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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10781 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Overview of Federal Criminal Laws Prohibiting Threats and Harassment of Election Workers Updated April 4, 2024 Following the 2020 elections, the Department of Justice (DOJ) reported a significant increase in threats of violence toward individuals who administer elections, identifying in 2022 more than 1,000 reported incidents of threats and harassment targeting election workers for ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R48004 |
Title
The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court: A Primer April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48004 SUMMARY The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court: A Primer International courts are distinctive types of international institutions. They are created by nationstates, either directly or through ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12245 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 Voting Systems and Federal Law Laws regulating voting systems, including voting machines and other election infrastructure, exist primarily at the state and local levels. However, the federal government maintains significant authority over elections and plays an important role in safeguarding election infrastructure. In that regard, Congress has passed legislation that sets ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11057 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Appellate Courts Split on Legal Challenges to State Laws Banning Certain Medical Treatments for Transgender Minors Updated April 4, 2024 Public debate and attention has focused on whether certain medical treatments should be available for transgender minors to address a discordance between a person s sex characteristics and gender identity. A number of states have passed laws ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12026 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 FEMA s Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP) The Federal Emergency Management Agency s (FEMA s) Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP) provides supplemental grants to local government and nonprofit organizations to support and expand existing programs that aid individuals and families who are, or are at risk of, experiencing hunger and/or homelessness. The EFSP is ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12626 |
Title
April 4, 2024 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2024 Appropriations Enacted on March 9, 2024, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42) provided funding for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, including funding for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). P.L. 118-42 provided a total of $9.16 billion in appropriations for EPA, including ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11096 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Disqualification of a Candidate for the Presidency, Part II: Examining Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment as It Applies to Ballot Access Updated April 4, 2024 On March 4, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court in Trump v. Anderson issued a per curiam opinion that unanimously held that the Colorado Supreme Court erred in ordering former President Trump excluded from the 2024 presidential ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10740 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 The Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations Political and Economic Overview Figure 1. The Nordic Countries: Key Facts The five Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties and many political and economic similarities. They are all stable democracies with parliamentary systems of government and prosperous ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11145 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Clarifies Scope of Drug Offense Sentencing Relief Under the First Step Act April 4, 2024 In Pulsifer v. United States, the Supreme Court resolved a question that had divided federal courts of appeals: what is the scope of eligibility for certain federal drug defendants seeking a sentence below a mandatory minimum under the First Step Act? In Pulsifer, the Court adopted ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12624 |
Title
April 4, 2024 Expediting Cases and Setting Deadlines for Court Actions Federal court litigation is subject to various deadlines. Often, statutes or procedural rules set time limits for actions by the litigants. For instance, statutes of limitations require cases to be filed within a certain time after the conduct at issue. Once a case is filed, generally applicable court rules and case-by-case ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12625 |
Title
April 4, 2024 Judiciary Budget Request, FY2025 Overview The FY2025 judiciary budget request seeks $9.4 billion in discretionary appropriations (an increase of 8.4% over the FY2024 enacted level), and $852.4 million in mandatory appropriations used, in part, to pay the salaries and benefits of certain types of judges and provide funds for judicial retirement accounts. The judiciary also uses non- ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IG10050 |
Title
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2024 April 4, 2024 Author Information Marco A. Villagrana Analyst in Health Care Financing Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10045 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview Cuba remains a one-party authoritarian state with a government that has sharply restricted freedoms of expression, association, assembly, and other basic human rights since shortly after the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Over the past six decades, U.S. policy has generally sought to isolate the Cuban government to promote change on the island and limit ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47843 |
Title
Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Updated April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47843 SUMMARY Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47997 |
Title
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47997 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services The financial industry s adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is evolving as financial firms employ ever greater levels of technology and ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47999 |
Title
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2025 Budget Request Fact Sheet April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47999 Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2025 Budget Request Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 President s ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11120 |
Title
Updated April 3, 2024 U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements and Negotiations The United States and Japan, among the world s largest economies, are close economic partners. As a top U.S. trade partner, Japan has been a priority for U.S. trade negotiations and regional economic cooperation. The U.S. and Japan do not have a comprehensive bilateral free trade agreement (FTA); the partners have two limited trade ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10747 |
Title
Legal Sidebari International Atrocity Crimes and Their Domestic Counterparts Updated April 3, 2024 Russia s war launched against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the October 7, 2023, attacks perpetrated by Hamas in Israel, and Israel s subsequent campaign in Gaza have prompted widespread attention to the legal framework that addresses atrocity crimes. The term atrocity crimes was coined by former ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. IN12343 |
