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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48160 |
Title
Law Enforcement and Technology: Use of Automated License Plate Readers August 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48160 SUMMARY Law Enforcement and Technology: Use of Automated License Plate Readers Over the past couple of decades, law enforcement use of automated license plate readers (ALPRs; also referred to as LPRs) has increased. These tools are now ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF10909 |
Title
Updated August 19, 2024 U.S. Sanctions: Targeting International Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking Sanctions play a role in U.S. national drug control strategies to disrupt and deter the illicit production and trafficking of foreign-produced drugs. The 118th Congress has focused on the role of sanctions in combating synthetic opioid production and trafficking (including fentanyl). Opioids are ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. RL33153 |
Title
China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities Background and Issues for Congress Updated August 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33153 China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities Summary China s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is the top focus of U.S. defense planning and ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. R48158 |
Title
Kazakhstan: Background and Issues for Congress August 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48158 SUMMARY Kazakhstan: Background and Issues for Congress R48158 August 16, 2024 Maria A. Blackwood Analyst in Asian Policy Kazakhstan, a U.S. partner in areas such as counterterrorism, regional security, and nuclear nonproliferation, is a strategically situated country ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. R48159 |
Title
Selected Potential Considerations with Respect to Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal: In Brief August 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48159 Selected Potential Considerations with Respect to Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal Contents Overview of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal Approaches .................................................... 2 Biological Pathway ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11216 |
Title
Legal Sidebar District Court Holds That Google Unlawfully Monopolizes Online Search: Overview and Potential Remedies August 16, 2024 On August 5, 2024, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia held that Google unlawfully monopolizes the markets for general search services and general search text ads through a series of exclusive contracts with browser developers, mobile device ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12742 |
Title
August 16, 2024 Federal Criminal Laws Prohibiting Unlawful Voting Introduction While the U.S. Constitution charges the states with primary responsibility for regulating federal elections, it also provides that the federal government play a significant role in overseeing such elections. The Supreme Court has held that this role includes enacting laws to protect the integrity of federal elections. ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12745 |
Title
August 16, 2024 Policies Governing Employment Discrimination and Harassment in the Judicial Branch Several federal laws, including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), and Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 501), protect members of the federal workforce from employment discrimination. Together, these laws prohibit ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48157 |
Title
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget and Funding: Overview and Issues for Congress August 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48157 SUMMARY National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Budget and Funding: Overview and Issues for Congress The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency within the ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48156 |
Title
The Biden Administration s Student Loan Debt Relief Rulemaking August 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48156 SUMMARY The Biden Administration s Student Loan Debt Relief Rulemaking Outstanding Higher Education Act (HEA) Title IV federal student loan debt exceeds $1.6 trillion and is owed by about 45 million borrowers. In August 2022, the Biden Administration ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12744 |
Title
August 15, 2024 Patent Law: An Introduction and Issues for Congress Patents, a form of intellectual property, give their owners certain exclusive rights in new and useful inventions. To encourage innovation, the Constitution gives Congress the power to grant patents to inventors for a limited time. Patents have been a part of federal law ever since Congress enacted the first Patent Act in 1790. ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12481 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 Taiwan: Defense and Military Issues U.S. policy toward Taiwan (which also calls itself the Republic of China or ROC) has long prioritized the maintenance of peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. The United States supports Taiwan s efforts to deter the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) from using force to gain control of the archipelago, which the PRC claims ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12667 |
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Updated August 15, 2024 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2025 Budget Request and Appropriations The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency in the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in climate, weather, oceans, and coasts; share that information; and conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11157 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Assessing Recent U.S. Airstrikes in the Middle East Under the War Powers Framework Updated August 15, 2024 Airstrikes by U.S. forces in the Middle East have markedly increased since the outbreak of the current Israel-Hamas conflict on October 7, 2023. To date, the targets have been Iranian-supported militant groups in Iraq and Syria and in Yemen and the Red Sea. The strikes have ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12305 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 U.S. Direct Financial Support for Ukraine Background Congress has enacted five emergency supplemental funding measures to address Russia s ongoing invasion of Ukraine. These include USAID has obligated $24.1 billion to PEACE between FY2022-FY2024; the most recent obligation of $3.9 billion will not fund pensions, pursuant to the FY2024 USSAA. the Ukraine Supplemental ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12741 |
Title
August 15, 2024 Introduction to Financial Services: International Regulation While financial markets have become global, financial regulation and supervision is conducted by domestic agencies. Thus, domestic regulators take into account how financial institutions and markets they regulate are affected by international financial markets and foreign regulatory frameworks. In the absence of an ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF10968 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2024 Defense Primer: Lowest Price Technically Acceptable Contracts Background When procuring goods or services, the Department of Defense (DOD) generally seeks to obtain the best value for the government by encouraging full and open competition, as required by the 1984 Competition in Contracting Act (P.L. 98-369, also known as CICA). Full and open competition occurs when all ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12740 |
