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| Date Nov. 21, 2023 |
Report No. IF12539 |
Title
November 21, 2023 Federal Law Enforcement Efforts to Counter Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking Human smuggling and human trafficking crimes continue to be of interest to local, state, and federal policymakers, law enforcement, and others. The federal government responds to both types of crimes in various ways, including using the resources of federal law enforcement agencies. This In Focus ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. R42865 |
Title
Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments Updated November 20, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42865 Medicaid Disproportionate Share Hospital Payments Summary The Medicaid statute requires states to make disproportionate share hospital (DSH) payments to hospitals treating large numbers of low-income patients. This provision is intended to recognize the ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11079 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (November 13 November 19, 2023) November 20, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF12535 |
Title
November 20, 2023 42 U.S.C. 1981 s Contract Clause: Racial Equality in Contractual Relationships Among federal statutes that address racial discrimination, 42 U.S.C. 1981 s contract clause uniquely focuses on guaranteeing a person s equal right to make and enforce contracts without regard to race. More specifically, 1981 s contract clause provides that [a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. R44279 |
Title
Thanksgiving: Fact Sheet Updated November 20, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44279 Thanksgiving: Fact Sheet Introduction Thanksgiving is a federal holiday observed on the fourth Thursday in November. In 1789, President George Washington declared November 26 a national day of Thanksgiving. Subsequent Presidents issued Thanksgiving proclamations, but the dates ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF12536 |
Title
November 20, 2023 The Economic Implications of Moore v. United States Moore v. United States (henceforth referred to as Moore) is a legal case that challenges the constitutionality of the transition tax imposed with the change in the international tax system that was included in P.L. 115-97 (commonly called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA). The case is currently before the U.S. Supreme Court. ...
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| Date Nov. 20, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11080 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Pharmacy Benefit Managers: Current Legal Framework November 20, 2023 Several bills introduced in the 118th Congress address the rising cost of prescription drugs for American consumers. Some of these proposals concern the role of pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), which facilitate the purchase of drugs through the pharmaceutical distribution chain and administer pharmacy benefit plans ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2023 |
Report No. RL30788 |
Title
Parliamentary Reference Sources: Senate Updated November 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30788 SUMMARY Parliamentary Reference Sources: Senate The Senate s procedures are determined not only by its standing rules but also by standing orders, published precedents, committee rules, party conference rules, and informal practices. The Constitution and ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2023 |
Report No. R47289 |
Title
Hydrogen Hubs and Demonstrating the Hydrogen Energy Value Chain Updated November 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47289 SUMMARY Hydrogen Hubs and Demonstrating the Hydrogen Energy Value Chain R47289 November 17, 2023 Martin C. Offutt The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced seven finalists for $7 billion in grants Analyst in Energy Policy for Regional ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11078 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Supreme Court Adopts a Code of Conduct November 17, 2023 On November 13, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court announced the adoption of the Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States (Justices Code of Conduct). The Justices Code of Conduct is a set of five ethical canons and accompanying commentary adopted by the Supreme Court that will guide Justices in the ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. R47845 |
Title
FY2024 Appropriations: Potential Effects of a Government Shutdown on Illustrative Agencies, Programs, and Activities November 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47845 SUMMARY FY2024 Appropriations: Potential Effects of a Government Shutdown on Illustrative Agencies, Programs, and Activities When federal agencies and programs lack funding after the expiration ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. RL32794 |
Title
House Committee Funding: Process and Historical Appropriations and Authorizations Updated November 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32794 SUMMARY House Committee Funding: Process and Historical Appropriations and Authorizations This report provides an overview of funding for committees in the House of Representatives. In particular, it includes RL32794 ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. R47836 |
Title
USDA s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview November 16, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47836 SUMMARY USDA s Foreign Agricultural Service: An Overview The United States is one of the top exporters of agricultural and food products. In 2022, the United States exported $196 billion in agricultural and food products, which accounted for about 20% of total ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IN12279 |
