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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. R48144 |
Title
Space Resource Extraction: Overview and Issues for Congress July 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48144 SUMMARY Space Resource Extraction: Overview and Issues for Congress Many in Congress have expressed interest in opportunities to extract resources (e.g., oxygen, water, precious metals) from the Moon, Mars, and asteroids an activity often referred to as ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11211 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Arms Transfers and International Law July 29, 2024 The ongoing conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas have prompted questions about the international legal obligations of states that provide arms to parties to a conflict. Several cases, for example, have been brought in international and domestic courts (including one in a U.S. district court) alleging ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10491 |
Title
Updated July 29, 2024 Australia: Background and U.S. Relations Overview Australia s relationship with the United States, forged as allies in all major U.S. wars, remains close. The two countries enjoy close trade, political, cultural, intelligence, and defense relations, and maintain close people-to-people ties. As geopolitical uncertainty in the Indo-Pacific has increased, the alliance has ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11212 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Supreme Court s Narrow Construction of Federal Criminal Laws: 2023 Term July 29, 2024 Criminal law marks a boundary between conduct that society deems permissible and behavior that it deems worthy of punishment. Courts have expressed that those who cross the line may be subject to penalty and social disapproval. In addition to punishment, transgressors may face wide-ranging ...
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| Date July 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12662 |
Title
Updated July 29, 2024 Immigration: Grounds of Inadmissibility Under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), aliens may be denied admission to the United States or face other adverse immigration consequences if they are inadmissible. (The INA defines an alien as any person not a citizen or national of the United States.) Immigration officials from different agencies make inadmissibility ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12718 |
Title
July 26, 2024 Smithsonian Institution: Background, Entities, and Leadership Congress created the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, 10 years after it agreed to accept the bequest of James Smithson, an English scientist who died in 1829. Smithson left the bulk of his estate to the United States of America to found at Washington the establishment that bears his name. Today, the Smithsonian is a ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11210 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Federal Appellate Decisions in Recent Years Applying Chevron Deference July 26, 2024 In late June 2024, the Supreme Court issued a decision in the consolidated cases of Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo and Relentless, Inc. v. Department of Commerce (collectively referred to as Loper Bright here) overruling the Chevron doctrine. The doctrine, ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10320 |
Title
Updated July 26, 2024 Timor-Leste: Background and U.S. Relations Overview Timor-Leste (also known as East Timor), is one of the world s youngest nation-states, having gained its independence from Indonesia on May 20, 2002. The United States and the U.S. Congress have lent significant support to the new nation s efforts to provide stability, economic prosperity, and democratic governance. Timor- ...
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| Date July 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10211 |
Title
Updated July 26, 2024 Foreign Leaders Addressing Congress Foreign leaders are periodically invited to address Congress. The first address by a foreign dignitary occurred on December 10, 1824, when Revolutionary War hero the Marquis de Lafayette addressed the House. The most recent address took place on July 24, 2024, when His Excellency Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, addressed a ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48136 |
Title
National Park Service Deferred Maintenance: Overview and Issues July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48136 SUMMARY National Park Service Deferred Maintenance: Overview and Issues The National Park Service (NPS) has a multibillion-dollar backlog of deferred maintenance maintenance that was not performed as scheduled or as needed and was put off to a future ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48137 |
Title
Privatized Military Housing: Costs and Budgetary Issues for Congress July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48137 SUMMARY Privatized Military Housing: Costs and Budgetary Issues for Congress Privatized military housing programs have become an area of legislative interest for the 118th Congress. Some Members have advocated for expanding the existing program to ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. R48141 |
Title
Trends in USDA Procurement of U.S. Food and Agricultural Products July 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48141 SUMMARY Trends in USDA Procurement of U.S. Food and Agricultural Products The U.S. government is a significant buyer of food and agricultural products. In FY2023, the U.S. government spent $7.7 billion on food and agricultural products across several ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12395 |
Title
INSIGHTi Air Travel Disruptions and DOT Aviation Consumer Protection Rules July 25, 2024 On Friday, July 19, 2024, a faulty software update for the Windows operating system from cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike led to outages that disrupted multiple business sectors around the world, including airlines, banks, and health care, as well as government and emergency services. The technology outage ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11234 |
Title
Updated July 25, 2024 Antitrust Law: An Introduction Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of both popular and political interest in antitrust. This renewed attention has produced a flurry of legislative activity, with several Members of Congress introducing proposals to reform various elements of competition law. This In Focus provides an overview of antitrust doctrine and selected antitrust ...
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| Date July 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12716 |
Title
July 25, 2024 The 2024 National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience The White House issued a directive, National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience (NSM-22), on April 30, 2024. The memorandum set forth a revised framework for federal agency roles and responsibilities within the national critical infrastructure risk management ...
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| Date July 24, 2024 |
Report No. R48135 |
Title
IT Disruptions from CrowdStrike s Update: Frequently Asked Questions July 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48135 SUMMARY IT Disruptions from CrowdStrike s Update: Frequently Asked Questions The use of information technology (IT) across industries has created opportunities for disruptions and vulnerabilities in the supply chain for products and services. The ...
