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| Date May 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12644 |
Title
Updated May 1, 2024 Patent Listing in FDA s Orange Book For over 40 years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has maintained a resource formally titled Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. This frequently updated publication now available as a searchable online database is more commonly called the Orange Book after the color of the print version s cover. ...
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| Date May 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF11314 |
Title
Updated May 1, 2024 USMCA: Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is a comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) that entered into force among the three countries in 2020. It updated and replaced the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Chapter 20 of USMCA contains rules to protect and enforce intellectual property rights (IPR). Congress ...
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| Date May 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12523 |
Title
Updated May 1, 2024 Repatriation of Native American Remains and Cultural Items: Requirements for Agencies and Institutions Some federal agencies, museums, and other institutions have, over time, acquired human remains and cultural items related to the Indigenous peoples who originally inhabited the United States. Congress has mandated the return or repatriation of some of these remains and ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48054 |
Title
State of the U.S. Economy: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress April 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48054 SUMMARY State of the U.S. Economy: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic caused the most severe shock to the U.S. economy since the Great Depression, with a 28% annualized quarterly decline in output and a 14.7% ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. RL30787 |
Title
Parliamentary Reference Sources: House of Representatives Updated April 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30787 SUMMARY Parliamentary Reference Sources: House of Representatives House procedures are based not only on the rules the chamber adopts at the start of each Congress but also on constitutional mandates, published precedents, rulemaking statutes, ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. TE10099 |
Title
Statement of Bryce H. P. Mendez Specialist in Defense Health Care Policy Before Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Personnel U.S. Senate Hearing on Department of Defense s efforts to ensure servicemembers access to safe, high-quality pharmaceuticals April 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10099 Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction Chair ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12648 |
Title
April 30, 2024 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2025 Appropriations Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of infrastructure and navigation ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12649 |
Title
April 30, 2024 Risks to the 2024 Economic Outlook The economy in 2023 was characterized by high but falling inflation, a tight labor market, and moderate to high growth. Many economists predicted that monetary policy tightening by the Federal Reserve (Fed) would result in a recession in 2023, but that did not come to pass. While inflation is still not back down to the Fed s target, and the path of ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. IN12352 |
Title
INSIGHTi Establishing Data Standards and Measuring Building Use: Select Provisions of the Telework Transparency Act of 2024 (S. 4043) April 30, 2024 On March 21, 2024, Senator Gary Peters introduced the Telework Transparency Act of 2024 (S. 4043). The bill, cosponsored by Senator Joni Ernst, was referred to the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs on the same day, and no ...
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| Date April 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF11329 |
Title
Updated April 30, 2024 American Battlefield Protection Program The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP; 54 U.S.C. 308101-308105) is a grant program administered by the National Park Service (NPS) aimed at promoting the preservation of sites where historic battles were fought on American soil (54 U.S.C. 308101 note). Initiated by the Secretary of the Interior in 1991, the program was ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. R48055 |
Title
Poverty in the United States in 2022 April 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48055 SUMMARY Poverty in the United States in 2022 R48055 April 29, 2024 The federal government publishes poverty statistics using two measures: the official poverty measure and the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). These two measures tell different stories Joseph Dalaker about who ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11158 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 22 April 28, 2024) April 29, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. R48053 |
Title
Federal Data Management: Issues and Challenges in the Use of Data Standards April 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48053 SUMMARY Federal Data Management: Issues and Challenges in the Use of Data Standards R48053 April 29, 2024 Natalie R. Ortiz Analyst in Government The federal government manages a significant amount of data. Congress expects federal agencies ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10524 |
Title
Updated April 29, 2024 Defense Primer: Budgeting for National and Defense Intelligence Introduction Intelligence Community (IC) programs include the resources (i.e., money and manpower) to accomplish intelligence-related goals and responsibilities as defined by the United States Code (U.S.C.) and Executive Order 12333. IC programs are funded through the: (1) National Intelligence Program (NIP), ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF11331 |
Title
Updated April 29, 2024 The Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Program Emissions from diesel engines especially particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides, and air toxics have been shown to contribute to air pollution that adversely impacts public health and welfare in the United States. Since 1970, the Clean Air Act (CAA; 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) has required the federal ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. IN12351 |
Title
INSIGHTi Senate Committee-Passed FAA Bill Revived Debate over Reagan National Airport Slot and Perimeter Rules April 29, 2024 On February 29, 2024, seven months after the House of Representatives passed Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization legislation H.R. 3935, the Senate version of the bill (S. 1939) was reported by the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12646 |
Title
April 29, 2024 Taiwan s Position in the World Introduction Taiwan, the self-governing Asian democracy that also calls itself the Republic of China (ROC), has struggled to maintain international space for itself in the world. The People s Republic of China (PRC), with its capital in Beijing, has never controlled Taiwan, but claims sovereignty over it and has vowed to unify with it, by force if ...