Title
INSIGHTi Growth in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing: A Factor in the 2023 United Auto Workers (UAW) Negotiations November 16, 2023 The United Auto Workers (UAW) began a strike against the Big Three automakers General Motors (GM), Ford, and Stellantis on September 15, 2023, following unsuccessful negotiations among the parties. UAW s existing national agreements with each automaker ended on September ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11077 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA): When Does a Prior Drug Offense Qualify? November 16, 2023 Introduction It is a federal crime for a convicted felon, among others, to possess a firearm. Under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), the offense carries a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment when the offender has three or more prior violent felony or serious drug (controlled substance ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IF10587 |
Title
Updated November 16, 2023 Human Trafficking and U.S. Foreign Policy: An Introduction What is human trafficking? Human trafficking (also known as trafficking in persons) refers to the subjection of men, women, or children to exploitative conditions that may be tantamount to modernday slavery. From a foreign policy perspective, human trafficking can be viewed as a human rights problem, a ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2023 |
Report No. IN12278 |
Title
INSIGHTi Bank Exposure to Commercial Real Estate November 16, 2023 The economic turmoil resulting from the pandemic negatively affected commercial real estate (CRE), particularly by leading to a sharp, albeit temporary, increase in delinquencies among commercial mortgage-backed securities. As the economy recovers from the pandemic, some CRE owners with mortgages outstanding are continuing to face ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R41816 |
Title
National Park System: What Do the Different Park Titles Signify? Updated November 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41816 National Park System: What Do the Different Park Titles Signify? Summary Congress names individual units of the National Park System in the enabling legislation for each unit. In so doing, Congress establishes the range of titles used in ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. R47844 |
Title
Hong Kong Under the National Security Law November 15, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47844 SUMMARY Hong Kong Under the National Security Law Hong Kong is a special administrative region (SAR) of the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China). In signing a United Nations-registered treaty with the United Kingdom in 1984 and passing a law in 1990 codifying many ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11076 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Marijuana Banking: Legal Issues and the SAFE(R) Banking Acts November 15, 2023 A number of states have adopted laws permitting marijuana sales and other marijuana-related activities, even though those same activities remain unlawful under federal drug and financial laws. Due to the legal risks under federal law, many financial institutions are unwilling to provide common banking ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2023 |
Report No. IF12534 |
Title
November 15, 2023 U.S. Commercial Shipbuilding in a Global Context Introduction Congress has long-standing concern with the state of the U.S. commercial (i.e., non-Navy) shipbuilding industry. Now that China has become the world s leading shipbuilder, that concern has intensified. Cargo ships typically transport 90% of the military equipment needed in overseas wars. Although there are longtime ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R43805 |
Title
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It Updated November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43805 SUMMARY The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC): How It Works and Who Receives It The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a refundable tax credit that boosts the income of eligible low-income workers, especially those with children. ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R45106 |
Title
Medicare and Budget Sequestration Updated November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45106 SUMMARY Medicare and Budget Sequestration Sequestration is the automatic reduction (i.e., cancellation) of certain federal spending, generally by a uniform percentage. The sequester is a budget enforcement tool that was established by Congress in the Balanced Budget and ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R47833 |
Title
Emergency Access to Strategic and Critical Materials: The National Defense Stockpile November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47833 SUMMARY Emergency Access to Strategic and Critical Materials: The National Defense Stockpile In wartime, without sufficient raw materials available in useable form, militaries and companies manufacturing defense equipment may ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. R40611 |
Title
Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit Updated November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40611 SUMMARY Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA; P.L. 108-173) established a voluntary, outpatient prescription drug benefit under Medicare Part D, effective January 1, 2006. ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. TE10089 |
Title
