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| Date July 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF11907 |
Title
Updated July 16, 2024 U.S. Senate Vacancies: How Are They Filled? Senate Vacancies in the Constitution and State Law Vacancies in the membership of the U.S. Senate can occur as the result of the resignation, death, or expulsion of a Member, or the refusal of the Senate to seat a Senator-elect. Article I, Section 3, clause 2 of the Constitution originally vested the power of appointment to fill ...
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| Date July 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN11798 |
Title
INSIGHTi Line 5 Pipeline: Replacement/Tunnel Project Updated July 16, 2024 The Line 5 Pipeline is a 30-inch diameter, 645-mile pipeline owned by Enbridge carrying up to 540,000 barrels per day of crude oil and natural gas liquids from Superior, WI, to Sarnia, Ontario (Figure 1). A key segment of Line 5 is an underwater crossing at the Straits of Mackinac between Michigan s upper and lower ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48127 |
Title
Natural Gas Reliability: Issues for Congress July 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48127 SUMMARY Natural Gas Reliability: Issues for Congress The reliability of the U.S. natural gas system is of growing policy interest in Congress. Until recently, natural gas shortages were relatively rare. However, key stakeholders, especially in the electricity sector, ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47744 |
Title
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Living Resources Provisions Updated July 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47744 SUMMARY United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): Living Resources Provisions The United Nations (U.N.) Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established a comprehensive international legal framework to ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF10266 |
Title
Updated July 15, 2024 Child Nutrition Reauthorization (CNR): An Overview Introduction Child nutrition reauthorization (CNR) refers to Congress s process of making changes to the permanent statutes that authorize the child nutrition programs, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), and related activities: the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11094 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Disqualification of a Candidate for the Presidency, Part I: Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment as It Applies to the Presidency Updated July 15, 2024 On March 4, 2024, the Supreme Court in Trump v. Anderson reversed the Colorado Supreme Court s decision in Anderson v. Griswold that former President Trump was ineligible to appear on the state s primary ballot due to his ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11930 |
Title
Updated July 15, 2024 Syria and U.S. Policy Since 2011, conflict between the government of Syrian President Bashar al Asad and opposition forces seeking his removal has displaced roughly half of the country s population and killed over half a million people. Five countries operate in or maintain military forces in Syria: Russia, Turkey (T rkiye), Iran, Israel, and the United States. The United ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11199 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Consolidated Interim Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel: Recent Licensing Decisions July 15, 2024 Storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is a topic of perennial interest to Congress. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has issued three licenses for storage of SNF at privately owned, away-from-reactor consolidated interim storage facilities (CISFs). One of those licenses, granted in 2006 ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48128 |
Title
Cabo Verde: In Brief July 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48128 SUMMARY Cabo Verde: In Brief Cabo Verde, a small island nation of about 611,000 people located off the west coast of Africa, is described by the State Department as one of Africa s success stories. The country has longstanding people-to-people ties with the United States rooted in historical ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11170 |
Title
Updated July 15, 2024 Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA) History of FVPSA Overview of FVPSA Throughout much of the 20th century, domestic violence remained a hidden problem. Survivors (or victims) were hesitant to seek help, primarily because of fear of retaliation by their partners and concerns about leaving their communities. In the 1960s and 1970s, shelters and services for ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11633 |
Title
Updated July 15, 2024 Summer Food for Children: An Overview of Federal Aid Introduction Since the late 1960s, the federal government has provided assistance for summer meals served to children through the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP), which provides funding for meals served by nonprofit organizations, school districts, and public agencies to children during the summer. The Seamless Summer ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. IG10059 |
Title
The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) July 15, 2024 Author Information Karen Sokol Legislative Attorney Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS ...
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| Date July 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11804 |
Title
Updated July 15, 2024 Global Women s Issues: Background and Selected U.S. Efforts For several decades, Congress has considered or enacted legislation aimed at improving the rights and status of women and girls worldwide. These efforts, which may address a range of global issues such as women s health, education, and security, are often grouped under the broad policy umbrella of global women s ...