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| Date April 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12647 |
Title
April 29, 2024 Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2025 Overview of the IRS Budget Inflation Reduction Act The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is responsible for (1) collecting most of the revenue to fund federal government agencies and programs, and (2) enforcing taxpayer compliance with federal tax laws through activities like taxpayer assistance and audits. In FY2023, the agency processed ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. R48052 |
Title
U.S. Sanctions on Russia: Legal Authorities and Related Actions April 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48052 SUMMARY U.S. Sanctions on Russia: Legal Authorities and Related Actions Sanctions are a central element of U.S. policy to deter, alter, and counter malign Russian activities. The United States maintains sanctions on Russia in part to reverse Russian ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. R44750 |
Title
FDA Human Medical Product User Fee Programs Updated April 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44750 FDA Human Medical Product User Fee Programs Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 User Fees and the FDA Budget ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. R44623 |
Title
Commemorative Coins: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress Updated April 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44623 SUMMARY Commemorative Coins: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress R44623 April 26, 2024 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress Commemorative coins are produced by the U.S. Mint pursuant to an act of ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47275 |
Title
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: In Brief Updated April 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47275 SFOPS Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: In Brief Introduction In 2022, the Biden Administration submitted to Congress four emergency supplemental funding requests to address the crisis caused by ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10262 |
Title
Updated April 26, 2024 Commemorative Coins: An Overview Commemorative coins are produced by the U.S. Mint pursuant to an act of Congress. These coins celebrate and honor American people, places, events, and institutions. Although they are considered legal tender, they are not minted for general circulation. Instead, they are designed to be collected and to help designated groups raise money. Table ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF11696 |
Title
Updated April 26, 2024 Aviation, Air Pollution, and Climate Change Some Members of Congress have expressed interest in addressing air pollution emissions, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the climate change effects from domestic and international aviation. Recent legislative proposals would provide for sustainable fuel mandates, incentives for airport efficiency improvements, and GHG emission ...
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| Date April 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12247 |
Title
Updated April 26, 2024 Nicaragua Nicaragua, a Central American country bordering Honduras and Costa Rica, is experiencing significant political repression under the authoritarian rule of President Daniel Ortega and his wife, Vice President Rosario Murillo. The erosion of democracy under the Ortega-Murillo government has strained relations with the United States and raised congressional concerns. ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. R47622 |
Title
Status of FY2024 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations: In Brief Updated April 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47622 SUMMARY Status of FY2024 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations: In Brief This report provides a brief summary of the status of FY2024 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education (LHHS) ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. R46979 |
Title
Compilation of Federal Whistleblower Protection Statutes Updated April 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46979 Compilation of Federal Whistleblower Protection Statutes Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12238 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2024 Military Construction Appropriations: A Summary Updated April 25, 2024 On March 9, 2023, the Biden Administration submitted the FY2024 President s Budget Request (PBR) seeking $16.675 billion for U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) military construction (MILCON) and family housing programs. The request was $2.325 billion (12%) less than the $19.000 billion provided for such programs ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12274 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2024 National Security Supplemental Funding: Defense Appropriations Updated April 25, 2024 Background On October 20, 2023, the Biden Administration submitted to Congress a request for FY2024 emergency supplemental appropriations to address key national security priorities. President Biden characterized the request as a response to Hamas terrorist attacks against Israel and the ongoing ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48051 |
Title
Contributions to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Fact Sheet April 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48051 Contributions to Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Fact Sheet Contents Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Contributions to IRAs ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10795 |
Title
Updated April 25, 2024 Global Human Rights: The Department of State s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Introduction The State Department s Country Reports on Human Rights Practices are an annual U.S. government account of human rights conditions in countries around the globe. The reports characterize countries on the basis of their adherence to internationally recognized human rights, ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12194 |
Title
Updated April 25, 2024 The Compacts of Free Association Overview The Compacts of Free Association govern the relationships between the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), and Republic of Palau. The Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands were districts of the former U.S.-administered United Nations Trust ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10575 |
Title
Updated April 25, 2024 Global Human Rights: Security Forces Vetting ( Leahy Laws ) Introduction The Leahy Laws prohibit U.S. assistance to foreign security force units when there is credible information that the unit has committed a gross violation of human rights (GVHR). Pursuant to the laws, before providing assistance, the U.S. government vets potential recipients for information about GVHR ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10691 |
Title
