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| Date July 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12707 |
Title
July 5, 2024 Options for Railroad Electrification and Decarbonization Introduction and Background Compared to most other modes of freight and passenger transportation, railroads consume energy more efficiently and pollute less. Nevertheless, because most trains rely on diesel engines for power, they can generate harmful air pollutant emissions, especially around rail yards where engines often idle ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IN12388 |
Title
INSIGHTi Why Is the Federal Reserve Keeping Interest Rates High for Longer ? July 3, 2024 The Federal Reserve (Fed) responded to the post-pandemic spike in inflation by rapidly raising short-term interest rates between 2022 and 2023. Since July 2023, the Fed has maintained a target range of 5.25%5.5%, the highest target since 2001. As inflation subsequently fell, futures markets expected the Fed ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12706 |
Title
July 3, 2024 Botswana Botswana, dubbed an excellent democratic partner by the State Department, generally performs well on governance, economic, and human development metrics. The arid, landlocked, and sparsely populated Southern African country is known for its unique ecosystems, which underpin a thriving tourism industry. Issues for Congress may include oversight of U.S. assistance programs, ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12704 |
Title
July 3, 2024 Core Based Statistical Areas Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) is the collective term used to refer to metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas, which are delineated by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB generally defines a CBSA as an area that contains a central county that has a substantial urban population, along with any adjacent communities ...
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| Date July 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF12705 |
Title
July 3, 2024 Wastewater Discharge Standards for Steam Electric Power Plants Overview The Clean Water Act (CWA) prohibits the discharge of pollutants from any point source into waters of the United States without a permit. Thus, industrial and other facilities that discharge to waters of the United States must obtain permits from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or delegated states ...
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| Date July 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12387 |
Title
INSIGHTi Bills Affecting Bank Regulators in the 118th Congress July 2, 2024 This insight discusses legislation that has been reported or ordered reported by the House Committee on Financial Services and the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs that would alter the authority or congressional oversight of the federal bank regulators the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, ...
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| Date July 2, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11191 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Erlinger v. United States: Supreme Court Rules on Jury Determination for Prior Offenses for ACCA Sentencing Purposes July 2, 2024 Introduction Near the end of its term, the Supreme Court in Erlinger v. United States held that the right to a jury trial, complete with proof beyond a reasonable doubt found by a unanimous panel, attaches to the determination of whether a string of ...
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| Date July 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF11756 |
Title
Updated July 2, 2024 The Twenty-Fifth Amendment: Sections 3 and 4 Presidential Disability The Twenty-Fifth Amendment, proposed by Congress in 1965 and ratified by the states in 1967, provides for presidential succession, vice presidential vacancies, and presidential disability. Presidential inability or disability is specifically covered in Section 3, whereby the President may declare a disability ...
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| Date July 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12702 |
Title
July 2, 2024 Social Security Disability Overpayments Due to Earnings Social Security Disability Insurance Social Security is a federal social insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to insured workers and their eligible family members in the event of the worker s retirement, disability, or death. Social Security provides disability benefits (hereinafter referred to as SSDI) to three ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. RL33546 |
Title
Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations Updated July 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33546 SUMMARY Jordan: Background and U.S. Relations RL33546 July 1, 2024 The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a key U.S. partner in the Middle East, and the two countries have cooperated on a number of regional and international issues. Jordan remains at Jeremy M. Sharp peace ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11192 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 24 June 30, 2024), Part 1 July 1, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11193 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 24 June 30, 2024), Part 2 July 1, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12505 |
Title
Updated July 1, 2024 China Primer: China s Political System Introduction The People s Republic of China (PRC or China) is the only Communist Party-led state either among the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council or among the members of the G-20 grouping of major economies. As Congress has intensified its focus on China in the context of U.S.-China strategic competition, ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12700 |
Title
July 1, 2024 Skinny Labels for Generic Drugs Under Hatch-Waxman New brand-name drugs are often protected from generic competition by patents. In general, a drug manufacturer intending to market a generic version of a brand-name drug must either wait for those patents to expire or challenge the validity or applicability of the patents in court. Pharmaceutical manufacturers may patent a drug s ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11190 |
Title
Legal Sidebar United States v. Bannon: Criminal Contempt of Congress and Bad Faith July 1, 2024 On May 10, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (D.C. Circuit) decided United States v. Bannon, an appeal of Stephen Bannon s conviction under the criminal contempt of Congress statute, 2 U.S.C. 192. Section 192 criminalizes willfully mak[ing] default on a congressional subpoena for ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12701 |
Title
July 1, 2024 Economic Development Programs and Higher Education Higher education has long been viewed as a tool of economic advancement and security, particularly at the individual level. For example, the Federal Reserve found that in 2023, 87% of survey respondents with a bachelor s degree or higher reported they were doing at least okay financially. This compared to 48% of respondents with less ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. IG10057 |
Title
Tribal Self-Determination Authorities July 1, 2024 Author Information Mariel J. Murray Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS ...
