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| Date Dec. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF12556 |
Title
December 20, 2023 The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Permanent Normal Trade Relations Overview conclusion of a bilateral trade agreement with the Section 402 of the Trade Act of 1974 ( the Act, 19 U.S.C. 2432), commonly known as the Jackson-Vanik amendment, denies normal trade relations (NTR) status to some current and former nonmarket economies (NMEs), unless they adhere to certain freedom-of- ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IN12290 |
Title
INSIGHTi Who Says It s a Disaster? : Podcast Companion December 19, 2023 This Insight accompanies the CRS podcast episode Who Says It s a Disaster? and includes background information on the issues discussed on the podcast. Four Families of Disaster Declarations 1. 2. 3. 4. Stafford Act Small Business Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Note: Overlapping ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IN12291 |
Title
INSIGHTi CFPB Proposes New Regulation on Consumer Data Rights December 19, 2023 On October 31, 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) proposed a new regulation, referred to as the Personal Financial Data Rights rule, to implement Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203). The law provides consumers with a right of access to their ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2023 |
Report No. R47879 |
Title
Department of Defense Contract Pricing December 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47879 SUMMARY Department of Defense Contract Pricing The Department of Defense (DOD) frequently turns to private contractors to provide it with the goods and services that DOD needs to carry out its mission. Federal contracting regulations require that contract prices be fair ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IF12554 |
Title
December 19, 2023 Low Unemployment in 2023: Can It Last? The United States has experienced unusually low unemployment in the past two years: The unemployment rate has been 4% or lower in every month since December 2021. It hit its lowest level (3.4%) since 1954 in January and April 2023. It then rose to 3.9% in October before falling to 3.7% in November. Low unemployment has been highly beneficial ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IF10472 |
Title
Updated December 19, 2023 North Korea s Nuclear Weapons and Missile Programs Overview Nuclear Material Production North Korea continues to advance its nuclear weapons and missile programs despite U.N. Security Council sanctions and high-level diplomatic efforts. Recent ballistic missile tests and military parades suggest that North Korea is continuing to build a nuclear warfighting capability ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R46234 |
Title
School Meals and Other Child Nutrition Programs: Background and Funding Updated December 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46234 SUMMARY School Meals and Other Child Nutrition Programs: Background and Funding The federal government has a long history of investing in programs for feeding children, starting with federal aid for school lunch programs in the ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47058 |
Title
Access to Government Information: An Overview Updated December 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47058 SUMMARY Access to Government Information: An Overview Congress has long recognized the people s right to know about the operations and actions of the federal government. A series of modern statutes provides a framework for ways the public may access ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47878 |
Title
Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs: Background and Issues for Congress December 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47878 SUMMARY Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs: Background and Issues for Congress R47878 December 18, 2023 Elena H. Humphreys Analyst in Environmental Congress has demonstrated interest in the provision of safe drinking water and in the ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R46129 |
Title
The Presidential Records Act: An Overview Updated December 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46129 SUMMARY The Presidential Records Act: An Overview Presidential records provide Congress, members of the public, and researchers with documentation, context, and explanations for presidential actions. The Presidential Records Act (PRA; 44 U.S.C. 2201-2207) set ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47877 |
Title
Deficit Spending During Higher Inflation and Interest Rates: Implications for Debt Sustainability December 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47877 SUMMARY Deficit Spending During Higher Inflation and Interest Rates: Implications for Debt Sustainability R47877 December 18, 2023 Lida R. Weinstock Analyst in Macroeconomic Policy Expansionary fiscal policy (an ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11090 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (December 11 December 17, 2023) December 18, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. IF12552 |
Title
December 18, 2023 The National Spectrum Strategy for Wireless Technologies: Priorities, Objectives, and Congressional Considerations Most wireless technologies and services, including mobile communications, radionavigation systems, radar systems, satellites, and radio and television broadcasting, rely on a range of radiofrequency spectrum to transmit signals and data. The Communications Act of ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2023 |
Report No. IF12553 |
Title
December 18, 2023 National Park System: Air Tour Management Issues The statutory and regulatory framework for conducting air tours over units of the National Park System has been of ongoing interest to Congress. The National Parks Air Tour Management Act of 2000 (Air Tour Act; P.L. 106-181; 49 U.S.C. 40128) governs commercial air tours over most National Park System units as well as tribal lands ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47876 |
Title
Enhanced Prudential Regulation of Large Banks December 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47876 SUMMARY Enhanced Prudential Regulation of Large Banks The 2007-2009 financial crisis highlighted the problem of too big to fail financial institutions the concept that the failure of large financial firms could trigger financial instability, which in several cases ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R46664 |
Title
Return of Nominations to the President Under Senate Rule XXXI Updated December 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46664 SUMMARY Return of Nominations to the President Under Senate Rule XXXI Nominations that have been neither confirmed nor rejected by the Senate at the time the Senate adjourns sine die or for a period of more than 30 days are returned to the ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF12551 |
Title
