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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R47019 |
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The Executive Budget Process: An Overview Updated February 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47019 SUMMARY The Executive Budget Process: An Overview The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with several provisions referring to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R47920 |
Title
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Justice Activities and Programs February 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47920 SUMMARY U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Justice Activities and Programs For decades, policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns regarding the disproportionate effects of environmental ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R44363 |
Title
National African American History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated February 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44363 SUMMARY National African American History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet R44363 February 13, 2024 Maya V. Thomas Reference and Digital This fact sheet links to authoritative information resources related to National African ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12572 |
Title
Updated February 13, 2024 Business Tax Provisions in the Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024 The Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024, released by the Senate Finance Committee on January 16, 2024, and passed by the House on January 31, 2024 (H.R. 7024), would, among other provisions, modify four business tax provisions enacted in P.L. 115-97, referred to as ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11115 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 5 February 11, 2024) February 13, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12574 |
Title
Updated February 13, 2024 The Casualty and Theft Loss Deduction The Internal Revenue Code has let some taxpayers deduct unreimbursed losses caused by recent disasters and thefts from their income subject to the income tax. Congress temporarily limited the casualty and theft loss deduction as part of the 2017 tax law (P.L. 115-97; popularly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA) to losses ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R45977 |
Title
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as Amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): A Primer Updated February 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45977 SUMMARY The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as Amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): A Primer R45977 February 12, 2024 Rebecca R. Skinner Specialist in Education ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10511 |
Title
Updated February 12, 2024 Child Care Entitlement to States: An Overview Overview The Child Care Entitlement to States (CCES) was created by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). PRWORA authorized the CCES in Section 418 of the Social Security Act. Section 418 appropriates mandatory child care funding for states, territories, and tribes. ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12591 |
Title
February 12, 2024 Cybersecurity and Digital Health Information As the technologies used in health care expand, so too do cybersecurity vulnerabilities. Increasingly, health care actors use electronic health records (EHRs), artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, and telehealth services to provide and facilitate care. While these technologies have their advantages, stakeholders have noted they ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11114 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Ninth Circuit on Whether a Federal False Statement Prosecution Can Be Brought Where the Effects of the Statement Are Felt February 9, 2024 In December 2023, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit) announced a decision in which it reversed a criminal conviction for making false statements to federal officers under 18 U.S.C. 1001(a)(2), on grounds of ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IN12319 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Strikes on Houthi Targets in Yemen Raise War Powers Issues February 9, 2024 Following attacks from Houthi-controlled areas of northern Yemen on shipping vessels and U.S. and allied naval forces in the Red Sea since November 2023, U.S. armed forces in the region have struck Houthi targets in Yemen on several occasions, beginning January 11, 2024. Some Members of Congress have ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12590 |
Title
February 9, 2024 Global Health Security: Background and Issues for Congress Background c. Congressional interest in the capacity of health systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), to detect, control, and respond to infectious disease threats is growing. Programs to build such capacity are integral to U.S. global health security (GHS) policy. Key areas of focus of such ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IF12190 |
Title
Updated February 9, 2024 Gun Control: Straw Purchase and Gun Trafficking Provisions in P.L. 117-159 On June 25, 2022, President Joe Biden signed into law the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; S. 2938; P.L. 117-159). This law includes the Stop Illegal Trafficking in Firearms Act, provisions of which amend the Gun Control Act of 1968 (GCA, 18 U.S.C. 921 et seq.) to more explicitly prohibit ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2024 |
Report No. IG10046 |
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Middle East Natural Gas February 9, 2024 Author Information Michael Ratner Specialist in Energy Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should not be relied ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12588 |
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February 8, 2024 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Adopt Alternative Credit Scores Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, government-sponsored enterprises that collectively guarantee the default risks for a large share of U.S. single-family mortgages, are adopting scoring metrics that incorporate available rent, utilities, and telecom bill payment data when assessing the default risks of mortgage applicants. This ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF11643 |
Title
Updated February 8, 2024 Artemis: NASA s Program to Return Humans to the Moon Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) landed 12 American men on the Moon and returned them safely to Earth (see Figure 1). Since then, no human has been farther from Earth than low-Earth orbit, a few hundred miles up; the distance to the Moon is about 240, ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12202 |
Title
Updated February 8, 2024 Farm Bill Primer: Support for the Dairy Industry The Dairy Margin Coverage (DMC) program was enacted in the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334) to support dairy operations. The DMC program replaced the 2014 farm bill s Margin Protection Program (MPP; P.L. 113-79, as amended by P.L. 115-123, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018). Prior to 2014, the U.S. Department of Agriculture ( ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12589 |
Title
February 8, 2024 Research Security Policies: An Overview The international scientific community generally views the free and open exchange of information as vital to the process of scientific inquiry, including the vetting of ideas and the verification of research results. The U.S. research ecosystem broadly operates on these principles. Sources have documented a variety of mechanisms employed on ...
