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| Date April 10, 2024 |
Report No. TE10097 |
Title
Statement of Omar M. Hammad Analyst in Environmental Policy Before Committee on Environment and Public Works U.S. Senate Hearing on Examining the State of Air Quality Monitoring Technology April 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10097 Congressional Research Service 1 C hairman Carper, Ranking Member Capito, and Members of the Committee, good morning. My name ...
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| Date April 10, 2024 |
Report No. TE10104 |
Title
Statement of Daniel T. Shedd Legislative Attorney Before Committee on Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Pending Legislation Before the Subcommittee April 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10104 Congressional Research Service 1 C hairman Luttrell, Ranking Member Pappas, and ...
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| Date April 10, 2024 |
Report No. R47585 |
Title
An Overview of Small Business Subcontracting: In Brief Updated April 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47585 SUMMARY An Overview of Small Business Subcontracting: In Brief For small businesses, participating in federal contracts as subcontractors can offer an important pathway to government contracting work and is one of the ways that the federal government ...
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| Date April 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF10164 |
Title
Updated April 10, 2024 Senegal The March 2024 election of President Bassirou Diomaye Faye, an opposition activist who has never held elected office, curtailed a constitutional crisis in Senegal while signaling potentially major shifts in economic policy and foreign relations. President Diomaye Faye, sworn in April 2, is a self-described leftist pan-Africanist and, at age 44, one of Africa s ...
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| Date April 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF12464 |
Title
Updated April 10, 2024 Niger A military junta led by General Abdourahamane Tchiani, a former Presidential Guard commander, seized power in July 2023, part of a wave of coups in Africa. In March 2024, the junta rescinded Niger s status of forces agreement (SOFA) with the United States, which underpins one of the largest U.S. troop presences in Africa, at 648 soldiers as of late 2023 (down from over ...
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| Date April 10, 2024 |
Report No. IF10482 |
Title
Updated April 10, 2024 Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Overview Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federal assistance program that provides monthly cash payments to older adults and individuals with qualifying disabilities who have income and resources (i.e., assets) within prescribed limits. The program is administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and intended to provide ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. RS22131 |
Title
What Is the Farm Bill? Updated April 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22131 SUMMARY RS22131 What Is the Farm Bill? April 9, 2024 The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. Titles in the most recent farm bill encompassed farm commodity revenue supports, agricultural conservation, trade and foreign food ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. R48022 |
Title
Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role Updated April 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48022 SUMMARY Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role The Colorado River Basin covers more than 246,000 square miles in seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. R46740 |
Title
Naming VA Facilities Updated April 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46740 Naming VA Facilities Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Authority for Naming Facilities ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. R44879 |
Title
Juvenile Justice Funding Trends Updated April 9, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44879 SUMMARY Juvenile Justice Funding Trends Although juvenile justice is generally the purview of the states, the federal government has played a role through the administration of grant programs. Congress has influenced states juvenile justice systems by authorizing and funding ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12631 |
Title
April 9, 2024 Optional Practical Training (OPT) for Foreign Students in the United States Optional Practical Training (OPT) is temporary employment established through regulation for foreign students and recent graduates in the United States in F-1 or M-1 nonimmigrant (i.e., temporary) status. In calendar year (CY) 2023, there were 1.49 million F-1 and M-1 students and recent graduates in the ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11146 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Lindke v. Freed and Government Officials Use of Social Media April 9, 2024 The First Amendment s Free Speech Clause limits the government s ability to exclude constituents from public forums, both offline and online. In March 2024, the Supreme Court issued a ruling in Lindke v. Freed opining on when a government official s decision to block citizens from their social media accounts ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF11916 |
Title
Updated April 9, 2024 Credit Rating Agencies: Background and Regulatory Issues Credit rating agencies (CRAs) provide investors with evaluations of the creditworthiness of debt (i.e., how likely a debt is to be repaid in full) issued by a wide spectrum of entities, including corporations, sovereign nations, and municipalities. Their ratings are typically a letter hierarchical format (e.g., AAA as ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF10354 |
Title
Updated April 9, 2024 United Nations Issues: U.S. Funding to the U.N. System The United States is the single largest financial contributor to the United Nations (U.N.) system. Congress has long debated the appropriate level of U.S. funding to U.N. system activities and whether U.S. contributions are used efficiently and effectively. U.S. policymakers perspectives on U.N. funding have varied over ...
