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| Date Dec. 4, 2023 |
Report No. IN12094 |
Title
INSIGHTi Atmospheric Rivers: Background and Forecasting Updated December 4, 2023 An atmospheric river (AR) consists of a long band of water vapor moving through the atmosphere, typically resulting in heavy precipitation over land (Figure 1). Improved AR observations and understanding (especially for large ARs) may facilitate flood preparedness and response and water supply management. This is ...
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| Date Dec. 4, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11084 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Clear Statement Rules, Textualism, and the Administrative State December 4, 2023 A clear statement rule is a judicial presumption that courts should not interpret a statute a certain way unless Congress made a clear statement requiring that outcome. In the Supreme Court s October 2022 term, a number of opinions considered whether various judicial rules of statutory interpretation ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2023 |
Report No. R47850 |
Title
The United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee: A Primer Updated December 1, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47850 SUMMARY The United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee: A Primer The organization now known as the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC) has organized U.S. participation in the Olympic Games since the early 20th century and ...
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| Date Dec. 1, 2023 |
Report No. IF11934 |
Title
Updated December 1, 2023 Terrorist and Other Militant Groups in Pakistan U.S. officials have identified Pakistan as a base of operations and/or target for numerous armed, nonstate militant groups, some of which have existed since the 1980s. Notable terrorist and other groups operating in and/or launching attacks on Pakistan are of five broad, but not exclusive types: (1) globally oriented; (2) ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2023 |
Report No. R47855 |
Title
Bank Capital Requirements: Basel III Endgame November 30, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47855 SUMMARY Bank Capital Requirements: Basel III Endgame Setting bank capital requirements is an iterative process. Requirements have repeatedly been tweaked over the decades as problems emerge or policy priorities change. For example, in 2013 U.S. regulators began ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2023 |
Report No. R47856 |
Title
Honduras: Background and U.S. Relations November 30, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47856 SUMMARY Honduras: Background and U.S. Relations Honduras, a Central American nation of 9.8 million people, has had close ties with the United States for many years. The country served as a base for U.S. operations designed to counter Soviet influence in Central America ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2023 |
Report No. R47851 |
Title
Offices of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization: An Overview November 30, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47851 SUMMARY Offices of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization: An Overview In 1978, Congress passed P.L. 95-507, which among other actions, established an Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) in each federal agency ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2023 |
Report No. R47858 |
Title
The Federal Tax Gap: Overview, Analysis, and Policy Options November 30, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47858 SUMMARY The Federal Tax Gap: Overview, Analysis, and Policy Options The federal tax gap is a measurement of the amount of federal taxes that taxpayers legally owe but do not pay on time in a given year. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates that ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2023 |
Report No. IN12269 |
Title
INSIGHTi Siting Challenges for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Pipelines Updated November 30, 2023 Carbon dioxide (CO2) pipelines are an essential part of carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems, promoted by the Biden Administration and some in Congress to reduce emissions of CO2 a greenhouse gas from power plants and industrial facilities. Approximately 5,000 miles of CO2 pipeline already operate in the ...
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| Date Nov. 30, 2023 |
Report No. R45121 |
Title
Presidential Funerals and Burials: Selected Resources Updated November 30, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45121 Presidential Funerals and Burials: Selected Resources Summary This fact sheet provides resources on presidential funerals and burials in the United States. It contains a brief overview of past practices and selected online resources related to ...
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| Date Nov. 29, 2023 |
Report No. IF12278 |
Title
Updated November 29, 2023 Farm Bill Primer: Selected Hemp Industry Issues Hemp is a variety or cultivar of Cannabis sativa the same plant as marijuana grown to produce nonpsychoactive food, beverage, consumer, and industrial products. The 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018; P.L. 115-334) legalized hemp by removing hemp (as defined, see text box) from the definition of marijuana in ...