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| Date July 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12703 |
Title
July 1, 2024 Considerations for Implementing Congressionally Directed Spending: How Federal Agencies Administer Earmarks The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328), and the community projects detailed in the joint explanatory statement, provided approximately $15.3 billion for community project funding (also known as congressionally directed spending). This funding was designated for ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. R48126 |
Title
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2025 Provisions June 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48126 SUMMARY Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2025 Provisions Through appropriations legislation, Congress provides not only budget authority for federal agencies and departments to operate, but also legally binding direction on how that ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. R48115 |
Title
Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2025: In Brief June 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48115 Comparing DHS Component Funding, FY2025: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 FY2025 DHS Appropriations Overview ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF12698 |
Title
June 28, 2024 Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Reauthorization Act of 2023 (H.R. 6093) Hazardous weather and climate events kill hundreds of people and cause billions of dollars of property damage in the United States each year. In 2023, for instance, the United States experienced 28 weather and climate disasters with billion-dollar or greater costs and an estimated total cost of $92.9 ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. IN12281 |
Title
INSIGHTi Landsat Next on the Horizon Updated June 28, 2024 In December 2022, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) presented initial details about Landsat Next, the next proposed launch in the Landsat series of Earth-observing satellite missions that began in 1972. Landsat Next is to be a constellation of three satellites sent into orbit on ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11886 |
Title
Updated June 28, 2024 Veteran Suicide Prevention Background Suicide was the 13th leading cause of death in the United States among veterans in 2021, the most recent reporting year. Although suicide rates have increased among the U.S. general population over the past two decades, according to the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), veterans are disproportionately affected by suicide. Based on ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11186 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Government Coercion of Private Speech: National Rifle Association (NRA) v. Vullo June 28, 2024 On May 30, 2024, the Supreme Court released its opinion in National Rifle Association (NRA) v. Vullo, a case addressing the First Amendment limitations on coercive government speech. Although the First Amendment does not generally prevent the government from expressing its own viewpoints, ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11187 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Campus Protests, Federal Funding, and the First Amendment June 28, 2024 Recent protests at college campuses regarding the Israel-Hamas conflict have gained nationwide attention, raising questions as to when authorities may, within the bounds of the First Amendment, take action to regulate speech or expressive conduct during campus demonstrations. According to at least one report, ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11188 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Impact of Proposed Rescheduling of Marijuana on D.C. Regulatory Authority June 28, 2024 In 2014, voters in the District of Columbia (the District ) approved Initiative 71, a ballot measure that, as a matter of local D.C. law, repealed the local prohibition on the recreational use of marijuana in the District within certain limitations. The initiative did not, however, repeal the ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11189 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Overrules Chevron Framework June 28, 2024 In what has the potential to be one of the most consequential decisions in federal administrative law, the Supreme Court on June 28, 2024, overruled Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., in a pair of cases, Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless Inc. v. Department of Commerce ( ...
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| Date June 28, 2024 |
Report No. R48116 |
Title
Grizzly Bears and the Endangered Species Act June 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48116 SUMMARY Grizzly Bears and the Endangered Species Act Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) are an iconic species that once roamed large swaths of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In the United States, grizzly bear populations declined in the 19th century; grizzly ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. RL30064 |
Title
Congressional Salaries and Allowances: In Brief Updated June 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30064 SUMMARY Congressional Salaries and Allowances: In Brief RL30064 June 27, 2024 This report provides basic information on congressional salaries and allowances. First, the report briefly summarizes the current salary of Members of Congress; limits or ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. R46238 |
Title
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): A Legal Overview Updated June 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46238 SUMMARY The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA): A Legal Overview R46238 June 27, 2024 Benjamin M. Barczewski Originally enacted in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) establishes a three-part Legislative Attorney system that requires federal ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. R48114 |
Title
Military Transition Assistance Program (TAP): Background and Issues for Congress June 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48114 SUMMARY Military Transition Assistance Program (TAP): Background and Issues for Congress The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) estimates that over 200,000 servicemembers (active and reserve component) transition from active duty to ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. R48113 |
Title
The Fair Housing Act (FHA): A Legal Overview June 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48113 SUMMARY The Fair Housing Act (FHA): A Legal Overview R48113 June 27, 2024 The Fair Housing Act (FHA) was enacted to provide, within constitutional limitations, for fair housing throughout the United States. The original 1968 Act prohibited discrimination on the David H. ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11185 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Declines to Decide Whether Sixteenth Amendment Requires Realization to Tax Income June 27, 2024 On June 20, 2024, the Supreme Court decided Moore v. United States, an appeal challenging a one-time Mandatory Repatriation Tax (MRT) on U.S. shareholders of a foreign corporation for accumulated, but undistributed, earnings of the corporation. The taxpayers had asked the ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12421 |
Title
Updated June 27, 2024 The U.S. Army s Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) System Background Protecting high-value military sites against enemy cruise missile (CM), unmanned aerial system (UAS), and rocket, artillery, and mortar (RAM) attacks has long been an important consideration in protecting military forces. According to the U.S. Army, the Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) ...