Statement of Caitlin Keating-Bitonti Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Before Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Guardians of the Sea: Examining Coast Guard Efforts in Drug Enforcement, Illegal Migration, and IUU Fishing November 14, 2023 Congressional Research Service https:// ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2023 |
Report No. IN11829 |
Title
INSIGHTi Debt Limit Suspensions Updated November 14, 2023 From 2013 until 2019, and again in June 2023, Congress chose to suspend the statutory limit on the amount of federal debt outstanding for set periods of time, rather than increase the limit by a dollar amount. In October 2021, however, Congress chose to increase the debt limit by the fixed amount of $480 billion, and in December 2021, it ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. R45450 |
Title
Statutory Inspectors General in the Federal Government: A Primer Updated November 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45450 SUMMARY Statutory Inspectors General in the Federal Government: A Primer This report provides an overview of statutory inspectors general (IGs) in the federal government, including their structure, functions, and related issues for ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IN12277 |
Title
INSIGHTi HSA@20 Episode Companion: Emergency Management Post-PKEMRA Updated November 13, 2023 This Insight accompanies the Emergency Management Post-PKEMRA episode of The Homeland Security Act at 20 podcast series and includes background information on the issues discussed during the podcast. For additional introductory background, see CRS Report WMR10001, CRS Guide to Federal Emergency Management ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. R45483 |
Title
Statistics on Women in National Governments Around the Globe Updated November 13, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45483 Statistics on Women in National Governments Around the Globe Introduction Women and girls make up half of the world s population; however, in most countries, women are underrepresented in the political process at the national level. Possible ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF12532 |
Title
November 13, 2023 The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) Exemption for Executive, Administrative, and Professional (EAP) Employees: 2023 Proposed Rule The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) establishes a federal minimum wage for most private and public sector employees and generally requires overtime compensation at a rate of one and one-half times an employee s regular hourly rate for hours worked ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. LSB11074 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Free Speech Constraints on Public Officials Social Media Pages November 13, 2023 On October 31, 2023, the Supreme Court heard oral argument in two cases challenging public officials social media activity, O Connor-Ratcliff v. Garnier and Lindke v. Freed. Government actors are constrained by the First Amendment, including when they act online. As such, when the government creates a ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IN12204 |
Title
INSIGHTi FBI Headquarters Site Selection Process Updated November 13, 2023 Identification of Potential Sites On February 8, 2016, the General Services Administration (GSA) submitted a prospectus to Congress for the construction of a new headquarters facility for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The new headquarters would allow for the consolidation of more than 11,000 FBI employees ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF12531 |
Title
November 13, 2023 The District of Columbia Courts: A Brief Introduction The Superior Court of the District of Columbia (DC) and the DC Court of Appeals (the DC Courts) exercise jurisdiction over local matters in Washington, DC. Although these courts are authorized under federal law, they exist separately from other federal courts in DC, instead filling the traditional role of state courts in many ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF11927 |
Title
Updated November 13, 2023 Federally Funded Construction and the Payment of Locally Prevailing Wages Introduction Since the 1930s, numerous statutes have been enacted that establish minimum labor standards for various classes of workers. Some of these standards apply broadly to most employers (e.g., the Fair Labor Standards Act and the National Labor Relations Act), while others apply more narrowly ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF12465 |
Title
Updated November 13, 2023 5G Fund for Rural America: Current Status and Issues On October 27, 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) created the 5G Fund for Rural America (5G Fund). The FCC directed that $9 billion over the next 10 years from the Universal Service Fund (USF) be used for the 5G Fund to expand fifth-generation (5G) wireless service. This included $8 billion to bring voice ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2023 |
Report No. IF12533 |
Title
November 13, 2023 Meeting Locations of Congress and Predecessor Legislatures In 1987, as part of the Bicentennial Celebration of the Constitution, Congress held a joint commemorative meeting in Independence Hall in Philadelphia, PA site of the Constitutional Convention. The joint commemorative meeting marked the first time since the U.S. Capitol moved to Washington, DC, in 1800 that Congress ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2023 |
Report No. R47052 |
Title
Nigeria: Overview and U.S. Policy Updated November 9, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47052 SUMMARY Nigeria: Key Issues and U.S. Policy Overview. Nigeria is Africa s most populous country, largest economy, and top oil producer. It is the United States second-largest trade partner and third-largest destination for U.S. foreign direct investment in Africa, and it ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2023 |