Title
August 15, 2024 U.S. Air Force Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) What Are Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA)? The U.S. Air Force is developing a new type of semiautonomous, uncrewed aircraft (UAV) called Collaborative Combat Aircraft. The Air Force contends that CCA is being created as a so-called loyal wingman, a large UAV that could fly alongside new and existing crewed fighter jets. The Air ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R47679 |
Title
Congressional and Executive Authority Over Foreign Trade Agreements Updated August 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47679 SUMMARY Congressional and Executive Authority Over Foreign Trade Agreements This report examines the constitutional powers of Congress and the President to make foreign trade agreements, the respective roles the legislative and executive ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R48155 |
Title
Oversight of Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity: Current Policies and Options for Congress August 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48155 SUMMARY Oversight of Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity: Current Policies and Options for Congress R48155 August 14, 2024 Todd Kuiken Analyst in Science and Technology Policy In the United States, oversight of the life ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12324 |
Title
INSIGHTi Omnibus Appropriations: Overview of Recent Practice Updated August 14, 2024 Congress makes decisions on discretionary spending through the annual appropriations process, which currently consists of the development and consideration of 12 regular appropriations bills for each fiscal year. Historically, regular appropriations bills were considered individually and enacted as standalone ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12403 |
Title
Decennial Census and Apportionment: Frequently Asked Questions August 14, 2024 Every 10 years, the U.S. Constitution requires administration of a national census an actual Enumeration conducted in such Manner as [Congress] shall by Law direct. The next decennial census is scheduled to be conducted in 2030. At times, Congress has considered legislation to address decennial census operations. In the ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12738 |
Title
August 14, 2024 Aerial Targets Congress has required the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) to conduct realistic testing of certain weapon systems. The U.S. Air Force, Army, and Navy have acquired a portfolio of subscale and full-scale aerial targets in part to meet this requirement. Aerial targets simulate real world aerial threats, such as crewed fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, missiles, and ...
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| Date Aug. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12739 |
Title
August 14, 2024 The Illegality Doctrine and 501(c)(3) Organizations Courts and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) have long recognized an implied requirement that organizations exempt from taxation under Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 501(c)(3) must not have an illegal purpose. As explained by the Supreme Court in Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983), the origins of this ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. RL31675 |
Title
Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process Updated August 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31675 SUMMARY Arms Sales: Congressional Review Process RL31675 August 13, 2024 This report reviews the process and procedures that apply to congressional consideration of foreign arms sales proposed by the President. This includes consideration of proposals to sell Paul ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF10803 |
Title
Updated August 13, 2024 Global Human Rights: International Religious Freedom Policy For decades, U.S. policymakers have sought to promote religious freedom abroad, reflective both of a general interest in promoting human rights through U.S. foreign policy, as well as the emphasis on religious freedom in U.S. domestic law and political culture. Protection of religious freedom is also affirmed in ...
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| Date Aug. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12397 |
Title
Updated August 13, 2024 U.S. Army s Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) System Background Figure 1. M-SHORAD Increment I The Army is developing a new maneuver short-range air defense system, or M-SHORAD, to perform short-range air defense (SHORAD). The Army defines SHORAD as capabilities that provide air defense against low-altitude air threats. In the early 2000s, the Army divested SHORAD ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R48152 |
Title
Biden Administration Executive Actions Resulting in Modifications for the Federal Student Loan Programs August 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48152 SUMMARY Biden Administration Executive Actions Resulting in Modifications for the Federal Student Loan Programs R48152 August 12, 2024 Alexandra Hegji Specialist in Social Policy Outstanding federal student ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R43978 |
Title
Older Americans Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated August 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43978 Older Americans Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Introduction May is Older Americans Month (OAM) a time some celebrate and pay tribute to older people across the country. Since 1992, the Administration on Aging (AOA) has selected an annual theme for ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IN12396 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recent Developments in the Democratic Presidential Nominating Process Updated August 12, 2024 On July 21, President Joseph Biden announced that he would no longer seek the 2024 Democratic presidential nomination. This CRS Insight discusses selected issues that could be of interest to Congress as the party approaches the Democratic National Convention in August. With issues discussed ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R43977 |
Title
Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated August 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43977 Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Introduction May is Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month. It is a time to recognize the contributions and achievements of Americans of Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12737 |
Title
August 12, 2024 Presidential Transitions: Facilities and Related Services Provided by the General Services Administration In order to minimize disruptions that might be occasioned by transitions in the office of President, the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (PTA; P.L. 82-277), as amended, authorizes the General Services Administration (GSA) to assist in the transfer of executive power prior ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12710 |
Title
Updated August 12, 2024 DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Appropriations, FY2025 The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development. Other activities include issuing grants for home energy efficiency and state energy planning, establishing minimum ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. R47575 |
Title
Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 118th Congress Updated August 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47575 SUMMARY Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 118th Congress R47575 August 9, 2024 Julie M. Whittaker Specialist in Income The Unemployment Insurance (UI) system is a joint federal-state partnership that consists of two Security ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IN12402 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 Department of Defense Appropriations Act: Status of Legislative Activity August 9, 2024 On March 11, 2024, the Biden Administration released an FY2025 budget requesting $7.484 trillion in net budget authority, initiating the annual congressional appropriations cycle. The Administration requested $850 billion (11.35% of the total) in discretionary funding for U.S. Department of ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF10958 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 U.S. Trade Debates: Select Disputes and Actions Introduction Addressing U.S. Trade Disputes During the Trump Administration, the United States and some of its major trading partners engaged in a contentious war of words over trade one that tipped over into action in 2018, mostly in the form of increased tariffs. The tariffs imposed by the United States, combined with ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF11667 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 China s Economy: Current Trends and Issues The International Monetary Fund (IMF) assesses that the People s Republic of China s (PRC s or China s) real gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 5.2% in 2023 and projects 5.0% real GDP growth in 2024. This growth is unbalanced, with supply much higher than domestic demand. The World Bank says that soft domestic demand, weak ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12035 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 China s Global Investments: Data and Transparency Challenges During the past 20 years, the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) has significantly increased its investment overseas. In 1999, China launched its Go Global Strategy to support the expansion of Chinese firms abroad and make them more globally competitive. Since then, these firms many of which are closely tied ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12119 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 Industrial Policy and International Trade Supply-chain vulnerabilities revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic have intensified debate in Congress about the proper role of the government in the U.S. economy. The debate also reflects growing concerns about how some foreign governments use state support and guidance to boost their industries, thereby potentially causing the United ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12528 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs): An Overview U.S. exporters access to foreign markets increasingly depends on compliance with a diverse array of non-tariff measures (NTMs) that governments have designed to achieve various public policy objectives. As tariffs on international trade have decreased globally, NTMs have become central to market access concerns and trade negotiations. ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12666 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 Section 301 Investigation: China s Maritime, Shipbuilding, and Logistics Policies On April 17, 2024, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) announced that it had initiated a new investigation pursuant to Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. This investigation focuses on the acts, policies, and practices of the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF11580 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 U.S. Government Procurement and International Trade The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that U.S. companies and the federal government rely heavily on global supply chains. This has prompted congressional interest in better understanding the role of international trade in U.S. government procurement. Some Members have sought ways to incentivize U.S.-based production by ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF11651 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) During the past 50 years, the United States has played a prominent role in developing international trade rules on government procurement. Most U.S. free trade agreements include government procurement obligations. The most notable international procurement agreement to which the United States is a party is the World Trade ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF11035 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 Managed Trade and Quantitative Restrictions: Issues for Congress Background Congress plays a prominent role in shaping U.S. trade policy, due in part to trade policy s impact on the overall health of the U.S. economy and specific sectors, the success of U.S. businesses and workers, and Americans standard of living. Some Members of Congress contend that past trade ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12327 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy: Future Direction and Key Economic Debates Congress plays a major role in shaping U.S. trade policy through the exercise of its constitutional authorities. Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises and to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations. Congressional interest in ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2024 |
Report No. R48150 |
Title
Foreign Assistance: Where Does the Money Go? August 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48150 SUMMARY Foreign Assistance: Where Does the Money Go? Congress provided $66.1 billion in foreign assistance appropriations in FY2023. In allocating foreign assistance and overseeing agencies execution of those funds, some Members of Congress have focused on the countries ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2024 |
Report No. R42631 |
Title
Retirement Benefits for Federal Law Enforcement Personnel Updated August 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42631 Retirement Benefits for Federal Law Enforcement Personnel Summary Certain federal employees who perform specific duties, as defined in statute, are classified as law enforcement officers (LEOs) for the purpose of federal retirement benefits. LEOs ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2024 |
Report No. R43397 |
Title
Legislative Branch Appropriations: Frequently Asked Questions Updated August 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43397 SUMMARY Legislative Branch Appropriations: Frequently Asked Questions This report responds to frequently asked questions about legislative branch appropriations. Frequently asked questions include the items that are funded within this bill; ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12734 |
Title
August 8, 2024 Rapidly Growing Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) Financing: Market Developments and Policy Issues Buy now, pay later (BNPL) is a form of point-of-sales financing. With BNPL financing, a consumer can purchase an item now and pay for it later on a predetermined payment schedule. While retailers have offered BNPL financing for much of history in the form of installment plans, it is now often ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12735 |
Title
August 8, 2024 U.S. Extended Deterrence and Regional Nuclear Capabilities One of the stated goals of U.S. nuclear weapons policy is to extend deterrence to over 30 U.S. allies and partners and assure these countries that the United States will come to their aid, including potentially by using U.S. nuclear weapons, if they are attacked. The 2010, 2018, and 2022 Nuclear Posture Reviews (NPRs), which ...
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