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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R46650 |
Title
Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Issues Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46650 SUMMARY Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Issues Section 199A of the federal tax code allows owners of pass-through businesses to deduct up to 20% of their qualified business income (QBI) from their taxable income in ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11119 |
Title
Legal Sidebar SEC s First Shadow Trading Case Slated for Trial February 28, 2024 Corporate insiders commit securities fraud when they trade their firms shares on the basis of material nonpublic information (MNPI). A pending Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement action raises a related but novel issue: is it unlawful for corporate insiders to use MNPI derived from their employment to ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11054 |
Title
Updated February 28, 2024 Measuring Job Openings in the U.S. Labor Market Introduction The number of job openings is an economic indicator that can provide information about the potential strength or weakness of the labor market. It is often used in comparison to another commonly cited labor market indicator: the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate the number of individuals without a job but ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11118 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 19 February 25, 2024) February 27, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R42807 |
Title
Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to 529 Plans Updated February 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42807 SUMMARY Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to 529 Plans Among the options families may choose to save for education (elementary and secondary as well as higher education), they may consider using tax-advantaged qualified ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R46806 |
Title
Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures Updated February 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46806 SUMMARY Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures Each Congress, the Senate appoints its members to committees. In order to make these assignments, each party conference typically holds an ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF10553 |
Title
Updated February 27, 2024 Defense Primer: RDT&E Advanced technology plays a critical role in ensuring U.S. national security. To maintain technological superiority on the battlefield, the Department of Defense (DOD) relies on scientific and technical knowledge developed in large measure through research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) funded by the department and performed by industry, ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12598 |
Title
February 27, 2024 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) Concerns about lead s adverse health effects, particularly on children, continue to drive efforts to reduce lead exposure through drinking water. Some water pipes, called service lines, that connect water mains to residences and buildings may be made from lead. These lead services lines (LSLs) are ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12600 |
Title
February 27, 2024 Clean Vehicle Tax Credits The federal government currently offers three tax credits that reduce clean vehicle purchase prices and thus may increase demand for clean vehicles (e.g., electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles). Each clean vehicle credit was created in the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 (Division B of P.L. 110-343) and ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R46865 |
Title
Energy Tax Provisions: Overview and Budgetary Cost Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46865 Energy Tax Provisions: Overview and Budgetary Cost Contents Direct (Cash) Payments ................................................................................................................... 2 Credit Transfers ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47091 |
Title
The Role of Executive Agencies in Budget Development: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47091 The Role of Executive Agencies in Budget Development: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Initial Preparation ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47092 |
Title
The Role of the President in Budget Development: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47092 The Role of the President in Budget Development: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Contents of the President s ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R43631 |
Title
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C: Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43631 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C Summary The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a statute that authorizes grant programs that ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47090 |
Title
Executive Agency Justification of the President s Budget: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47090 Executive Agency Justification of the President's Budget: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Agency ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47089 |
Title
The Role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in Budget Development: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47089 The Role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in Budget Development Contents Introduction ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12321 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Circuit Court Nominees Confirmed Through February 15 of President Biden s Fourth Year in Office: Overview and Comparative Analysis February 26, 2024 This Insight provides statistics related to the nomination and confirmation of U.S. circuit court nominees through February 15, 2024, of the Biden presidency. This Insight also provides comparative statistics through February 15 of the ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12000 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Actions to Address Offensive or Derogatory Geographical Names Updated February 26, 2024 Some stakeholders have brought renewed attention to names of geographical features in the United States that they identify as offensive or derogatory and have called for accelerated processes to rename these features. Generally, the process for federal renaming of geographical features involves ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12329 |
Title
Updated February 26, 2024 Expiration and Cancellation of Unobligated Funds Unless Congress chooses to intervene, appropriated funds that have not been obligated may expire and be cancelled according to procedures that are outlined in statute. Relevant provisions related to the expiration and cancellation of appropriated funds are found in Title 31 of the U.S. Code. Figure 1. Example of the ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10339 |