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| Date July 24, 2024 |
Report No. IN12394 |
Title
INSIGHTi 2024 Paris Games: Anti-Doping Policies and Testing July 24, 2024 The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Paralympic Committee (IPC) were responsible for establishing anti-doping policies and testing regimes for the 2024 Summer Games in Paris. As they did for the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo, IOC has delegated management of the program to the International Testing Agency (ITA ...
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| Date July 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF10538 |
Title
Updated July 24, 2024 U.S. Intelligence Community (IC): Appointment Dates and Appointment Legal Provisions for Selected IC Leadership This report provides the names and appointment provisions for selected Intelligence Community (IC) senior officials, as reflected in U.S. Code, public laws, executive orders, and custom. Table 1 also includes the committees involved when Senate confirmation is ...
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| Date July 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF11116 |
Title
Updated July 24, 2024 Algeria Successive U.S. Administrations have sought to improve ties with Algeria, an energy exporter with one of Africa s largest militaries. Algeria is a top purchaser of Russian arms and a top source of natural gas for Western Europe. Algeria is also on the U.N. Security Council in 2024-2025, further elevating its importance for U.S. policymakers. Algeria s energy sector ...
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| Date July 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF11830 |
Title
Updated July 24, 2024 Medicaid and Incarcerated Individuals Medicaid is a joint federal-state means-tested entitlement program that finances the delivery of primary and acute medical services, as well as long-term services and supports, for a diverse low-income population. States that operate their programs within broad federal rules are entitled to federal Medicaid matching funds. The Patient ...
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| Date July 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF10389 |
Title
Updated July 24, 2024 New Zealand U.S. Relations Congress has taken an interest in how the United States and New Zealand work together in bilateral, regional, and global contexts to address common concerns in the areas of defense, foreign affairs, and trade. Bilateral security cooperation, which had been limited since differences over nuclear policy in the 1980s prompted the United States to ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. R48133 |
Title
Finding Medical Device and Drug Approval Information Through the Food and Drug Administration Databases July 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48133 SUMMARY Finding Medical Device and Drug Approval Information Through the Food and Drug Administration Databases R48133 July 23, 2024 Kate M. Costin Research Librarian The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IN12393 |
Title
INSIGHTi Congressional District Geography Workbook: An Interactive Tool for Congressional Users July 23, 2024 This Insight accompanies the Congressional District Geography Workbook, a Microsoft Excel file that congressional users can download from CRS.gov. The workbook provides information about U.S. House districts as configured in the 118th Congress (2023-2024). Workbook Overview and Layout The ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12436 |
Title
Updated July 23, 2024 National Park Service: FY2024 Appropriations The National Park Service (NPS) administers the National Park System, which includes 429 units valued for their natural, cultural, and recreational importance. System lands cover 81 million federal acres and 4 million nonfederal acres. As part of the Department of the Interior (DOI), NPS receives funding in annual appropriations ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IN12392 |
Title
INSIGHTi The July 19th Global IT Outages July 23, 2024 On July 19, 2024, cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike pushed an update to its software that caused some devices running the Windows operating system to crash. The day before, there was a separate outage of Microsoft Azure cloud services. The widespread adoption of both Microsoft products and CrowdStrike s cybersecurity services led to global ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF11876 |
Title
Updated July 23, 2024 The Army s Robotic Combat Vehicle (RCV) Program Background The RCV is being developed as part of the Army s Next Generation Combat Vehicle (NGCV) family of vehicles. As originally planned, the Army intended to develop three RCV variants: Light, Medium, and Heavy. The Army reportedly envisioned employing RCVs as scouts and escorts for manned fighting vehicles to deter ambushes ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11209 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Terminal Disclaimers of Patent Rights: Background and Recent Developments July 23, 2024 Terminal disclaimers are a legal mechanism that allows a patent holder or applicant to relinquish part of a patent s term, so that the patent expires earlier than it would without the disclaimer. While terminal disclaimers are sometimes used to dedicate a patented invention to the public domain, ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. R48072 |
Title
Kenya: In Brief Updated July 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48072 SUMMARY Kenya: In Brief President Joe Biden hosted President William Ruto of the Republic of Kenya for a State Visit on May 23, 2024. The event marked the 60th anniversary of the U.S.-Kenya diplomatic relationship, established after Kenya s independence from the United Kingdom. (The last ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF11729 |
Title
Updated July 23, 2024 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Background The Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Family of Vehicles (FoV) is an Army-led, joint-service program designed to replace a portion of each service s light tactical wheeled vehicle fleets. The JLTV FoV consists of two variants: the four-seat Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV) (Figure 1) and the two-seat Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) ( ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12714 |
Title
July 23, 2024 Overview of FY2025 Budget Request for the Census Bureau Introduction As a Department of Commerce agency, the Census Bureau is funded through Departments of Commerce and Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) appropriations bills. This In Focus provides an overview of the U.S. Census Bureau s FY2025 budget request; certain comparisons to FY2024 enacted amounts and FY2023 actual ...