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| Date Nov. 29, 2023 |
Report No. R47857 |
Title
U.S. Tourism: Economic Impacts and Pandemic Recovery November 29, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47857 SUMMARY U.S. Tourism: Economic Impacts and Pandemic Recovery Tourism and the U.S. tourism industry are issues of longstanding interest to Congress. As a source of millions of jobs and billions of dollars of spending in the United States, tourism both ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2023 |
Report No. IF12115 |
Title
Updated November 28, 2023 Farm Bill Primer: Programs Without Baseline Beyond FY2024 The one-year farm bill extension during FY2024 (P.L. 11822, Division B, 102) provided $177 million of mandatory funding to 19 of the 21 programs without a budget baseline in the 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, P.L. 115-334; Figure 1). Programs that receive mandatory funding do not require ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2023 |
Report No. R43947 |
Title
House of Representatives Staff Levels, 19772023 Updated November 28, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43947 SUMMARY House of Representatives Staff Levels, 19772023 This report provides staffing levels in House Member, committee, leadership, and other offices since 1977. Between 1977 and 2023, the number of House staff grew from 8,831 to 9,247, or 4.71%. R43947 ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2023 |
Report No. IN12198 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Election Commission Administrative Fine Program Updated November 28, 2023 Statutory authorization for the Federal Election Commission (FEC) Administrative Fine Program (AFP, sometimes called the Administrative Fines Program) expires on December 31, 2023. The AFP provides expedited enforcement for late and nonfiled campaign finance disclosure reports. Congress first authorized the ...
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| Date Nov. 28, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11082 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Kratom Regulation: Federal Status and State Approaches November 28, 2023 Kratom, or Mitragyna speciosa, is a tree related to the coffee plant and is native to parts of Southeast Asia. Peoples indigenous to the tree s range have traditionally consumed the leaves of the tree for medicinal and other purposes. Users report both stimulant and sedative effects, believed to be caused by ...
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| Date Nov. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12096 |
Title
Updated November 27, 2023 Farm Bill Primer: Beginning and Underserved Producers U.S. food and agriculture policy provides support for farms and ranches operated by beginning, small and limited resource, and historically underserved farmers and ranchers. Although these producers generally are eligible for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs, recent farm bills have provided targeted ...
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| Date Nov. 27, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11081 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (November 20 November 26, 2023) November 27, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Nov. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12275 |
Title
Updated November 27, 2023 Farm Bill Primer: USDA Support for Aquaculture Operations Aquaculture facilities that grow aquatic animal and plant species in controlled or selected environments (as defined as 7 U.S.C. 3103) are generally eligible for support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) available to all U.S. farmers and ranchers and producers. In addition, the Agriculture Improvement ...
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| Date Nov. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IN12282 |
Title
INSIGHTi OMB Releases 21st Century Integrated Digital Experience Act Guidance November 27, 2023 On September 22, 2023, the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) released Memorandum M-22-23, which contains guidance for agencies on implementation of the 21st Century Integrated Digital Experience Act (21st Century IDEA; P.L. 115-336). The law establishes agency requirements for website ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47665 |
Title
Building Codes, Standards, and Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions Updated November 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47665 SUMMARY Building Codes, Standards, and Regulations: Frequently Asked Questions A building code provides rules and standards for the design, construction, alteration, materials, maintenance, and performance of buildings. The main ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47849 |
Title
Artificial Intelligence in the Biological Sciences: Uses, Safety, Security, and Oversight November 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47849 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence in the Biological Sciences: Uses, Safety, Security, and Oversight R47849 November 22, 2023 Todd Kuiken Analyst in Science and Artificial intelligence (AI) is a term generally thought of as ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2023 |
Report No. R47847 |
Title
The U.S. Census Bureau: An Overview November 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47847 SUMMARY The U.S. Census Bureau: An Overview The U.S. Census Bureau is a federal statistical agency housed within the Department of Commerce. It is tasked with producing statistics on demographic and economic characteristics across the United States through more than 130 ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2023 |
Report No. RL33663 |
Title
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview and Issues for Congress Updated November 22, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33663 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Overview and Issues for Congress Summary The U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program provided nonreciprocal, duty-free tariff treatment to certain products imported to the ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2023 |
Report No. IF12160 |
Title
Updated November 22, 2023 Farm Bill Primer: Support for Native Agricultural Producers The 2018 farm bill (Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018; P.L. 115-334) expanded federal farm program support for Native agricultural producers and tribal communities. Congress further enhanced community and economic development for tribes in the Indian Community Economic Enhancement Act of 2020 (P.L. 116-261) and ...
