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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11665 |
Title
Updated March 28, 2024 President Reagan s Six Assurances to Taiwan Introduction Under the U.S. one-China policy, the U.S. government has, since 1979, maintained official relations with the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) and unofficial relations with self-governed Taiwan, over which the PRC claims sovereignty. Like the Trump Administration before it, the Biden Administration refers to ...
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| Date March 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11072 |
Title
Updated March 28, 2024 The First Amendment: Categories of Speech The Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from abridging the freedom of speech but does not define what that freedom entails. The Supreme Court has long interpreted the Clause to greatly circumscribe government regulation of protected speech (including some forms of expressive conduct) while giving the ...
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| Date March 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12358 |
Title
Updated March 27, 2024 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Background and FY2024 Appropriations Background The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), provides scientific information to support the management of water, energy, mineral, ecosystem, and land resources and to mitigate risks from natural hazards. The USGS also collects long-term data to understand and ...
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| Date March 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12620 |
Title
March 27, 2024 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): Background and FY2025 Appropriations Background The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), provides scientific information to support the management of water, energy, mineral, ecosystem, and land resources and to mitigate risks from natural hazards. The USGS also collects long-term data to understand and report on ...
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| Date March 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47984 |
Title
The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA): Overview and Considerations for Congress March 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47984 SUMMARY The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA): Overview and Considerations for Congress Federal advisory committees are created by Congress, Presidents, and executive branch agencies to gain expertise and policy advice from ...
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| Date March 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12339 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recent Caseload Statistics for U.S. District Courts: Criminal Defendants Charged with Firearms or Explosives Offenses (2001-2023) March 26, 2024 This Insight provides an overview and analysis of federal criminal defendants charged with offenses related to firearms or explosives in U.S. district courts. Specifically, this Insight provides information related to (1) the percentage of ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12337 |
Title
INSIGHTi District Court Ruling on MBDA Business Development Program March 25, 2024 In a March 2024 decision, Nuziard et al. v. Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) et al., the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas found the MBDA s presumption of social disadvantage for certain program applicants to be unconstitutional and ordered the agency to discontinue using race or ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. R47983 |
Title
Emerging Legal Issues Under Title IX: Transgender Athletes and Name, Image, and Likeness Compensation for College Athletes March 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47983 SUMMARY Emerging Legal Issues Under Title IX: Transgender Athletes and Name, Image, and Likeness Compensation for College Athletes R47983 March 25, 2024 Jared P. Cole Legislative Attorney ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11130 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 18 March 24, 2024) March 25, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12270 |
Title
INSIGHTi The IRS s Free Direct Filing Pilot Program Updated March 25, 2024 Individuals may satisfy their income tax obligations by filing a paper return or filing an electronic one (efiling). To e-file, a taxpayer must use software preapproved by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Most individual returns are e-filed. For the 2022 tax year (through December 29, 2023), the IRS received 162 million ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12338 |
Title
INSIGHTi Labor Unions Request Section 301 Investigation of China s Shipbuilding and Maritime Policies March 25, 2024 On March 12, 2024, five major U.S. labor unions filed a petition under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 requesting that the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) investigate certain policies and practices of the government of the People s Republic of China (PRC or China ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10822 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Saudi Arabia A Changing Kingdom and Partnership The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields considerable global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of holding the world s second largest proven oil reserves. In exchange for protection, advice, technology, and armaments from ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47981 |
Title
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): History, Overview of Domestic Programs, and Selected Issues March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47981 SUMMARY Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): History, Overview of Domestic Programs, and Selected Issues R47981 March 22, 2024 Kavya Sekar Analyst in Health Policy The Coronavirus Disease 2019 ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R45800 |
Title
The Federal Role in Historic Preservation: An Overview Updated March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45800 SUMMARY The Federal Role in Historic Preservation: An Overview R45800 March 22, 2024 Mark K. DeSantis Analyst in Natural Several long-standing statutes have established a framework for federal historic preservation activities. The most comprehensive of ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11298 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 A Brief Overview of FEMA s Individual Assistance Program Following an incident, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may implement the Individual Assistance (IA) program to assist disaster survivors when the President authorizes such assistance pursuant to a declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12617 |
Title
March 22, 2024 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2024 Appropriations Many policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns about the condition of the nation s local drinking water and wastewater infrastructure and the financial challenges that communities may confront in maintaining, repairing, or replacing aging infrastructure. In 2016, the U.S. ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IN11949 |
Title