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| Date July 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12711 |
Title
July 12, 2024 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Appropriations: FY2025 President s Budget Request Since FY2006, Congress has funded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations acts. For FY2025, the President requested $10.99 billion for EPA. The request was $1.83 billion (20.0%) greater than the $9.16 billion FY2024 ...
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| Date July 12, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11196 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Allows Emergency Abortions in Idaho but Leaves Litigation Unresolved July 12, 2024 On June 27, 2024, the Supreme Court, in a one-sentence, unsigned (per curiam) order accompanied by four concurring and/or dissenting opinions, concluded that it had improvidently granted review before judgment in Moyle v. United States, a case about access to emergency abortion services. ...
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| Date July 12, 2024 |
Report No. IG10058 |
Title
Northeast Asia: Key to Liquefied Natural Gas Markets July 12, 2024 Author Information Michael Ratner Specialist in Energy Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS ...
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| Date July 11, 2024 |
Report No. R46925 |
Title
Department of Defense Directed Energy Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress Updated July 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46925 SUMMARY Department of Defense Directed Energy Weapons: Background and Issues for Congress Directed energy (DE) weapons use concentrated electromagnetic energy, rather than kinetic energy, to combat enemy forces. Although the ...
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| Date July 11, 2024 |
Report No. IF11385 |
Title
Updated July 11, 2024 The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences In 1972, Congress established two programs to support the recruitment and retention of uniformed medical professionals: (1) a health professions scholarship program to train and prepare civilian students for a variety of careers as military medical professionals and (2) the Uniformed Services University of the Health ...
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| Date July 11, 2024 |
Report No. IF11710 |
Title
Updated July 11, 2024 Inauguration Security and Operations Introduction Since the ratification of the 20th Amendment (1933), the oath of office for President of the United States has been scheduled to be administered every four years at noon on January 20. In 2025, the presidential inauguration is scheduled for noon on Monday, January 20. Planning for the 2025 inauguration is in its early stages. ...
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| Date July 11, 2024 |
Report No. IG10005 |
Title
From Bill to Law: Stages of the Legislative Process Updated July 11, 2024 Author Information Valerie Heitshusen Specialist on Congress and the Legislative Process Jennifer E. Manning Senior Research Librarian Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates ...
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| Date July 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48123 |
Title
U.S. Overseas Basing: Background and Issues for Congress July 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48123 SUMMARY U.S. Overseas Basing: Background and Issues for Congress Since World War II, the U.S. military has maintained a large network of overseas bases (that is, military facilities located outside the United States and its territories). Currently, the U.S. ...
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| Date July 10, 2024 |
Report No. R47639 |
Title
Presidential Medal of Freedom Updated July 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47639 SUMMARY Presidential Medal of Freedom The Presidential Medal of Freedom is considered the U.S. government s highest civilian honor. Awarded by the President, it is often presented to individuals to recognize a lifetime of significant achievements in the arts, public service, ...
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| Date July 10, 2024 |
Report No. R48124 |
Title
Connecting Charitable Food Assistance Organizations to Federal Funding Information and Resources July 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48124 Connecting Charitable Food Assistance Organizations Contents Purpose and Scope........................................................................................................................... 1 Federal Grants ...
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| Date July 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF12430 |
Title
Updated July 10, 2024 Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms The Trade Adjustment Assistance for Firms (TAAF) program helps U.S. firms impacted by import competition to improve their global competitiveness. TAAF is administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce s Economic Development Administration (EDA). On July 1, 2022, TAAF termination provisions took effect, meaning EDA cannot accept new ...