Report No. IN12276 |
Title
INSIGHTi S.Res. 444: Providing for En Bloc Consideration of Military Nominations November 9, 2023 On October 31, 2023, Senator Jack Reed, chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, submitted S.Res. 444, a resolution proposing a temporary process to allow the Senate to consider more than one military nomination at a time (referred to as en bloc consideration). The resolution was referred to the ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2023 |
Report No. R47831 |
Title
Federal Economic Assistance for Coal Communities November 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47831 SUMMARY Federal Economic Assistance for Coal Communities Changes in energy production and markets broadly and the coal industry in particular have impacted the economic well-being of communities and workers. The effects of these changes have not been evenly ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2023 |
Report No. RL31913 |
Title
Debt Limit Legislation: The House Gephardt Rule Updated November 8, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31913 Debt Limit Legislation: The House Gephardt Rule Summary Essentially all of the outstanding debt of the federal government is subject to a statutory limit, which is set forth as a dollar limitation in Title 31, Section 3101(b), of the U.S. Code. From time ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2023 |
Report No. IN12183 |
Title
INSIGHTi The FRA s Discretionary Spending Caps Under a CR: FAQs Updated November 8, 2023 What is the FRA and how does it limit discretionary spending? The Fiscal Responsibility Act (FRA, P.L. 118-5), enacted in June 2023, temporarily suspended the debt limit and reinstituted enforceable discretionary spending limits for FY2024 and FY2025 for both defense and nondefense discretionary spending. The ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2023 |
Report No. R46368 |
Title
U.S. Assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview Updated November 7, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46368 SUMMARY U.S. Assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview Overview. Congress authorizes, appropriates, and oversees U.S. foreign assistance for subSaharan Africa ( Africa ), which is often the largest regional recipient of U.S. aid each year. In the ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2023 |
Report No. R44641 |
Title
Trends in Mandatory Spending Updated November 7, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44641 SUMMARY Trends in Mandatory Spending Federal spending is divided into three broad categories: discretionary spending, mandatory spending, and net interest. Those categories are procedural, determined in the way that Congress provides spending authority. The Budget Enforcement ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2023 |
Report No. R46945 |
Title
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation Updated November 7, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46945 SUMMARY Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Pledges by Selected Countries: Nationally Determined Contributions and Net-Zero Legislation R46945 November 7, 2023 Kezee Procita Head ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2023 |
Report No. IF12529 |
Title
November 7, 2023 Recreational Marijuana and Economic Development Advocates of legalizing the use of marijuana for recreational purposes sometimes argue that taking such a step could potentially create economic benefits. For example, when Colorado voters considered Amendment 64 in 2012 an ultimately successful ballot initiative to allow recreational marijuana in the state the Colorado legislature s ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2023 |
Report No. IF12342 |
Title
Updated November 7, 2023 Armed Drones: Evolution as a Counterterrorism Tool Armed drones (also commonly called Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or UAVs) are unmanned aircraft designed to identify, surveil, and engage ground-based targets ranging from materiel to individuals with kinetic weapons. The United States has significantly increased its use of armed drones to attack global counterterrorism ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2023 |
Report No. R45078 |
Title
Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice Updated November 7, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45078 Expulsion of Members of Congress: Legal Authority and Historical Practice Summary The U.S. Constitution expressly grants each house of Congress the power to punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of ...
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| Date Nov. 6, 2023 |
Report No. R47829 |
Title
Sanctions Primer: How the United States Uses Restrictive Mechanisms to Advance Foreign Policy or National Security Objectives November 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47829 SUMMARY Sanctions Primer: How the United States Uses Restrictive Mechanisms to Advance Foreign Policy or National Security Objectives R47829 November 6, 2023 Edward J. Collins-Chase ...
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| Date Nov. 6, 2023 |
Report No. RL30857 |
Title
Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023 Updated November 6, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30857 SUMMARY Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913-2023 Each new House elects a Speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes. Customarily, the conference of each major party nominates a candidate whose name is placed in nomination. A Member normally votes for ...
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