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| Date April 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF10597 |
Title
Updated April 9, 2024 United Nations Issues: U.S. Funding of U.N. Peacekeeping The United States is the single largest financial contributor to United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping activities. Congress authorizes and appropriates U.S. contributions, and it has an ongoing interest in ensuring such funding is used as efficiently and effectively as possible. The United States, as a permanent member of ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. R47982 |
Title
Critical Mineral Resources: National Policy and Critical Minerals List Updated April 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47982 SUMMARY Critical Mineral Resources: National Policy and Critical Minerals List According to a National Research Council report, a critical mineral is a nonfuel mineral that is essential for use and faces considerable supply chain ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11144 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 1 April 7, 2024) April 8, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12630 |
Title
April 8, 2024 The Possible Elimination of Chevron Deference: Potential Implications for Tax Revenue and Administration The Supreme Court has heard oral argument in the cases Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless v. Department of Commerce. The cases challenge the constitutionality of a judicial doctrine known as Chevron deference, which takes its name from the 1984 case Chevron U.S.A. ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. IN12266 |
Title
INSIGHTi Small Disadvantaged Businesses, Disadvantaged Business Enterprises, and Minority Business Enterprises: Definitions and Differences in Terms Used by Government Programs Updated April 8, 2024 Government contracting programs that promote small business contracting opportunities support certain types of disadvantaged business owners, among other small business owners. Some policies are agency ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11143 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. United States: Fifth Amendment Takings Claims for Alleged Disclosures of Trade Secrets and Confidential Information April 8, 2024 On January 18, 2024, the U.S. Court of Federal Claims denied, in part, the government s motion to dismiss a lawsuit brought by Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Vanda) for alleged disclosure of confidential information and/or ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12440 |
Title
Updated April 8, 2024 Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2024 Overview of the IRS Budget FY2024 Budget Request The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is responsible for (1) collecting most of the revenue to fund federal government agencies and programs and (2) enforcing taxpayer compliance with federal tax laws through activities like taxpayer assistance and audits. According to FY2022 data, ...
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| Date April 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12628 |
Title
April 8, 2024 Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Tests: FDA s Proposed Rule The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) as a class of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) device that is designed, manufactured, and used within a single clinical laboratory. LDTs are an important part of personalized medicine and are often modified iteratively, as they test for disease in ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. R48021 |
Title
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS): Operations and Issues for Congress April 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48021 SUMMARY U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS): Operations and Issues for Congress R48021 April 5, 2024 William A. Kandel Specialist in Immigration U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), within the ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. R48005 |
Title
Critical Mineral Resources: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Role in Research and Analysis April 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48005 SUMMARY Critical Mineral Resources: The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Role in Research and Analysis R48005 April 5, 2024 Linda R. Rowan Analyst in Natural The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is a lead federal science agency ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. R48015 |
Title
Funding the Transition to Next Generation 911 (NG911): Considerations for Congress April 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48015 SUMMARY Funding the Transition to Next Generation 911 (NG911): Considerations for Congress R48015 April 5, 2024 Colby Leigh Pechtol Specialist in In times of crisis, people call 911 to receive emergency assistance. For decades, the ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12369 |
Title
Updated April 5, 2024 Bureau of Reclamation: FY2024 Budget and Appropriations The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior, is primarily responsible for the construction and operation of hundreds of large dams and water diversion structures in the 17 western reclamation states as designated in statute (43 U.S.C. 391). Reclamation is the largest wholesale supplier ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12382 |
Title
Updated April 5, 2024 The CASES Act: Ongoing Implementation Challenges The Creating Advanced Streamlined Electronic Services for Constituents Act of 2019, or the CASES Act (P.L. 116-50, 5 U.S.C. 101 note), is designed to improve access to, and efficiency of, government services and agencies for individuals by updating the process of authorizing access to certain government information in a nearly ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12627 |
Title
April 5, 2024 Defense Primer: FY2023 Department of Defense Audit Results The Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 (CFO Act, P.L. 101-576) requires annual audits of financial statements for federal agencies. Under the CFO Act, audits of federal agencies are the responsibility of the agency s inspector general (IG), but the IG may contract with one or more external auditors to perform the audit. The ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12344 |
Title
INSIGHTi Key Bridge Collapse: Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Considerations April 5, 2024 On March 26, 2024, the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed due to a cargo ship colliding with a bridge support tower. The collapse caused loss of life and disrupted numerous critical distribution functions associated with the Port of Baltimore, and severed a major highway artery. ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12345 |
Title
INSIGHTi Wastewater and Drinking Water: Committee Deadlines for EPA s Administration of Earmarks April 5, 2024 Congress has demonstrated interest in assisting communities to finance certain wastewater and drinking water infrastructure improvements needed to comply with federal regulations and maintain levels of service. Through statute, appropriations, and report language, Congress has provided ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11140 |
Title