Title
Updated February 26, 2024 The Internal Revenue Service s Private Tax Debt Collection Program For the third time in its history, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is managing a program to collect certain delinquent individual income tax debt using private debt collection agencies (PCAs). Section 32102 of the Fixing America s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 11494) directed the IRS to revive ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R47818 |
Title
Proposals to Limit Financial Activities of Members of Congress: Background and Analysis of Legislative Proposals Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47818 SUMMARY Proposals to Limit Financial Activities of Members of Congress: Background and Analysis of Legislative Proposals R47818 February 23, 2024 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress In ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R47088 |
Title
The Executive Budget Process Timeline: In Brief Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47088 The Executive Budget Process Timeline: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Development of the President s Budget ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12044 |
Title
Updated February 23, 2024 The U.S. Department of State: Background and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress Background Created by an act of Congress in 1789, the U.S. Department of State (DOS) is the executive branch s lead foreign affairs agency and oldest cabinet agency. DOS s stated mission is to protect and promote U.S. security, prosperity, and democratic values and shape an international ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R45125 |
Title
Women s History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45125 Women s History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 History ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R46458 |
Title
Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress Updated February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46458 SUMMARY Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress R46458 February 22, 2024 Kelley M. Sayler Analyst in Advanced Members of Congress and Pentagon officials are increasingly focused on developing emerging ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47927 |
Title
District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47927 District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief Contents Legislative Authority for the District of Columbia ......................................................................... 1 Retention of Congressional ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47928 |
Title
Considerations for Creating a New Federal Grant Program: In Brief February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47928 Considerations for Creating a New Federal Grant Program Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Program Authorizations Versus ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10516 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) has a history of regular passage. FY2024 marked the 63rd consecutive fiscal year for which an annual defense authorization was enacted. Many policymakers and officials view the bill as a potential legislative vehicle for a range of policy matters. Funding Tables Division D provides ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11016 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What? Background At the nexus of foreign and domestic policy, U.S. trade policy comprises a distinct set of issues that shape U.S. participation in the global economy and relations with trading partners. U.S. trade policy also affects the overall U.S. economy and standard of living of Americans, as well as specific sectors, firms, and ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. R47924 |
Title
Social Security: Estimated Impact of Hypothetical Solvency Measures February 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47924 SUMMARY Social Security: Estimated Impact of Hypothetical Solvency Measures Social Security has long been a program of high congressional interest both because of the number of people who receive benefits now and in the future and because of ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF10636 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2024 Foreign Direct Investment: Background and Issues Both inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) are significant to the U.S. economy, international trade, and global supply chains, and form a key component of U.S. trade policy. Traditionally, the United States has supported a rules-based and open investment environment domestically and internationally to promote ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11117 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 12 February 19, 2024) February 21, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12371 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2024 Taiwan Presidents U.S. Transit Visits Introduction Since 1994, four sitting presidents of Taiwan have undertaken a combined 29 trips abroad that have included transit stops in the United States. U.S. policy since 1995 has been to bar Taiwan presidents from making non-transit visits to the United States. The U.S. government presents this policy as consistent with the ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10458 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Presidential Authority to Suspend Entry of Aliens Under 8 U.S.C. 1182(f) Updated February 21, 2024 The President has the authority to suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens whenever the President finds that the entry of any aliens or of any class of aliens into the United States would be detrimental to the interests of the United States. Presidential Administrations ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF10414 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2024 The Gender Earnings Gap Women earn less, on average, than men. This earnings differential often called the gender earnings gap raises questions about gender equity in labor markets, women s retirement security, and the potential impact of the gap on national economic performance, among others. This InFocus identifies factors that contribute to the gender earnings gap and ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN11719 |
Title