December 15, 2023 Accrual and Reinvestor Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs) The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to increase access to capital for small businesses. Among those is the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program. Under the SBIC program, the SBA provides capital at favorable terms to SBA-certified venture capital funds who agree to ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IN12280 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Guidelines, Testing, and Certification for Electronic Poll Books (E-Poll Books) Updated December 15, 2023 The U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC) oversees a program to test and certify voting systems to a set of voluntary federal guidelines known as the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). No similar federal guidelines, testing, or certification have been available for ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF11159 |
Title
Updated December 15, 2023 The Retirement Savings Contribution Credit and the Saver s Match The Retirement Savings Contribution Credit (Internal Revenue Code [I.R.C.] 25B) commonly referred to as the Saver s Credit is a tax expenditure meant to encourage low- and moderate-income taxpayers to save for retirement. The SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022 ( SECURE 2.0 ; Division T of P.L. 117-328) included a ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11083 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Impeachment Investigations, Part II: Access Updated December 15, 2023 On December 13, 2023, the House directed a trio of House committees to continue their ongoing investigations into whether sufficient grounds exist to impeach President Joe Biden. The inquiry, which is being led by the Committee on Oversight and Accountability in coordination with the Judiciary Committee and the ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IN12288 |
Title
INSIGHTi Is Climate Change Influencing Wildfires? Climate Change Effects on Wildfires in the United States December 15, 2023 According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), climate change-driven increases in temperature, drought, and atmospheric drying have led to an increase in wildfire risk and wildfire burned area in the western United States. It is the assessment of ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IN12289 |
Title
INSIGHTi Law Enforcement Use of Artificial Intelligence and Directives in the 2023 Executive Order December 15, 2023 The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has expanded in a variety of arenas, including by law enforcement. AI has been broadly conceptualized as computerized systems operating in ways often thought to require human intelligence. It is defined in the U.S. Code (15 U.S.C. 9401(3)) as ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47875 |
Title
Military Tuition Assistance Program: Background and Issues December 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47875 SUMMARY Military Tuition Assistance Program: Background and Considerations for Congress Congress has provided authority to the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) to fund off-duty voluntary education for Active and Reserve Component servicemembers. ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF12017 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2023 Farm Bill Primer: Horticulture Title and Related Provisions Beginning in 2008, enacted farm bill legislation has included a horticulture title covering specialty crops and certified organic products. Over the years, this title has included provisions supporting locally sourced products (not limited to crops) and hemp cultivation. Upon enactment of the Agriculture ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF10231 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2023 Tracking Federal Awards in States and Congressional Districts Using USAspending.gov Overview USAspending.gov, available to the public at http://www.USAspending.gov, is a government source for data on federal awards by state, congressional district (CD), zip code, city, and county. The awards data in USAspending.gov is provided by federal agencies and represents grants, ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF10771 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2023 Defense Primer: Operations in the Information Environment Information as a Joint Function In 2017, Joint Publication (JP) 1 Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the United States was updated to establish information as the seventh joint function of the military, along with command and control, intelligence, fires, movement and maneuver, protection, and sustainment. This ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IF10537 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2023 Defense Primer: Cyberspace Operations Overview The Department of Defense (DOD) defines cyberspace as a global domain within the information environment (IE) consisting of the interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2023 |
Report No. TE10090 |
Title
Statement of Justin C. Chung Legislative Attorney Before Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Growth of the Tax-Exempt Sector and the Impact on the American Political Landscape December 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10090 Congressional Research Service 1 Executive Summary Chairman Schweikert, ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2023 |
Report No. R45517 |
Title
CRS Seminars on Disruptive Technologies: Videos Updated December 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45517 CRS Seminars on Disruptive Technologies: Videos Contents Advanced Battery Energy Storage .................................................................................................. 1 Artificial Intelligence ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2023 |
Report No. R40424 |
Title
Senate Committee Funding Requests and Authorizations, 106th-118th Congresses Updated December 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40424 SUMMARY Senate Committee Funding Requests and Authorizations, 106th-118th Congresses In the Senate, a biennial funding process applies to all Senate committees except Appropriations and Ethics, which have permanent ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF12548 |
Title
December 13, 2023 How the Credit Card Competition Act of 2023 Could Affect Consumers, Merchants, and Banks When a consumer makes a payment with a credit card, a small portion of the transaction is used to compensate the merchant s bank, the payment processors, the payment network, and the consumer s bank each of which play a role in facilitating the transaction. (More on transaction fees, or swipe ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2023 |
Report No. R47874 |
Title
Cohort Default Rates and HEA Title IV Eligibility: Background and Analysis December 12, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47874 SUMMARY Cohort Default Rates and HEA Title IV Eligibility: Background and Analysis Most institutions of higher education (IHEs) that participate in the federal Pell Grant and Direct Loan programs the primary federal financial aid ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2023 |
Report No. RS21212 |
Title
Agricultural Disaster Assistance Updated December 12, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21212 SUMMARY Agricultural Disaster Assistance The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers programs to help farmers recover financially from natural disasters, including drought and floods. Most programs have permanent authorization, and one requires a federal disaster ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2023 |