Legal Sidebari When Does a Reinstated Removal Order Become Final: Federal Circuit Courts Are Split April 5, 2024 On February 27, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that a removal order that has been reinstated following an alien s unlawful reentry into the United States is not final for purposes of judicial review until after the conclusion of proceedings that determine ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11141 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Circuit Split over the Food and Drug Administration s Denial of Applications Seeking to Market Flavored E-Cigarettes, Part 1 of 2 April 5, 2024 Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products products that go by many common names, such as e-cigarettes and vape pens are generally required to receive prior authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11142 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Circuit Split over the Food and Drug Administration s Denial of Applications Seeking to Market Flavored E-Cigarettes, Part 2 of 2 April 5, 2024 This two-part Sidebar examines the circuit split over certain electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products that is, products with many common names, such as e-cigarettes and vape pens that come in flavors like fruit, candy, and other ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12346 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Government Spending Oversight Act and the Future of the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee April 5, 2024 On March 21, 2024, Chairman Gary Peters and Senator Mitt Romney of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs introduced S. 4036, the Government Spending Oversight Act of 2024. The legislation, if enacted, would adapt and extend certain authorities ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45546 |
Title
Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role Updated April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45546 SUMMARY Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role The Colorado River Basin covers more than 246,000 square miles in seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10781 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Overview of Federal Criminal Laws Prohibiting Threats and Harassment of Election Workers Updated April 4, 2024 Following the 2020 elections, the Department of Justice (DOJ) reported a significant increase in threats of violence toward individuals who administer elections, identifying in 2022 more than 1,000 reported incidents of threats and harassment targeting election workers for ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R48004 |
Title
The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court: A Primer April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48004 SUMMARY The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court: A Primer International courts are distinctive types of international institutions. They are created by nationstates, either directly or through ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12245 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 Voting Systems and Federal Law Laws regulating voting systems, including voting machines and other election infrastructure, exist primarily at the state and local levels. However, the federal government maintains significant authority over elections and plays an important role in safeguarding election infrastructure. In that regard, Congress has passed legislation that sets ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11057 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Appellate Courts Split on Legal Challenges to State Laws Banning Certain Medical Treatments for Transgender Minors Updated April 4, 2024 Public debate and attention has focused on whether certain medical treatments should be available for transgender minors to address a discordance between a person s sex characteristics and gender identity. A number of states have passed laws ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12026 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 FEMA s Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP) The Federal Emergency Management Agency s (FEMA s) Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP) provides supplemental grants to local government and nonprofit organizations to support and expand existing programs that aid individuals and families who are, or are at risk of, experiencing hunger and/or homelessness. The EFSP is ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12626 |
Title
April 4, 2024 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2024 Appropriations Enacted on March 9, 2024, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42) provided funding for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, including funding for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). P.L. 118-42 provided a total of $9.16 billion in appropriations for EPA, including ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11096 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Disqualification of a Candidate for the Presidency, Part II: Examining Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment as It Applies to Ballot Access Updated April 4, 2024 On March 4, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court in Trump v. Anderson issued a per curiam opinion that unanimously held that the Colorado Supreme Court erred in ordering former President Trump excluded from the 2024 presidential ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10740 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 The Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations Political and Economic Overview Figure 1. The Nordic Countries: Key Facts The five Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties and many political and economic similarities. They are all stable democracies with parliamentary systems of government and prosperous ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11145 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Clarifies Scope of Drug Offense Sentencing Relief Under the First Step Act April 4, 2024 In Pulsifer v. United States, the Supreme Court resolved a question that had divided federal courts of appeals: what is the scope of eligibility for certain federal drug defendants seeking a sentence below a mandatory minimum under the First Step Act? In Pulsifer, the Court adopted ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12624 |
Title
April 4, 2024 Expediting Cases and Setting Deadlines for Court Actions Federal court litigation is subject to various deadlines. Often, statutes or procedural rules set time limits for actions by the litigants. For instance, statutes of limitations require cases to be filed within a certain time after the conduct at issue. Once a case is filed, generally applicable court rules and case-by-case ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12625 |
Title
April 4, 2024 Judiciary Budget Request, FY2025 Overview The FY2025 judiciary budget request seeks $9.4 billion in discretionary appropriations (an increase of 8.4% over the FY2024 enacted level), and $852.4 million in mandatory appropriations used, in part, to pay the salaries and benefits of certain types of judges and provide funds for judicial retirement accounts. The judiciary also uses non- ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IG10050 |
Title
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2024 April 4, 2024 Author Information Marco A. Villagrana Analyst in Health Care Financing Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10045 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview Cuba remains a one-party authoritarian state with a government that has sharply restricted freedoms of expression, association, assembly, and other basic human rights since shortly after the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Over the past six decades, U.S. policy has generally sought to isolate the Cuban government to promote change on the island and limit ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47997 |
Title
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47997 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services The financial industry s adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is evolving as financial firms employ ever greater levels of technology and ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47843 |
Title
Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Updated April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47843 SUMMARY Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of ...
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