Title
INSIGHTi Election Systems: Recent Action by the Election Assistance Commission April 3, 2024 The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) was established by the Help America Vote Act in response to problems with the administration of the 2000 elections. Among other responsibilities, such as administering grant programs and sharing best practices, it was charged with developing voluntary federal ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. R40094 |
Title
Iran s Nuclear Program: Tehran s Compliance with International Obligations Updated April 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40094 SUMMARY Iran s Nuclear Program: Tehran s Compliance with International Obligations R40094 April 2, 2024 Paul K. Kerr Specialist in Several U.N. Security Council resolutions adopted between 2006 and 2010 required Iran to ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. R47566 |
Title
Overview of FY2024 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated April 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47566 SUMMARY Overview of FY2024 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) R47566 April 2, 2024 Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy This report describes actions to provide FY2024 ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10288 |
Title
Updated April 2, 2024 Overview of the 2018 Farm Bill Energy Title Programs Congress has long encouraged the production of renewable energy and products derived from agriculture-based feedstock in pursuit of various policy goals. These goals include U.S. energy security, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and increased demand for U.S. farm products. Since the late 1970s, Congress has employed a ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12342 |
Title
INSIGHT Proposed Expanded Collection of Statistics on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity by the Federal Government April 2, 2024 The U.S. Census Bureau has proposed a test of questions about sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) as possible additions to the American Community Survey (ACS). While federal surveys have collected sexual orientation and gender identity data as early as, ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12145 |
Title
INSIGHTi Proposed U.S.-EU Critical Minerals Agreement Updated April 2, 2024 Since a March 2023 announcement, the United States and European Union (EU) have been negotiating a critical minerals agreement (CMA). Key objectives are to: enable critical minerals extracted or processed in the EU to count toward certain electric vehicle (EV) tax credit requirements of P.L. 117-169 (Inflation Reduction ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10604 |
Title
Updated April 2, 2024 Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan Afghanistan s geography, complex ethnic composition, and history of conflict and instability have long created space for Islamist terrorist groups, some of which seek to conduct attacks abroad. United Nations (UN) sanctions monitors report that the high concentration of terrorist groups in Afghanistan undermines the security situation in the ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12612 |
Title
Updated April 2, 2024 American Indian, Alaska Native, and Tribal Population Data Overview Federal agencies collect population data, including on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities and federally recognized tribes (hereinafter tribes), to allocate funding and provide services. There is no uniform definition of AI/AN populations or tribal enrollment, and federal agencies rely on ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12623 |
Title
April 2, 2024 Medical Care Standards in Immigrant Detention Facilities In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic and whistleblower complaints about medical neglect and unnecessary gynecological procedures have led to concerns over the medical care of noncitizens in the custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). This In Focus provides background on Immigrant Detention Facility medical care ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47899 |
Title
The United States Courts of Appeals: Background and Circuit Splits from 2023 Updated April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47899 SUMMARY The United States Courts of Appeals: Background and Circuit Splits from 2023 The United States Courts of Appeals frequently act as the final arbiters of questions of law within their respective jurisdictions. Although the ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47933 |
Title
Programs for Beginning, Limited Resource, Veteran, Socially Disadvantaged, and Tribal and Indigenous Farmers and Ranchers and for Small Farms and Ranches Updated April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47933 Selected USDA Programs and Policies That Address Underserved Farmers and Ranchers Contents Terms and Definitions ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47987 |
Title
Bureau of Reclamation Support for Water Storage Projects April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47987 SUMMARY Bureau of Reclamation Support for Water Storage Projects The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation, part of the Department of the Interior) has for more than a century been involved in the construction and operations of water storage projects in the 17 ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11139 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 25 March 31, 2024) April 1, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12372 |
Title
Updated April 1, 2024 Peru: Country Overview and U.S. Relations Peru is a geographically and ethnically diverse country encompassing portions of the Amazon Basin, the Andean highlands, and the Pacific coast of South America (Figure 1). Since the early 2000s, Peru has sustained its democratic institutions and outpaced its neighbors in terms of economic growth while reducing poverty and improving ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47988 |
Title
The OECD/G20 Pillar 1 and Digital Services Taxes: A Comparison April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47988 SUMMARY The OECD/G20 Pillar 1 and Digital Services Taxes: A Comparison R47988 April 1, 2024 Jane G. Gravelle Senior Specialist in If Congress chooses not to adopt Pillar 1 of the OECD/G20 proposal to allocate some Economic Policy taxing rights to market ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12341 |
Title
INSIGHTi Hong Kong Adopts New National Security Ordinance: Article 23 April 1, 2024 On March 23, 2024, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) promulgated an ordinance with the stated purpose of strengthening the legal system and enforcement mechanisms for the HKSAR to safeguard national security. The Safeguarding National Security Ordinance builds upon the People s ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12621 |
Title
April 1, 2024 Congressional Commission on the U.S. Strategic Posture Congress plays an important role in U.S. nuclear weapons policy through funding and oversight of U.S. strategic military capabilities and related programs carried out by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The Senate also considers providing advice and ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12622 |
Title
April 1, 2024 Defense Primer: The United States Air Force An executive order signed by then-President Harry S. Truman in 1947 established the U.S. Air Force as a separate service to be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations ... necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned. The National Security Act ...