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| Date June 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12697 |
Title
June 27, 2024 De Novo Banks: Policy Issues for the 118th Congress While the size of the banking system has grown in terms of assets, the number of banks has steadily fallen over the past four decades. For example, in the 1980s, there were more than 18,000 banks. Today, there are fewer than 5,000 commercial banks. Consolidation has been facilitated by mergers and acquisitions, bank failures, and, ...
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| Date June 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47687 |
Title
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2024 Updated June 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47687 SUMMARY Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2024 The House and the Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD ...
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| Date June 26, 2024 |
Report No. R45342 |
Title
Central Valley Project: Issues and Legislation Updated June 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45342 SUMMARY Central Valley Project: Issues and Legislation The Central Valley Project (CVP), a federal water project owned and operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), is one of the world s largest water supply projects. The CVP covers ...
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| Date June 26, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11183 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Medication Abortion Access Remains Unchanged as Supreme Court Rejects Legal Challenge on Standing Grounds June 26, 2024 On June 13, 2024, the Supreme Court issued its decision in the consolidated cases U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine and Danco Laboratories L.L.C. v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine (Alliance), a pair of high-profile ...
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| Date June 26, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11184 |
Title
Legal Sidebari United States Trustee v. John Q. Hammons Fall 2006, LLC: Congressional Intent in Determining Remedies for Violations of the Bankruptcy Clause Uniformity Requirement June 26, 2024 On June 14, 2024, the Supreme Court issued a 6-3 decision in United States Trustee v. John Q. Hammons Fall 2006, LLC that specified the appropriate remedy for individuals affected by the Court s 2022 ruling ...
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| Date June 26, 2024 |
Report No. R41903 |
Title
Federal Material Witness Statute: A Legal Overview of 18 U.S.C. 3144 Updated June 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41903 Federal Material Witness Statute: A Legal Overview of 18 U.S.C. 3144 Summary This is an overview of the law under the federal material witness statute, 18 U.S.C. 3144, which authorizes the arrest of material witnesses, permits their ...
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| Date June 25, 2024 |
Report No. R43341 |
Title
National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996-FY2025 Updated June 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43341 SUMMARY National Institutes of Health (NIH) Funding: FY1996FY2025 R43341 June 25, 2024 Kavya Sekar This report details the National Institutes of Health (NIH) budget and appropriations process with Analyst in Health Policy a focus on FY2024 and ...
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| Date June 25, 2024 |
Report No. R44239 |
Title
Speechwriting Resources: Fact Sheet Updated June 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44239 Speechwriting Resources: Fact Sheet s elected officials and leaders, Senators and Representatives are frequently called upon to deliver speeches and other public remarks to a range of audiences. A This fact sheet provides links to resources that can assist in the ...
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| Date June 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10554 |
Title
Updated June 25, 2024 Postsecondary Education of Native Americans Since the nation s early years, the United States of America has enacted federal policies intended to provide educational opportunities to Indian peoples. The federal government maintains and supports its trust relationship with Indian tribes, in part, through various postsecondary education programs and initiatives. The trust ...
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| Date June 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12118 |
Title
Updated June 25, 2024 The Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions: An Overview Congress frequently delegates rulemaking authority to federal agencies in legislation. Having an early sense of the rules agencies are planning to issue and when they are planning to issue them can help Congress track and conduct oversight over the use of this delegated legislative authority. One ...
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| Date June 24, 2024 |
Report No. R48110 |
Title
Department of Defense Contractors and Efforts to Mitigate Foreign Influence June 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48110 SUMMARY Department of Defense Contractors and Efforts to Mitigate Foreign Influence Some U.S. firms, including some Department of Defense (DOD) contractors, receive foreign investment or have other ties to foreign entities, including ...
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| Date June 24, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11182 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 17 June 23, 2024) June 24, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date June 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF11623 |
Title
Updated June 24, 2024 Hypersonic Missile Defense: Issues for Congress The Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and Space Development Agency (SDA) are currently developing elements of a hypersonic missile defense system to defend against hypersonic weapons and other emerging missile threats. These elements include the tracking and transport layers of the Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA) ...
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| Date June 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF12139 |
Title
Updated June 24, 2024 International Health Regulations Amendments Background Since 1980, outbreaks of new and long-standing infectious diseases have been occurring with increasing frequency and intensity. In response, the World Health Assembly (WHA), the governing body of the World Health Organization (WHO), has been amending the International Health Regulations (IHR) a set of rules on global ...
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| Date June 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF12147 |
Title
Updated June 24, 2024 The Fed s Balance Sheet and Quantitative Tightening The size and composition of the Federal Reserve s (Fed s) balance sheet is a product of its monetary policy and lenderof-last-resort actions. The Fed has responded to past crises by increasing its balance sheet, which peaked at 10 times its size before the 2008 financial crisis. As part of the postcrisis normalization of ...
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| Date June 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF12694 |
Title
June 24, 2024 Defense Primer: Agile Combat Employment (ACE) Concept To inform and shape its planning, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) has developed an operational concept known as Agile Combat Employment (ACE). According to the Air Force, ACE is a proactive and reactive operational scheme of maneuver to enable U.S. forces to increase survivability while generating combat power. Background An operational ...
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