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| Date July 10, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11126 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fischer v. United States: Supreme Court Reads Federal Obstruction Provision Narrowly in Capitol Breach Prosecution Updated July 10, 2024 On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court issued an opinion in Fischer v. United States, a case concerning whether a federal obstruction of justice statute covers a defendant s alleged participation in the breach of the Capitol on January 6, 2021. ...
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| Date July 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF11797 |
Title
Updated July 10, 2024 The Army s Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF) The Significance of the Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF) Figure 1. Notional Generic MDTF Congress has expressed concern about the threat to U.S. national security posed by Russia and China. The Army believes to address this threat, it must be able to operate in a multi-domain (air, land, water, space, cyber, information) environment, ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. R48122 |
Title
2024 Presidential Nominating Process: Frequently Asked Questions July 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48122 SUMMARY 2024 Presidential Nominating Process: Frequently Asked Questions The presidential nominating process is one of the most complex aspects of American politics. This report provides brief answers to selected frequently asked questions about that ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. R44245 |
Title
Israel: Major Issues and U.S. Relations Updated July 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44245 SUMMARY Israel: Major Issues and U.S. Relations R44245 July 9, 2024 Since October 7, 2023, Israel has been at war with the Palestinian Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO), which led attacks on that day from the Jim ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. RS22937 |
Title
Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer Updated July 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22937 SUMMARY Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer In order for the United States to engage in significant civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under Section 123 of ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12708 |
Title
July 9, 2024 The Congressional Review Act: The Lookback Mechanism and Presidential Transitions The Congressional Review Act (CRA, 5 U.S.C. 801-808) is a tool that Congress can use to overturn federal regulations. Enacted in 1996, the CRA requires that agencies submit covered rules to Congress and the Government Accountability Office (GAO) before they may take effect. Congress then has a limited ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12709 |
Title
July 9, 2024 Legislative Scheduling of Controlled Substances The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) regulates drugs and other substances deemed to pose a risk of abuse and dependence. Drugs become subject to the CSA by being placed in one of five lists, known as Schedules I-V. A lower schedule number corresponds to greater restrictions, so substances in Schedule I are subject to the strictest ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. IN12390 |
Title
INSIGHTi Parliamentary Elections in Mongolia July 9, 2024 Mongolia, an important U.S. partner in the Indo-Pacific region, held parliamentary elections on June 28. Sharing borders with Russia and the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China), Mongolia stands out among its neighbors as a multiparty parliamentary democracy. Congress has expressed strong support for Mongolian democracy and the U.S.- ...
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| Date July 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12467 |
Title
Updated July 9, 2024 U.S. Center for SafeSport: A Primer The U.S. Center for SafeSport ( the Center ) is the primary amateur athletics organization in the United States with responsibility for preventing and responding to sexual and other abuse. Between its creation in 2017 and December 2023, the Center received over 24,000 reports of potential abuse and found violations involving nearly 2,200 ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12696 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2024 CRS Services to District and State Offices: Overview and Selected Resources The Congressional Research Service (CRS) serves all congressional offices those on Capitol Hill, as well as those in a Member s home district or state office. This resource guide provides a brief overview of how CRS may assist all congressional offices with resources designed for activities often ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. RL33865 |
Title
Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements Updated July 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33865 Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements Summary Arms control and nonproliferation efforts are two of the tools that the United States has used to implement its national security strategy. Although some ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11195 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (July 1 July 7, 2024) July 8, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF10885 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2024 Medicare Overview Medicare is a federal program that pays for covered health care services of qualified beneficiaries. It was established in 1965 under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to individuals aged 65 and older, and it was expanded in 1972 to include permanently disabled individuals under the age of 65. The Centers for Medicare and ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12595 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2024 U.S.-Canada Trade Relations The United States and Canada have one of the largest bilateral commercial relationships in the world, including a highly integrated energy and automotive market. Over the past 30 years, U.S.-Canada trade relations have been governed first by the 1989 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, then by the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. IN12386 |
Title
INSIGHTi The United Kingdom s 2024 Election Updated July 8, 2024 The center-left Labour Party won the general election held in the United Kingdom (UK) on July 4, 2024. With 34% of the vote, Labour won 411 seats in the 650-seat House of Commons (lower house of Parliament), a gain of 209 seats compared with the previous election in 2019. Party leader Keir Starmer became the UK s new prime minister ...