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| Date Feb. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF10613 |
Title
Updated February 8, 2024 Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO) The Foreign Terrorist Organization List Consequences of Designation Congress has shown recurring interest in the administration of the State Department s FTO list and its application to groups that the U.S. government considers to be undertaking terrorism-related activities. At various times, Members or committees have expressed the ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. R47912 |
Title
Outer Limits of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf: Background and Issues for Congress February 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47912 SUMMARY Outer Limits of the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf: Background and Issues for Congress R47912 February 7, 2024 Caitlin Keating-Bitonti Analyst in Natural Areas of the ocean within U.S. jurisdiction encompass diverse ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. R42757 |
Title
National Park Service (NPS) Appropriations: Ten-Year Trends Updated February 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42757 National Park Service (NPS) Appropriations: Ten-Year Trends Summary The National Park Service (NPS) receives appropriations in the annual Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill. Over the past decade (FY2014-FY2023), NPS ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. R47661 |
Title
Emergency Relief for Disaster-Damaged Public Transportation Systems: In Brief Updated February 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47661 Emergency Relief for Disaster-Damaged Public Transportation Systems: In Brief Contents Introduction ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. IN12318 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2023 Immigration Court Data: Case Outcomes February 7, 2024 U.S. immigration courts within the Department of Justice s Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) adjudicate removal cases involving foreign nationals whom the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has charged with an immigration violation under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). During removal proceedings, ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. RL31852 |
Title
The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues Updated February 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31852 SUMMARY The Section 179 and Section 168(k) Expensing Allowances: Current Law, Economic Effects, and Selected Policy Issues RL31852 February 7, 2024 Gary Guenther Analyst in Public Finance ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. IF12586 |
Title
February 7, 2024 Courts, Programs, and Other Items Funded by Congressional Appropriations for the Federal Judiciary Overview international trade laws of the United States. At present, Congress has authorized nine judgeships for the court. Funds for the federal judiciary are included annually in the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill. For FY2023, Congress enacted $ ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. IF12137 |
Title
Updated February 7, 2024 Global Trends in Democracy and Authoritarianism: Challenges to Press Freedom Experts and policymakers have expressed concern over global challenges to press freedom, including in connection with broader concerns over the state of democracy around the world. Some research, including by the United Nations and nongovernmental organizations, indicates that press freedom has ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2024 |
Report No. IF12353 |
Title
Updated February 7, 2024 Judiciary Budget Request, FY2024 Overview of $22.4 million is an increase of 5.4% over the FY2023 enacted level. The FY2024 judiciary budget request seeks $8.95 billion in discretionary appropriations (an increase of 5.8% over the FY2023 enacted level). The request also includes $796.1 million in mandatory appropriations for use, in part, to pay the salaries and benefits ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2024 |
Report No. R47377 |
Title
Federal Reserve: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress Updated February 6, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47377 SUMMARY Federal Reserve: Policy Issues in the 118th Congress The responsibilities of the Federal Reserve (Fed) fall into four main categories: monetary policy, regulation of certain banks and other financial firms, provision and oversight of certain ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2024 |
Report No. R47911 |
Title
Freight Rail Safety Legislation in the 118th Congress February 6, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47911 SUMMARY Freight Rail Safety Legislation in the 118th Congress R47911 February 6, 2024 Ben Goldman Analyst in Transportation The February 3, 2023, train derailment and chemical spill in East Palestine, OH, raised the profile Policy of rail safety issues. ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2024 |
Report No. IN12317 |
Title
INSIGHTi Family-to-Family Health Information Centers: Current Status and Policy Considerations February 6, 2024 Family-to-Family Health Information Centers (F2F HIC) receive mandatory appropriations to provide information, education, technical assistance, and peer support to families of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). Currently, the program receives a mandatory ...
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| Date Feb. 6, 2024 |
Report No. R46412 |
Title
Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs): Frequently Asked Questions Updated February 6, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46412 SUMMARY Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs): Frequently Asked Questions R46412 February 6, 2024 Tamar B. Breslauer Senior Research Librarian Veterans Service Organizations (VSOs) offer a range of services for veterans, servicemembers, ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2024 |
Report No. RS21405 |
Title
U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts Updated February 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21405 U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts Summary Many wars or conflicts in U.S. history have federally designated periods of war, dates marking their beginning and ending. These dates are important for qualification for certain veterans pension ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11113 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (January 29 February 4, 2024) February 5, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12585 |
Title
February 5, 2024 National Infrastructure Bank: Proposals in the 118th Congress Introduction The term infrastructure generally refers to long-lived, capital-intensive systems and facilities in the areas of transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications. Some broader definitions also include facilities for education, recreation, and health. Although the condition and performance of these ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12057 |
Title
Updated February 5, 2024 Statutory Federal Gun Registry Prohibitions and ATF Record Retention Requirements On April 11, 2022, the Attorney General signed a Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) final rule, Final Rule 2021R-05F, that includes a provision requiring gun dealers to retain transaction records for the entirety of their licensed activities, as opposed to the last 20 ...
