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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF10543 |
Title
Updated March 13, 2024 Defense Primer: The Department of Defense The Department of Defense (DOD) was established after World War II through the 1947 National Security Act (P.L. 80-253). At the time, some, including President Truman, took the view that the different components of the U.S. military had been insufficiently integrated to wage World War II effectively. The intention of the 1947 Act was ...
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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12261 |
Title
Updated March 13, 2024 Olympic Commemorative Coins: Background and Considerations for Congress The U.S. Mint produces commemorative coins pursuant to a specific act of Congress. These coins celebrate and honor American people, places, events, and institutions. Although they are considered legal tender, they are not minted for general circulation. Instead, they are designed to be collected ( ...
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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11070 |
Title
Updated March 13, 2024 John H. Chafee Foster Care Program for Successful Transition to Adulthood Children are removed from families and placed into foster care due to incidents of abuse, neglect, or other family crisis. In FY2021, about 147,000 young people ages 14 or older spent at least one day in foster care. More than 19,000 young people emancipated (or aged out) in FY2021, meaning they ...
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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12613 |
Title
March 13, 2024 AT&T Network Outage: Impact on Public Safety Services In the early hours of February 22, 2024, AT&T s wireless network suffered an outage, affecting communications nationwide. AT&T has not provided a definitive time that the outage started. It disrupted AT&T Mobility (wireless) service for some of its 220 million Mobility subscribers for several hours. At 10:00 a.m. (CT), AT&T ...
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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IG10047 |
Title
Federal Business Disaster Assistance March 13, 2024 Author Information Bruce R. Lindsay, Coordinator Specialist in American National Government Anthony R. Marshak Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Julie M. Lawhorn, Coordinator Analyst in Economic Development Policy Megan Stubbs Specialist in Agricultural Conservation and Natural Resources Policy Joseph V. Jaroscak Analyst in Economic ...
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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12610 |
Title
Updated March 13, 2024 Defense Primer: The United States Space Force The U.S. Space Force is the sixth branch of the Armed Forces, established under the Department of the Air Force (DAF) with the enactment of the FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act ([NDAA], P.L. 116-92). According to Title 10, Section 9081, of the U.S. Code, The Space Force shall be organized, trained, and equipped to (1) ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. R47953 |
Title
Small Business Administration Reauthorization: Issues for Congress March 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47953 SUMMARY Small Business Administration Reauthorization: Issues for Congress In recent years the idea of reauthorizing the Small Business Administration (SBA) has gained increased attention, both from some Members of Congress as well as outside ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. TE10092 |
Title
Statement of Luke A. Nicastro Analyst in U.S. Defense Infrastructure Policy Before Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on National Security, Illicit Finance, and International Financial Institutions U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Mission Critical: Restoring National Security as the Focus of Defense Production Act Reauthorization March 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. RL34205 |
Title
Indian Elementary-Secondary Education: Programs, Background, and Issues Updated March 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34205 Indian Elementary-Secondary Education: Programs, Background, and Issues Summary The federal government provides elementary and secondary education and educational assistance to Indian children, either directly through federally funded ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. 95-1013 |
Title
Bahrain: Issues for U.S. Policy Updated March 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 95-1013 Bahrain: Issues for U.S. Policy Summary The Kingdom of Bahrain is an island nation connected by a causeway to Saudi Arabia (15.5 miles away) and once claimed by Iran (124 miles away). Though small geographically and wedged between these two larger regional powers, Bahrain ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IN11982 |
Title
INSIGHTi Responding to Drought in the Colorado River Basin Updated March 12, 2024 The Colorado River Basin (Figure 1) covers more than 246,000 square miles in seven U.S. states and Mexico. Basin waters are governed by multiple documents, known collectively as the Law of the River. The Colorado River Compact of 1922 established the framework to apportion water supplies between the river s Upper and ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12597 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 The Clery Act and Postsecondary Institutions: Requirements and Enforcement The federal government requires colleges and universities to implement several institutional policies aimed at ensuring the safety and security of their students. One key federal statute that applies to postsecondary institutions is the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12148 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 Regulating PFAS Under the Clean Water Act In recent decades, improvements in monitoring technologies and analytical methods, combined with health research, have increased national attention to the presence of emerging contaminants in surface water. Detections of one particular group of contaminants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have heightened public and ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12094 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 The Army s XM-30 Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle (Formerly Known as the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle [OMFV]) Background The Army s Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) is being designed to replace the M-2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) (see Figure 1 for a notional example). Optionally manned means the OMFV is to have the capability to conduct remotely ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. R47590 |
Title
Archival Records of Congress: Frequently Asked Questions Updated March 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47590 SUMMARY Archival Records of Congress: Frequently Asked Questions Congressional offices and committees receive, generate, and process many paper and digital files in the course of their work. Archivists preserve some of this historical material, which ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11124 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 4 March 10, 2024) March 11, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. IN12329 |
Title
INSIGHTi Overview of the Using Space Efficiently and Improving Technologies Act of 2023 (H.R. 6276) March 11, 2024 The Using Space Efficiently and Improving Technologies Act (H.R. 6276) was reported, with amendments, by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on February 13, 2024. The bill would require certain federal agencies to track and report on the occupancy and utilization ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. IF12609 |
Title
March 11, 2024 Benin Benin is an emergent U.S. security partner in West Africa, a region that has seen a wave of military coups, the spillover of Islamist insurgent violence from the Sahel, and growing Russian influence. Democratic backsliding under President Patrice Talon has complicated U.S. engagement, however. Benin is a focus country under the U.S. Global Fragility Act (see below). Benin has ...