INSIGHTi TRICARE s Next Generation Contracts: T-5 Updated February 21, 2024 The Department of Defense (DOD) administers a Military Health System (MHS) that provides health care entitlements authorized in Title 10 of the U.S. Code (Chapters 55 and 56) and is organized under the TRICARE program. The TRICARE program offers health care benefits to approximately 9.6 million beneficiaries in DOD ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF10156 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy: Background and Current Issues Congress has primary authority over U.S. trade policy through its constitutional power to levy tariffs and regulate foreign commerce. It has delegated some trade authorities to the Executive, but retains an active role in formulating trade policy and shaping outcomes. Since World War II, U.S. trade policy has generally ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12593 |
Title
February 20, 2024 Nickels and Dimes: History and Current Status The Secretary of the Treasury, through the U.S. Mint, is statutorily authorized to issue specific circulating coin denominations (31 U.S.C. 5112). Currently, the United States has six circulating coin denominations dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar, dime, nickel, and penny. Unlike today s circulating coins, initial coin designs did ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF10038 |
Title
Updated February 20, 2024 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) The U.S. Constitution empowers Congress to impose tariffs and regulate trade with foreign nations. Periodically, Congress has legislated authorities and procedures to signal to trading partners that trade agreements negotiated by the President will be implemented or voted upon. Commonly known as Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), these ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12594 |
Title
February 20, 2024 Payment for Order Flow (PFOF) and Broker-Dealer Regulation Policymakers have scrutinized certain rebates that brokerage firms receive for executing retail investor stock trades, with particular attention to payment for order flow (PFOF). PFOF raises issues related to potential conflicts of interest, retail investor financial inclusion, market competition, and market transparency. ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10954 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Recent Developments in the Rights of Private Individuals to Enforce Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act Updated February 20, 2024 On November 20, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (Eighth Circuit) in Arkansas State Conference NAACP v. Arkansas Board of Apportionment affirmed a federal district court ruling that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) does not ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11116 |
Title
Legal Sidebari State Social Media Laws at the Supreme Court February 20, 2024 On February 26, 2024, the Supreme Court is to hear oral argument over the constitutionality of Florida and Texas laws that restrict online platforms ability to moderate user content. The U.S. Courts of Appeals opinions in these cases present two different views of the First Amendment rights at issue. The Eleventh Circuit ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF10890 |
Title
Updated February 20, 2024 China Primer: Illicit Fentanyl and China s Role In addressing the international dimension of the opioid crisis in the United States, policymakers have sought to stop foreign-sourced fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances (i.e., analogues), and chemical inputs (e.g., precursors) from entering the United States. Beginning in the mid-2010s, U.S. authorities identified the ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12320 |
Title
INSIGHTi Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Standard Mileage Rates February 16, 2024 The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides standard mileage rates as optional methods for taxpayers to substantiate their transportation expenses. This Insight reviews how the standard mileage rates are set, who uses them, and a history of the rates. Who Uses the Standard Mileage Rates? Standard mileage rates are ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10002 |
Title
Updated February 16, 2024 World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization established in 1995 following the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements, and today includes 164 members. It succeeded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created as part of the U.S. and Europe-led post-WWII effort to build a stable, open international ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12592 |
Title
February 16, 2024 Army Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) Program Proposed Cancellation: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction On February 8, 2024, the U.S. Army announced, as part of a major proposed restructuring of its aviation programs, that it seeks to cancel the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) program in its FY2025 budget request. FARA is part of a larger ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R46185 |
Title
The Impeachment Process in the Senate Updated February 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46185 SUMMARY The Impeachment Process in the Senate After the House impeaches a federal officer, the Senate conducts a trial to determine if the individual should be removed from office. The Senate has a set of rules specific to the conduct of an impeachment trial, most ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47922 |
Title
The Highway Funding Formula: History and Current Status Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act February 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47922 SUMMARY The Highway Funding Formula: History and Current Status Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act R47922 February 15, 2024 William J. Mallett Specialist in Transportation Policy Between 1916, ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R44425 |
Title
Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions Updated February 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44425 SUMMARY Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions R44425 February 14, 2024 Bernadette Fernandez Specialist in Health Care Certain individuals without access to subsidized health insurance coverage may be Financing ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN11723 |
Title
INSIGHTi Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works Updated February 14, 2024 Congress authorizes and funds the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to undertake civil works activities, including planning and construction of water resource projects and maintenance of navigation improvements and other infrastructure. Division J, Title III, of ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN11965 |
Title
INSIGHTi Water Resources Development Act of 2022 (WRDA 2022) Updated February 14, 2024 Recent Congresses have biennially considered omnibus legislation authorizing U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works activities, typically called Water Resources Development Acts (WRDAs). Eligibility for USACE annual and supplemental appropriations generally requires activities to first be authorized. ...
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