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| Date Feb. 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12154 |
Title
Updated February 5, 2024 Gun Control: Juvenile Record Checks for 18- to 21-Year-Olds On June 25, 2022, President Biden signed into law the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. 117-159), which includes several firearms-related sections. Section 12001 addresses juvenile access to firearms by clarifying that the prohibition on transferring a firearm to a disqualified individual applies to ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12315 |
Title
INSIGHTi CFPB Consumer Complaints: U.S. and Congressional District Data February 2, 2024 Consumers having trouble with a consumer financial product or service such as with a mortgage, student loan, credit card, payday loan, bank account, credit reporting, or debt collection can submit complaints to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). This Insight discusses the CFPB s consumer ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10709 |
Title
Legal Sidebari War Crimes: A Primer Updated February 2, 2024 The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas conflict have given rise to numerous accusations of war crimes. This Legal Sidebar addresses the sources and content of the law of war, also known as the law of armed conflict or international humanitarian law (IHL) as it pertains to war crimes that occur in an international armed ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10514 |
Title
Updated February 2, 2024 Defense Primer: Defense Appropriations Process The Constitution gives Congress the power of the purse in Article I, Section 9, which provides that No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law. To fulfill this duty, Congress annually considers appropriations measures, which provide funding for numerous activities such as ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12584 |
Title
February 2, 2024 Section 230: A Brief Overview Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. 230, provides limited immunity from legal liability to providers and users of interactive computer services. Under Section 230(c)(1), those providers and users may not be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider. Under Section 230(c ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47394 |
Title
Haiti: Recent Developments and U.S. Policy Updated February 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47394 SUMMARY Haiti: Recent Developments and U.S. Policy Haiti, located on the island of Hispaniola bordering the Dominican Republic, remains mired in interrelated political, security, and humanitarian crises. Haiti lacks an elected president and legislature following ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12583 |
Title
February 1, 2024 Medicare Graduate Medical Education, 2024 Medicare makes a significant investment in medical residency training (or graduate medical education, GME). It paid an estimated $17.8 billion in FY2021, primarily to hospitals. The Government Accountability Office found that Medicare is the largest federal source of GME funding, which also includes Medicaid, the Department of Defense, the ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF10515 |
Title
Updated February 1, 2024 Defense Primer: The NDAA Process The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) provides authorization of appropriations for the Department of Defense (DOD), nuclear weapons programs of the Department of Energy, and other defense-related activities. In addition to serving as an authorization of appropriations, the NDAA establishes defense policies and restrictions, and ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12314 |
Title
INSIGHTi Parliamentary Elections in Bangladesh: Overview and Issues for Congress February 1, 2024 Overview Bangladesh, a Muslim-majority South Asian country of 167 million, held parliamentary elections on January 7, 2024, amid concerns about democratic backsliding and political violence. Incumbent Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her Awami League (AL) party secured a fourth consecutive term in a ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF11150 |
Title
Updated February 1, 2024 Defense Primer: U.S. Policy on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) are a special class of weapon systems that use sensor suites and computer algorithms to independently identify a target and employ an onboard weapon system to engage and destroy the target without manual human control of the system. Although these systems are not yet in ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12306 |
Title
INSIGHTi How Would the Child Credit Be Calculated for 2023 Under H.R. 7024? Updated February 1, 2024 H.R. 7024, which passed the House on January 31 by a vote of 357-70, includes several provisions that would expand the child tax credit for low-income families by increasing the refundable portion of the credit. The refundable portion of the child credit is sometimes called the additional child tax ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12297 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Child Tax Credit: What Lies Ahead? Updated February 1, 2024 The child tax credit has been temporarily modified several times in recent years. On January 16, Senate Finance Committee Chair Ron Wyden and House Ways and Means Chair Jason Smith announced that they had reached the deal on a framework that included further changes to the child credit. Legislative text of this proposal (H.R. ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12582 |
Title
February 1, 2024 March-In Rights Under the Bayh-Dole Act: Draft Guidance On December 7, 2023, the U.S Department of Commerce s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) issued a request for information (RFI) on its Draft Interagency Guidance Framework for Considering the Exercise of March-In Rights. The RFI seeks public comment on the draft guidance, which NIST envisions as a tool to ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF12580 |
Title
January 31, 2024 Supplemental Security Income During and After Incarceration Background Certain people who are incarcerated are not eligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) payments but may be able to receive them once released. There is congressional interest in ensuring that eligible people including eligible individuals with disabilities and low incomes leaving prison are able to access ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11112 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Administrative Procedure Act Challenges to CMS s Implementation of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program January 31, 2024 Congress created the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program (the program) in 2022 through a budget reconciliation measure known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The IRA authorizes the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to ...
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