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| Date Nov. 22, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10949 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Financial Disclosure and the Supreme Court Updated November 22, 2023 The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (EIGA) established financial disclosure reporting requirements for many high-level government officials and employees, including the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court Justices must file publicly available financial ...
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| Date Nov. 21, 2023 |
Report No. R47848 |
Title
Nonimmigrant Overstays: Overview and Policy Issues November 21, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47848 SUMMARY Nonimmigrant Overstays: Overview and Policy Issues Nonimmigrants are foreign nationals who are lawfully admitted to the United States for a temporary period and specific purpose (e.g., tourism, study, work). They are required to depart the United States ...
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| Date Nov. 21, 2023 |
Report No. R46875 |
Title
Antitrust Reform and Big Tech Firms Updated November 21, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46875 SUMMARY Antitrust Reform and Big Tech Firms Antitrust has become a hot topic. After decades as a mostly technocratic discipline, competition policy now commands the attention of lawmakers, academics, and the general public. One of the driving forces behind this trend ...
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| Date Nov. 21, 2023 |
Report No. IF12539 |
Title
November 21, 2023 Federal Law Enforcement Efforts to Counter Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking Human smuggling and human trafficking crimes continue to be of interest to local, state, and federal policymakers, law enforcement, and others. The federal government responds to both types of crimes in various ways, including using the resources of federal law enforcement agencies. This In Focus ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. R42865 |
Title
Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments Updated November 20, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42865 Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments Summary The Medicaid statute requires states to make disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments to hospitals treating large numbers of low-income patients. This provision is intended to recognize the ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11079 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (November 13 November 19, 2023) November 20, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF12535 |
Title
November 20, 2023 42 U.S.C. 1981 s Contract Clause: Racial Equality in Contractual Relationships Among federal statutes that address racial discrimination, 42 U.S.C. 1981 s contract clause uniquely focuses on guaranteeing a person s equal right to make and enforce contracts without regard to race. More specifically, 1981 s contract clause provides that [a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF12536 |
Title
November 20, 2023 The Economic Implications of Moore v. United States Moore v. United States (henceforth referred to as Moore) is a legal case that challenges the constitutionality of the transition tax imposed with the change in the international tax system that was included in P.L. 115-97 (commonly called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA). The case is currently before the U.S. Supreme Court. ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11080 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Pharmacy Benefit Managers: Current Legal Framework November 20, 2023 Several bills introduced in the 118th Congress address the rising cost of prescription drugs for American consumers. Some of these proposals concern the role of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), which facilitate the purchase of drugs through the pharmaceutical distribution chain and administer pharmacy benefit plans ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2023 |
Report No. RL30788 |
Title
Parliamentary Reference Sources: Senate Updated November 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30788 SUMMARY Parliamentary Reference Sources: Senate The Senate s procedures are determined not only by its standing rules but also by standing orders, published precedents, committee rules, party conference rules, and informal practices. The Constitution and ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2023 |
Report No. R47289 |
Title
Hydrogen Hubs and Demonstrating the Hydrogen Energy Value Chain Updated November 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47289 SUMMARY Hydrogen Hubs and Demonstrating the Hydrogen Energy Value Chain R47289 November 17, 2023 Martin C. Offutt The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced seven finalists for $7 billion in grants Analyst in Energy Policy for Regional ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11078 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Supreme Court Adopts a Code of Conduct November 17, 2023 On November 13, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court announced the adoption of the Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States (Justices Code of Conduct). The Justices Code of Conduct is a set of five ethical canons and accompanying commentary adopted by the Supreme Court that will guide Justices in the ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. RL32794 |
Title