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| Date March 8, 2024 |
Report No. R44389 |
Title
General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress Updated March 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44389 SUMMARY General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress In the exercise of its constitutional authority over the Armed Forces, Congress has enacted an array of laws ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. RL32453 |
Title
Social Security: The Government Pension Offset (GPO) Updated March 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32453 Social Security: The Government Pension Offset (GPO) Summary Social Security spousal benefits were established in the 1930s to help support wives who are financially dependent on their husbands. It has since become more common for both spouses in a ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. R47946 |
Title
Process for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Projects March 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47946 SUMMARY Process for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Projects Civil responsibilities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) include undertaking federal water resource development projects and assisting nonfederal environmental infrastructure (EI, ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. R47947 |
Title
Complete Streets: A Primer March 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47947 SUMMARY Complete Streets: A Primer Complete streets is a multimodal approach to roadway design and safety that considers all users of transportation infrastructure. A street is considered complete if it facilitates the safe movement of users of all ages, abilities, and transportation ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. IN12327 |
Title
INSIGHTi Slower Population Growth, Economic Growth, and U.S. Fiscal Prospects March 7, 2024 In November 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau released its first post-pandemic U.S. population projections. Newly projected population growth is slower than in earlier projections (Figure 1). Although the COVID19 pandemic had a noticeable effect on U.S. population trends, the longer trajectory reflects other ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. R47944 |
Title
Measuring Wages in the Agricultural Sector for the H-2A Visa Program March 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47944 SUMMARY Measuring Wages in the Agricultural Sector for the H-2A Visa Program R47944 March 5, 2024 Elizabeth Weber Handwerker The H-2A visa program allows for the temporary admission of foreign workers to the United Analyst in Labor Policy States ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11123 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 26 March 3, 2024) March 5, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12604 |
Title
March 5, 2024 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) Overview Focal Points in the INDOPACOM AOR U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM or INDOPACOM) is one of six Department of Defense (DOD) geographic unified combatant commands. The commander of INDOPACOM exercises authority over military forces assigned to the command s area of responsibility (AOR), which includes the Pacific Ocean and about half ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12605 |
Title
March 5, 2024 The Orphan Drug Act: Legal Overview and Policy Considerations Just under half of all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approvals between 2017 and 2021 were for orphan drugs, which are drugs used to treat rare diseases or conditions. Historically, orphan drugs received little attention from drug manufacturers, as their development was often financially infeasible due to high ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. R46259 |
Title
Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests Updated March 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46259 SUMMARY Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests Between 1969 and 1999, roughly 3,500 people died as a result of political violence in Northern Ireland, which is one of four component nations of ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12420 |
Title
Updated March 5, 2024 The Federal Employee Paid Parental Leave Benefit This In Focus provides an overview of the federal employee paid parental leave benefit created by the Federal Employee Paid Leave Act (FEPLA), Title LXXVI, Subtitle A of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (P.L. 116-92) and amended by the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45888 |
Title
DHS Border Barrier Funding Through FY2021 Updated March 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45888 SUMMARY DHS Border Barrier Funding Through FY2021 The purpose of barriers on the U.S.-Mexico border has evolved over time. In the late 19 th and early 20th centuries, fencing at the border was more for demarcation and containment of livestock than for prevention of ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45914 |
Title
K-12 Teacher Recruitment and Retention Policies in the Higher Education Act: In Brief Updated March 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45914 SUMMARY K-12 Teacher Recruitment and Retention Policies in the Higher Education Act: In Brief R45914 March 4, 2024 Jeffrey J. Kuenzi Specialist in Education The K-12 teacher workforce is relatively large each year, about 4 ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IN12325 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Undetectable Firearms Act: Issues for Congress March 4, 2024 In the 1980s, the production of guns made with polymer (industrial plastic) stoked concerns that firearms were becoming undetectable by metal detectors in places like airports and federal buildings. In response, Congress passed, and President Ronald W. Reagan signed into law, the Undetectable Firearms Act of 1988 (UFA; P.L. ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11120 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Foreign Ownership of U.S. Real Property: Developments in Shen v. Simpson March 4, 2024 As described in this CRS Legal Sidebar, lawmakers have considered and promoted various legislative options to restrict ownership of land by certain foreign entities. One such law, Florida s SB 264, establishes certain land ownership restrictions pertaining to foreign entities associated with ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11121 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Presidential Immunity, Criminal Liability, and the Impeachment Judgment Clause March 4, 2024 The President of the United States occupies a unique position in the American constitutional system as the head of the executive branch of government entrusted with supervisory and policy responsibilities of utmost discretion and sensitivity. The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized that ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11122 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Smith v. Spizzirri: Supreme Court to Consider Whether Federal Courts May Dismiss a Lawsuit Subject to Arbitration March 4, 2024 In Smith v. Spizzirri, the Supreme Court will consider whether Section 3 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) permits federal trial courts to dismiss a lawsuit, rather than stay the case, when all of the claims are subject to arbitration. Federal courts of ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IN12328 |