INSIGHTi NATO Enlargement to Sweden and Finland Updated March 22, 2024 Sweden joined NATO on March 7, 2024, enlarging the alliance to 32 members (see Figure 1). Amid heightened security concerns about Russia after its February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, both Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO in May 2022 with the intention to accede to the alliance together. Finland joined on April 4, 2023, ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10400 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico s Role As a primary source of, and transit country for, illicit drugs destined for the United States, Mexico is a key factor in U.S. drug control policy. Historically, reducing the supply of Mexico-produced heroin and methamphetamine and the northbound flow of South American cocaine has been the primary goal of U.S. counternarcotics policy toward ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11122 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Section 199A Deduction for Pass-Through Business Income: An Overview The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97, also known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA) created a temporary deduction for qualified pass-through business income (QBI) under Section 199A of the federal tax code. The maximum deduction is equal to the lesser of (1) 20% of a firm s qualified business income (QBI) ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. R41726 |
Title
Discretionary Budget Authority by Subfunction: An Overview Updated March 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41726 SUMMARY Discretionary Budget Authority by Subfunction: An Overview R41726 March 21, 2024 D. Andrew Austin Analyst in Economic Policy This report provides a graphical overview of historical trends in discretionary budget authority (BA) from FY1977 ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. R47032 |
Title
Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) Updated March 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47032 SUMMARY Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) In the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, also referred to as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law; P.L. ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN12335 |
Title
INSIGHTi Biden Administration Again Proposes Temporary Operating Assistance Authority for Larger Transit Agencies March 21, 2024 In the FY2025 budget, the Biden Administration again has proposed allowing larger public transportation agencies greater flexibility in the use of Urbanized Area Formula funds to cope with the larger operating deficits caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10856 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Where a Suit Can Proceed: Court Selection and Forum Shopping Updated March 21, 2024 The past several years have seen court cases challenging high-profile government actions including environmental regulations, immigration policies, election administration, economic measures, and government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Plaintiffs in cases such as these often have some ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12514 |
Title
Updated March 21, 2024 DOE Appropriations for Its Hydrogen Program: FY2024 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program addresses the development of applications that use hydrogen in place of today s fuels to provide modern energy services. The program also considers hydrogen as an established industrial chemical, for example, in petroleum refining. The DOE program includes over 400 ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN12336 |
Title
INSIGHTi Pakistan s 2024 National Election March 21, 2024 Overview Congress has taken interest in Pakistan s democratization, viewing progress as important to U.S. interests including security cooperation and economic stability. In the 118th Congress, H.Res. 901 expressing support for democracy and human rights in Pakistan has garnered 101 bipartisan cosponsors to date. Elections to seat Pakistan ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12376 |
Title
Updated March 21, 2024 DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2024 Appropriations The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for enabling renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development and implementation. Other activities include issuing grants for home energy efficiency and state planning, ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. TE10093 |
Title
Statement of Kate R. Bowers Legislative Attorney Before Committee on Environment and Public Works U.S. Senate Hearing on Examining PFAS as Hazardous Substances March 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov Congressional Research Service 1 Executive Summary C hairman Carper, Ranking Member Capito, and Members of the Committee: My name is Kate Bowers, and I am a ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. R47979 |
Title
DHS Border Barrier Funding Developments: FY2021-FY2024 March 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47979 SUMMARY DHS Border Barrier Funding Developments: FY2021-FY2024 Appropriations law states that when budget authority is provided for a given purpose, the Administration must use it for that purpose. This can present a challenge when a new administration s ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF11780 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 United Nations Issues: Overview of the United Nations System The United Nations (U.N.) system comprises interconnected entities including the United Nations, specialized agencies, U.N. peacekeeping operations, funds and programs, and other related bodies. Congress has generally supported the U.N. system and mission, and often uses U.N. mechanisms to further U.S. foreign ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF11831 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 Marine Corps Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) What Is the Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV)? According to the Marine Corps, the Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) is planned to be a new armored vehicle family to replace the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV): Since the 1980s, the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) has supported Marine Air-Ground Task Force missions on the ...
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| Date March 19, 2024 |
Report No. R46961 |
Title
Social Security Coverage of State and Local Government Employees Updated March 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46961 SUMMARY Social Security Coverage of State and Local Government Employees R46961 March 19, 2024 Zhe Li Analyst in Social Policy Social Security is the single largest federal program in terms of the number of beneficiaries as well as budget. It ...
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| Date March 19, 2024 |
Report No. IN12333 |
Title
INSIGHTi Updates to FEMA s Individuals and Households Program Made by the Individual Assistance Program Equity Rulemaking Updated March 19, 2024 On January 22, 2024, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) published an interim final rule (IFR) amending its regulations governing the Individual Assistance (IA) program specifically the Individuals and Households Program (IHP). The rule goes ...
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| Date March 19, 2024 |
Report No. IN12334 |
Title
INSIGHTi The American Climate Corps March 19, 2024 On September 20, 2023, the Biden Administration announced the launch of a new American Climate Corps (ACC) initiative. The ACC is described as a workforce training and service initiative to provide individuals with access to training necessary to enter careers in the clean energy, conservation, and climate resilience economy. Specifically, the ...