House Committee Funding: Process and Historical Appropriations and Authorizations Updated November 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32794 SUMMARY House Committee Funding: Process and Historical Appropriations and Authorizations This report provides an overview of funding for committees in the House of Representatives. In particular, it includes RL32794 ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. R47836 |
Title
USDA s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview November 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47836 SUMMARY USDA s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview The United States is one of the top exporters of agricultural and food products. In 2022, the United States exported $196 billion in agricultural and food products, which accounted for about 20% of total ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. R47845 |
Title
FY2024 Appropriations: Potential Effects of a Government Shutdown on Illustrative Agencies, Programs, and Activities November 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47845 SUMMARY FY2024 Appropriations: Potential Effects of a Government Shutdown on Illustrative Agencies, Programs, and Activities When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IN12279 |
Title
INSIGHTi Growth in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing: A Factor in the 2023 United Auto Workers (UAW) Negotiations November 16, 2023 The United Auto Workers (UAW) began a strike against the Big Three automakers General Motors (GM), Ford, and Stellantis on September 15, 2023, following unsuccessful negotiations among the parties. UAW s existing national agreements with each automaker ended on September ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11077 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA): When Does a Prior Drug Offense Qualify? November 16, 2023 Introduction It is a federal crime for a convicted felon, among others, to possess a firearm. Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), the offense carries a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment when the offender has three or more prior violent felony or serious drug (controlled substance ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IF10587 |
Title
Updated November 16, 2023 Human Trafficking and U.S. Foreign Policy: An Introduction What is human trafficking? Human trafficking (also known as trafficking in persons) refers to the subjection of men, women, or children to exploitative conditions that may be tantamount to modernday slavery. From a foreign policy perspective, human trafficking can be viewed as a human rights problem, a ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IN12278 |
Title
INSIGHTi Bank Exposure to Commercial Real Estate November 16, 2023 The economic turmoil resulting from the pandemic negatively affected commercial real estate (CRE), particularly by leading to a sharp, albeit temporary, increase in delinquencies among commercial mortgage-backed securities. As the economy recovers from the pandemic, some CRE owners with mortgages outstanding are continuing to face ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R41816 |
Title
National Park System: What Do the Different Park Titles Signify? Updated November 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41816 National Park System: What Do the Different Park Titles Signify? Summary Congress names individual units of the National Park System in the enabling legislation for each unit. In so doing, Congress establishes the range of titles used in ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47844 |
Title
Hong Kong Under the National Security Law November 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47844 SUMMARY Hong Kong Under the National Security Law Hong Kong is a special administrative region (SAR) of the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China). In signing a United Nations-registered treaty with the United Kingdom in 1984 and passing a law in 1990 codifying many ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11076 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Marijuana Banking: Legal Issues and the SAFE(R) Banking Acts November 15, 2023 A number of states have adopted laws permitting marijuana sales and other marijuana-related activities, even though those same activities remain unlawful under federal drug and financial laws. Due to the legal risks under federal law, many financial institutions are unwilling to provide common banking ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF12534 |
Title
November 15, 2023 U.S. Commercial Shipbuilding in a Global Context Introduction Congress has long-standing concern with the state of the U.S. commercial (i.e., non-Navy) shipbuilding industry. Now that China has become the world s leading shipbuilder, that concern has intensified. Cargo ships typically transport 90% of the military equipment needed in overseas wars. Although there are longtime ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R43805 |
Title
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It Updated November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43805 SUMMARY The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit that boosts the income of eligible low-income workers, especially those with children. ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R45106 |
Title
Medicare and Budget Sequestration Updated November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45106 SUMMARY Medicare and Budget Sequestration Sequestration is the automatic reduction (i.e., cancellation) of certain federal spending, generally by a uniform percentage. The sequester is a budget enforcement tool that was established by Congress in the Balanced Budget and ...
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