civil War and attacks against political leaders provided the impetus for the formation of the U.S. Secret Service, a federal agency established through President Abraham ...
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