Updated April 25, 2024 The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) program is a Department of Justice (DOJ) formula grant program. The JAG program allocates funds to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, America Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands (collectively referred to as ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. R48049 |
Title
Information Technology Spending in the President s Budget Submission for FY2025: In Brief April 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48049 Information Technology Spending in the President s Budget Submission for FY2025 Contents Introduction ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF10221 |
Title
Updated April 24, 2024 Principles, Requirements, and Guidelines (PR&G) for Federal Investments in Water Resources The Principles, Requirements, and Guidelines (PR&G) for federal water resource investments largely replaced the Principles and Guidelines (P&G) for federal water project evaluations on June 15, 2015, following years in development (see Table 1). The PR&G direct how federal agencies ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. IN12330 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Change Healthcare Cyberattack and Response Considerations for Policymakers Updated April 24, 2024 On February 21, 2024, UnitedHealth Group Incorporated disclosed that one of its companies units Change Healthcare was experiencing a cyberattack. The BlackCat/ALPHV ransomware group a Russia-linked cybercrime organization claimed responsibility. Repercussions from this cyberattack are ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11155 |
Title
Legal Sidebar The Baltimore Bridge Collapse and the Limitation of Liability Act of 1851 April 24, 2024 On March 26, 2024, the Dali a 985-foot container ship struck a support structure of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, causing the bridge to collapse. As of the time of writing, four people are confirmed to have died in the collapse; two remain missing and are presumed dead. Although the ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. IN12348 |
Title
INSIGHTi Ecuador s April 2024 Plebiscite on Security Measures: Implications for Congress Updated April 24, 2024 On April 21, 2024, Ecuador held a plebiscite on 11 proposed reforms that seek to address the country s ongoing security crisis. According to preliminary results released by Ecuador s electoral body, voters voted in favor of 9 of the 11 questions, approving all of the reforms aimed at ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF12198 |
Title
Updated April 24, 2024 India: Human Rights Assessments Overview India is a multiparty, federal, parliamentary democracy. As reported by the State Department s 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (Human Rights Reports or HRRs), India is the site of numerous human rights abuses, many of them serious, some seen to be perpetrated by state and federal governments or their agents. According ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. IG10051 |
Title
United States Oil April 24, 2024 Author Information Phillip Brown Specialist in Energy Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied upon for ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. R48046 |
Title
USDA Rural Utilities Service s Support for Tribes and Other Indigenous Entities April 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48046 SUMMARY USDA Rural Utilities Service s Support for Tribes and Other Indigenous Entities The Rural Utilities Service (RUS) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) Rural Development (RD) mission area administers a range of ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. R48045 |
Title
The Department of Labor s Proposed Rule on Investment Advice in Private Sector Pension Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts April 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48045 SUMMARY The Department of Labor s Proposed Rule on Investment Advice in Private Sector Pension Plans and Individual Retirement Accounts R48045 April 23, 2024 John J. Topoleski Specialist ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11153 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 15 April 21, 2024) April 23, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12378 |
Title
Updated April 23, 2024 Bank Failures: The FDIC s Systemic Risk Exception When Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) and Signature Bank failed, the Treasury Secretary, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced on March 12, 2023, that the FDIC would guarantee uninsured deposits at those banks under the statutory systemic risk exception to least-cost resolution ( ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. IN10979 |
Title
INSIGHTi Year-Round Sale of E15 Updated April 23, 2024 E15 a fuel blend of up to 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline generally cannot be sold during the summer driving season (June 1 September 15) because it does not meet the gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) requirements, which limit fuel volatility under the Clean Air Act (CAA). The statute, however, allows the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. IN12332 |
Title
INSIGHTi TikTok: Proposed Legislation and Implications Updated April 23, 2024 On March 13, 2024, the House of Representatives passed the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (H.R. 7521). This bill would make it unlawful for any entity to distribute, maintain, or update a foreign adversary controlled application (hereinafter referred to as a covered app ) within ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11152 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fourth Circuit Rules Parochial School s 501(c)(3) Tax Exemption Does Not Trigger Title IX Obligations April 23, 2024 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits entities receiving federal financial assistance from discriminating based on sex in education programs and activities. The statute and implementing regulations impose a range of obligations on schools ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11154 |
Title
Legal Sidebar The DOJ s Monopolization Case Against Apple April 23, 2024 On March 21, 2024, the Department of Justice (DOJ), together with 15 states and the District of Columbia, filed a complaint in federal district court accusing Apple of monopolizing smartphone markets in violation of Section 2 of the Sherman Act. This Legal Sidebar provides an overview of the allegations in the lawsuit, ...
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| Date April 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12642 |
Title
April 23, 2024 Private Credit: Trends and Policy Issues Private credit generally refers to a type of lending undertaken by nonbank financial institutions and made to small- and medium-sized private companies that are not publicly traded. As a rapidly growing market that competes with traditional bank loans, but with a different regulatory apparatus, it has drawn financial stability concerns from ...
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