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| Date March 29, 2024 |
Report No. R45345 |
Title
Intelligence Community Whistleblower Provisions: A Legislative History Updated March 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45345 SUMMARY Intelligence Community Whistleblower Provisions: A Legislative History R45345 March 29, 2024 Michael E. DeVine Analyst in Intelligence and Intelligence community (IC) whistleblowers are employees or contractors of the federal ...
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| Date March 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12463 |
Title
Updated March 29, 2024 PEPFAR Extension Act of 2018: Extended Authorities Since the 108th Congress (2003-2004) enacted legislation to authorize multiyear funding for international HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria programs, including the President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), successive Congresses have debated extending some of those authorities. While most PEPFAR-related ...
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| Date March 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12619 |
Title
Updated March 29, 2024 Baltimore Bridge Collapse: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) At about 1:30 a.m. on March 26, 2024, the MV Dali, a container ship departing the Port of Baltimore, struck a support tower of the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore, MD, causing the bridge to collapse into the Patapsco River. The bridge is a segment of Interstate 695 Baltimore s beltway and spans over the ...
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| Date March 29, 2024 |
Report No. IN10450 |
Title
Private Flood Insurance and the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Updated March 29, 2024 The National Flood Insurance Program The NFIP was first authorized by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq.) and was reauthorized until the end of FY2017 by the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW-12; Title II of P.L. 112-141). After 30 short-term ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF12607 |
Title
Updated March 28, 2024 Capital One Discover Proposed Merger: Systemic Risk and Market Competition Considerations In February 2024, Capital One announced a merger deal with Discover. This In Focus explores the policy issues raised by the potential merger that may be of interest to Congress, with particular attention to the competition and systemic impacts on the banking system. Capital One is the ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF10293 |
Title
Updated March 28, 2024 Foreign Relations Reauthorization: Background and Issues Introduction The Constitution gives Congress the power to provide funding, authorize programs, and conduct oversight with respect to the implementation of foreign policy. In exercising these powers, Congress has enacted several laws requiring foreign affairs appropriations to be authorized prior to expenditure. These ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11131 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 1: Introduction March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the first in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to promote the prompt, ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11132 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 2: Federal Convention Debates March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the second in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to promote ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11133 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 3: History of Presidential Succession March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the third in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11134 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 4: Early Congressional Action March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to promote ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11135 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 5: Congressional Debates March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the fifth in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to promote the ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11136 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 6: Final Approval and Implementation March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the sixth in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11137 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Twenty-Fifth Amendment and Presidential Inability, Part 7: Issues for Congress March 28, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the last in a seven-part series that discusses the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. In an effort to ensure that the United States will always possess a functioning President and Vice President, the Twenty-Fifth Amendment seeks to promote the prompt, ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11138 |
Title
Legal Sidebar The 2023 Merger Guidelines: Analysis and Issues for Congress March 28, 2024 In December 2023, the Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) finalized the 2023 Merger Guidelines (the Guidelines), which outline the agencies analytical approach to merger review. The Guidelines represent a major departure from the 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines and the 2020 ...
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