Report No. IF11267 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2023 Coup-Related Restrictions in U.S. Foreign Aid Appropriations Events in Africa and Burma have brought attention to a provision in annual State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS) appropriations legislation that restricts U.S. foreign assistance following a coup d tat. What Is Section 7008? In its current form (P.L. 117-328, Division K, carried into FY2024 via ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2023 |
Report No. 98-972 |
Title
Federal Employees Retirement System: Summary of Recent Trends Updated December 12, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-972 Federal Employees Retirement System: Summary of Recent Trends Summary This report describes recent trends in the characteristics of annuitants and current employees covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and the Federal ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2023 |
Report No. IN12286 |
Title
INSIGHTi The AI Executive Order and Its Potential Implications for DOD December 12, 2023 On October 20, 2023, President Biden issued an Executive Order (E.O.) on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence (E.O. 14110). The order provides guidance on standards for artificial intelligence (AI) safety and security. It supplements a number of related U.S. ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. R45033 |
Title
Nuclear Negotiations with North Korea Updated December 11, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45033 Nuclear Negotiations with North Korea Summary Since the late 1980s, when U.S. officials became aware that North Korea was actively pursuing nuclear weapons capabilities, U.S. administrations have used a combination of pressure, deterrence, and diplomacy to try to ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11089 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (December 4 December 10, 2023) December 11, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11088 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Arellano v. McDonough: Veterans Disability Benefits and Equitable Tolling December 11, 2023 On January 23, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Arellano v. McDonough. The case involved a U.S. Navy veteran, Adolfo Arellano, with a service-connected psychiatric disability resulting from an incident that occurred on board an aircraft carrier in 1980. Mr. Arellano was honorably ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IN12287 |
Title
INSIGHTi National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report on Ligado Networks and the Interference Debate December 11, 2023 On April 19, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved an application by Ligado Networks, a U.S. telecommunications company, to deploy a terrestrial network within the United States using segments of L-Band spectrum spectrum typically used for ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IF12547 |
Title
December 11, 2023 The Public Housing Program The low-rent public housing program authorized by Section 9 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 is the nation s oldest federal rental assistance program. It offers low-cost apartments for low-income households. While it is arguably the most well-known federal housing program, it is not the largest. The number of units in the program has been declining as ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IF12544 |
Title
December 11, 2023 Department of Agriculture s Emergency Relief Program (ERP) The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers a suite of programs that assists farmers and ranchers with recovering from a natural disaster. Many of these programs are permanently authorized and receive funding from mandatory sources. Since 2018, Congress has provided more than $19 billion in supplemental ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IN12023 |
Title
INSIGHTi National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report on Ligado Networks and the Interference Debate Updated December 11, 2023 On April 19, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved an application by Ligado Networks, a U.S. telecommunications company, to deploy a terrestrial network within the United States using segments of L-Band spectrum spectrum typically ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IF12543 |
Title
December 11, 2023 Has the Federal Reserve Achieved a Soft Landing in 2023? Since the Federal Reserve (Fed) began raising rates in response to high inflation in March 2022, it has been trying to achieve a soft landing a return to low inflation while maintaining moderate economic growth. By contrast, a majority of private sector economists had, until recently, predicted that the Fed s actions would ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IF12545 |
Title
December 11, 2023 The Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance Program The Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (PBRA) program subsidizes the rents of low-income individuals and families through rental assistance contracts between the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and private property owners. Named for Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f), it was created ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2023 |
Report No. IF12546 |
Title
December 11, 2023 The Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program The Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program is the nation s largest rental assistance program. Authorized under Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f(o)), it subsidizes the rents of more than 2.3 million households (5 million people), and its funding accounts for more than half the budget of the Department of ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2023 |
Report No. R47872 |
Title
Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Under the Inflation Reduction Act: Industry Responses and Potential Effects December 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47872 SUMMARY Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Under the Inflation Reduction Act: Industry Responses and Potential Effects The 2022 budget reconciliation legislation commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF12082 |
Title
Updated December 8, 2023 USMCA: Automotive Rules of Origin The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA; P.L. 116-113) entered into force on July 1, 2020, replacing the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA was viewed as instrumental in creating a highly integrated North American motor vehicle industry. USMCA negotiations over new rules for North American automotive trade ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IF12541 |
Title
December 8, 2023 Iran and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) The October 7, 2023, attack by Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization) on Israel and the ensuing conflict have increased U.S. government scrutiny on Iran, a longtime backer of Hamas. The United States maintains broad economic sanctions against Iran and, following the attacks on Israel, some Members have taken renewed interest ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IN12284 |
Title
INSIGHTi COP28 and Global Health December 8, 2023 In 1995, delegates from Parties and observer States to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change met in Berlin, Germany, for the first Conference of the Parties (COP) to identify and assess climate measures under the agreement. Subsequent COP meetings have reassessed progress and priorities annually. At the 28th COP, which ...
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