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| Date July 8, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11108 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Second Amendment at the Supreme Court: Challenges to Federal Gun Laws Updated July 8, 2024 Ratified in 1791, the Second Amendment provides, A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. For over 200 years, the Supreme Court remained largely silent on the Second Amendment. In a ...
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| Date July 5, 2024 |
Report No. R48121 |
Title
NATO s July 2024 Washington, DC Summit: In Brief July 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48121 NATO s July 2024 Washington, DC Summit: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Collective Defense and Deterrence ...
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| Date July 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12389 |
Title
INSIGHTi Election Policy Fundamentals: The Secret Ballot July 5, 2024 Provisions for a secret ballot appear in all states laws or constitutions. Consensus that the ballot should be secret that voters should not be able to be linked to their selections is a somewhat recent development in American history. How to preserve ballot secrecy and balance it against other election objectives like promoting ...
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| Date July 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11037 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The U.S. Sentencing Commission Seeks to Limit the Use of Acquitted Conduct in Federal Sentencing Updated July 5, 2024 Consider a defendant who is a part of a group that robs a pharmacy. In a dispute about how to divide up the proceeds, one of the robbers kills another in the group. The defendant is charged both with the robbery and the killing of his confederate. The jury convicts ...
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| Date July 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11194 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Presidential Immunity from Criminal Prosecution in Trump v. United States July 5, 2024 On July 1, the Supreme Court issued a divided 6-3 opinion in Trump v. United States addressing, for the first time, the existence and scope of a constitutionally based presidential immunity from criminal indictment and prosecution. The decision, which held that the Constitution provides former ...
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| Date July 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12707 |
Title
July 5, 2024 Options for Railroad Electrification and Decarbonization Introduction and Background Compared to most other modes of freight and passenger transportation, railroads consume energy more efficiently and pollute less. Nevertheless, because most trains rely on diesel engines for power, they can generate harmful air pollutant emissions, especially around rail yards where engines often idle ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IN12388 |
Title
INSIGHTi Why Is the Federal Reserve Keeping Interest Rates High for Longer ? July 3, 2024 The Federal Reserve (Fed) responded to the post-pandemic spike in inflation by rapidly raising short-term interest rates between 2022 and 2023. Since July 2023, the Fed has maintained a target range of 5.25%5.5%, the highest target since 2001. As inflation subsequently fell, futures markets expected the Fed ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12706 |
Title
July 3, 2024 Botswana Botswana, dubbed an excellent democratic partner by the State Department, generally performs well on governance, economic, and human development metrics. The arid, landlocked, and sparsely populated Southern African country is known for its unique ecosystems, which underpin a thriving tourism industry. Issues for Congress may include oversight of U.S. assistance programs, ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF10967 |
Title
Updated July 3, 2024 Marine Debris: NOAA s Role Researchers have found marine debris, especially plastic items, to have some effects on humans, wildlife, and the environment, but the extent of these impacts is currently unclear. Congress has directed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) or the Secretary of Commerce (through NOAA) to lead federal government efforts to address ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12704 |
Title
July 3, 2024 Core Based Statistical Areas Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) is the collective term used to refer to metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas, which are delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB generally defines a CBSA as an area that contains a central county that has a substantial urban population, along with any adjacent communities ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12705 |
Title
July 3, 2024 Wastewater Discharge Standards for Steam Electric Power Plants Overview The Clean Water Act (CWA) prohibits the discharge of pollutants from any point source into waters of the United States without a permit. Thus, industrial and other facilities that discharge to waters of the United States must obtain permits from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or delegated states ...
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