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| Date March 19, 2024 |
Report No. IF12615 |
Title
March 19, 2024 The Labor Force Participation Rate This In Focus provides an introduction to the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR), a key measure of the labor market. It is the fraction of people who are engaged in the labor force, whether they are employed or actively looking for employment. How the Labor Force Participation Rate is Calculated The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases the ...
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| Date March 18, 2024 |
Report No. R47962 |
Title
The Global Oil Tanker Market: An Overview as It Relates to Sanctions March 18, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47962 SUMMARY The Global Oil Tanker Market: An Overview as It Relates to Sanctions R47962 March 18, 2024 John Frittelli Specialist in Sanctions on oil transport from Russia, Iran, and Venezuela have drawn attention to the global oil Transportation ...
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| Date March 18, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11128 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 11 March 17, 2024) March 18, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF12063 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2024 Enforcement of Economic Sanctions: An Overview The United States imposes economic restrictive measures ( economic sanctions ) on foreign states or non-state actors that engage in objectionable conduct. The sanctions may encompass individuals, sectors, and entities that are financing or otherwise connected to the targeted states or entities. The imposition of economic ...
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| Date March 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF12406 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2024 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2024 Budget Request and Appropriations The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is an agency in the Department of Commerce whose mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; share that information; and conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. R46946 |
Title
Dam Removal: The Federal Role Updated March 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46946 SUMMARY Dam Removal: The Federal Role R46946 March 15, 2024 Dam owners and other stakeholders sometimes consider dam removal as a policy option to address dam safety, ecosystem restoration, or other concerns. For example, dams often affect Anna E. Normand ecosystem processes ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47002 |
Title
Federal Public Transportation Program: In Brief Updated March 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47002 Federal Public Transportation Program: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 What Is Public Transportation? ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN11229 |
Title
INSIGHTi Stafford Act Assistance for Public Health Incidents Updated March 15, 2024 This Insight provides an overview and examples of presidential declarations under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (hereinafter the Stafford Act 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) in response to public health incidents including contagious diseases and water contamination. Such declarations ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10942 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Restricting TikTok (Part II): Legislative Proposals and Considerations for Congress Updated March 15, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the second installment in a two-part series on U.S. efforts to regulate the videosharing application (app) TikTok. The first installment provided legal background on executive branchled efforts to restrict TikTok s U.S. presence and operations. This ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11125 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Overview of Federal Criminal Laws Prohibiting Interference with Voting March 15, 2024 The 2024 U.S. presidential and congressional elections are scheduled to take place on November 5, 2024, with early in-person voting in some states beginning in September. Recent developments such as the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities, the continued targeting of U.S. ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11744 |
Title
Updated March 15, 2024 Forming a Funded Federal Regional Commission During the 117th Congress, the Senate confirmed the nominations of the federal co-chairs for the Southeast Crescent Regional Commission (SCRC) and the Southwest Border Regional Commission (SBRC), thereby allowing them to convene and begin other activities. Also during the 117th Congress, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 ( ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12614 |
Title
March 15, 2024 U.S.-Latin America Trade and Investment The 118th Congress is engaged in a range of legislative and oversight activities related to trade policy toward the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, which is among the United States most important regional trading partners. Historically, some Members of Congress have approached initiatives to strengthen economic relations with LAC ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11741 |
Title
Updated March 15, 2024 The Army s Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) Background The Army describes the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle (AMPV) in a March 14, 2023, press release as follows: [The] AMPV is the replacement for the M-113 Family of Vehicles within the Armored Brigade Combat Team (ABCT), comprising approximately 30 percent of its tracked vehicle fleet. The Army s worldwide fleet of AMPVs ...
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| Date March 15, 2024 |
Report No. IG10049 |
Title
U.S. Shale Gas & Federal Lands March 15, 2024 Author Information Michael Ratner Specialist in Energy Policy Lexie Ryan Analyst in Energy Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. ...
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| Date March 14, 2024 |
Report No. R47980 |
Title
U.S. Energy Supply and Use: Background and Policy Primer March 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47980 SUMMARY U.S. Energy Supply and Use: Background and Policy Primer Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production and use have driven changes in energy consumption, and the ...
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| Date March 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12482 |
Title
Updated March 14, 2024 Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization: Legislative Action in the 118th Congress The most recent multiyear Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) reauthorization, the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-254), was enacted in October 2018. Its key civil aviation authorizations, including Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF) revenue collection authority, airport ...
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| Date March 13, 2024 |
Report No. IN12158 |
Title
INSIGHTi Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2024 Appropriations Updated March 13, 2024 Status of Agriculture Appropriations Agriculture appropriations formally known as the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture, excluding the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration ...
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