Title
INSIGHTi Prabowo Subianto s Apparent Election in Indonesia: Considerations for Congress March 4, 2024 On February 14, 2024, Indonesians voted in presidential, parliamentary, and local elections the world s largest one-day democratic exercise. Early results suggest Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto, ex-son-inlaw of Indonesia s former authoritarian president Suharto and an alleged human rights ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12390 |
Title
Updated March 4, 2024 U.S. Sanctions: Overview for the 118th Congress U.S. Sanctions and Authorities State manages arms sales, diplomatic relations, visas, U.S. sanctions in furtherance of foreign policy or national security objectives are coercive economic or diplomatic measures taken against a target to bring about a change in behavior. In U.S. foreign policy and national security, sanctions can ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47935 |
Title
Changes to the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Program March 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47935 SUMMARY Changes to the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Program R47935 March 1, 2024 Elena H. Humphreys Analyst in Environmental Since 1996, the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) has been the primary federal Policy financial ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47621 |
Title
The Future of the Universal Service Fund and Related Broadband Programs Updated March 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47621 SUMMARY The Future of the Universal Service Fund and Related Broadband Programs Universal service is the principle that all Americans should have access to communications services. It is the cornerstone of the Communications Act of 1934 ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12323 |
Title
INSIGHTi Overview of the Put America on Commission Act of 2024 (H.R. 7129) March 1, 2024 To address the COVID-19 pandemic s impacts on small businesses, Congress authorized new financial relief programs in 2020 and 2021 that the Small Business Administration (SBA) operated. These programs made or guaranteed loans and grants directly to small businesses. SBA s pandemic relief programs included: the ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12602 |
Title
March 1, 2024 The Clean Hydrogen Production Credit: How the Incentives are Structured The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) enacted a new tax credit for the production of clean hydrogen. Widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel may reduce economywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in sectors that have traditionally proven difficult to decarbonize, such as trucking, steel ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12258 |
Title
Updated March 1, 2024 The Inflation Reduction Act: Financial Incentives for Residential Energy Efficiency and Electrification Projects Introduction P.L. 117-169, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), includes a number of provisions affecting energy use in the buildings sector. The IRA appropriates $9 billion for residential energy efficiency and electrification financial ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12603 |
Title
March 1, 2024 The Tax Credit Exception for Leased Electric Vehicles The Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169) created or modified three tax credits for purchases of electric vehicles (EVs): the clean vehicle credit (CVC), the used clean vehicle credit (UCVC), and the credit for qualified commercial clean vehicles (CQCCV). These credits may contribute to both the reduction of greenhouse gases and ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. R46336 |
Title
COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress Updated February 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46336 SUMMARY COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress R46336 February 29, 2024 Ronald O'Rourke ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10283 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Can the President Close the Border ? Relevant Laws and Considerations Updated February 29, 2024 The ongoing debate between some Members of Congress and the President over how to respond to the record number of alien encounters at the southern border has recently intensified. One disagreement centers on the scope of the existing authorities conferred by Congress to the executive ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12601 |
Title
February 29, 2024 ESEA: Charter Schools Program Charter schools are public schools of choice that are created in accordance with state laws and are publicly funded and tuition-free. They are operated according to the terms of charters or contracts granted by a charter authorizer (e.g., local educational agency [LEA], state-level authority, institution of higher education). The terms of charters ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10713 |
Title
Updated February 29, 2024 Overview of Public and Private School Choice Options School choice generally refers to the opportunity for parents to select an elementary or secondary school for their child that differs from the assigned school that the child would otherwise attend based on where the family lives. School choice is often divided into two major categories public school choice and private ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R40760 |
Title
House Office of Congressional Ethics: History, Authority, and Procedures Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40760 SUMMARY House Office of Congressional Ethics: History, Authority, and Procedures The House Office of Congressional Ethics (OCE) was established on March 11, 2008, with the passage of H.Res. 895. The House most recently reauthorized ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. 98-35 |
Title
Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-35 Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) Summary Social Security is a work-based, federal insurance program that provides cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of the worker s retirement, ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11529 |
Title
Updated February 28, 2024 A Brief Overview of FEMA s Public Assistance Program The Federal Emergency Management Agency s (FEMA) Public Assistance (PA) program provides financial and direct assistance (e.g., supplies, personnel) to states, tribes, and territories when authorized as part of a presidential declaration under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (the ...
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