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| Date July 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12715 |
Title
July 23, 2024 Rescheduling Marijuana: Implications for Criminal and Collateral Consequences Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. The number of adults that use marijuana continues to increase, as does the number of states that allow for its use. Under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), marijuana and its derivatives are classified as Schedule I controlled ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12373 |
Title
Updated July 22, 2024 Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) In May 2022, the United States and 13 partners launched the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), the Biden Administration s first major trade and economic initiative in the region. Partner countries are Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11204 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Army Clause, Part 1: Overview and Historical Background July 22, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the first in a five-part series that discusses the U.S. Constitution s Army Clause, found in Article I, Section 8, clause 12, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congressional control through the appropriations process. Because the ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11205 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Army Clause, Part 2: Drafting and Ratification History July 22, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the second in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congressional control through the appropriations process. Because the Army Clause provides Congress with an essential ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11206 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Army Clause, Part 3: Appropriations, Conscription, and War Materials July 22, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the third in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution s Army Clause, which allows for the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congressional control through the appropriations process. Because the Army Clause provides Congress with ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11207 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Army Clause, Part 4: Role in Individual Rights Cases July 22, 2024 This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congressional control through the appropriations process. Because the Army Clause provides Congress with an ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11208 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Army Clause, Part 5: Relationship with Principles of Federalism July 22, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the last installment in a five-part series that discusses the Constitution s Army Clause, which authorizes the federal government to raise and support armies while also allowing for congressional control through the appropriations process. Because the Army Clause provides Congress ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12699 |
Title
Updated July 22, 2024 DOE Hydrogen Program Appropriations: FY2025 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program addresses the development of applications that use hydrogen in place of today s fuels to provide modern energy services. The program also considers hydrogen as an established industrial chemical, for example, in petroleum refining. The DOE program includes over 400 projects ...
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| Date July 22, 2024 |
Report No. IN12391 |
Title
INSIGHTi Israel and Houthis in Yemen: Attacks Highlight Regional Conflict Risks July 22, 2024 On July 19, 2024, the Ansar Allah/Houthi movement, an Iran-backed force that controls parts of Yemen, attacked Tel Aviv, Israel using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The Israeli government reported that the attack killed one Israeli citizen near the U.S. Embassy Branch Office and wounded eight others, ...
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| Date July 19, 2024 |
Report No. R46746 |
Title
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Recent Administrative Developments Updated July 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46746 SUMMARY Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Recent Administrative Developments R46746 July 19, 2024 Darryl E. Getter Specialist in Financial Congress chartered Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, also known collectively as the Enterprises, to Economics promote ...
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| Date July 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48131 |
Title
Access to Motor Vehicle Software and Data July 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48131 SUMMARY Access to Motor Vehicle Software and Data The marketplace of goods and services after the initial sale of a vehicle including replacement parts, maintenance services, and repair services is known as the aftermarket. Some industry participants and consumers contend ...
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| Date July 19, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11202 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Xylazine and the Controlled Substances Act: Legal Considerations for Congress July 19, 2024 Xylazine, sometimes colloquially called tranq, is a sedative and analgesic that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in animals. Xylazine is not approved or intended for human use but is sometimes used by humans, either alone or in combination with other drugs ...
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| Date July 19, 2024 |
Report No. R43956 |
Title
The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA): Compensation Related to Exposure to Radiation from Atomic Weapons Testing and Uranium Mining Updated July 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43956 The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Summary The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) provides one-time benefit payments to persons who may have ...
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| Date July 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48130 |
Title
Energy Production on Federal Lands: Leasing and Authorization July 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48130 SUMMARY Energy Production on Federal Lands: Leasing and Authorization Federal lands are a significant source of energy raw materials and electricity production. As a result, some have looked to federal lands as an important factor in addressing questions ...
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| Date July 19, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11203 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Eighth Amendment and Homelessness: Supreme Court Upholds Camping Ordinances in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson July 19, 2024 On June 28, 2024, the Supreme Court released its opinion in City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, holding that laws that regulate camping on public property do not violate the Eighth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment prohibits the government from subjecting ...
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| Date July 18, 2024 |
Report No. R45101 |
Title
Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress Updated July 18, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45101 SUMMARY Congressional Gold Medals: Background, Legislative Process, and Issues for Congress R45101 July 18, 2024 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress Senators and Representatives are frequently asked to support or ...
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| Date July 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF11617 |
Title
Updated July 18, 2024 Lebanon Lebanon faces a host of domestic and security challenges, exacerbated by economic crisis and political stalemate. The Israel-Hamas war and related regional instability have increased the fragility of Lebanon s society and institutions. Armed clashes since October 2023 between neighboring Israel and the Iran-backed Shia Islamist group Lebanese Hezbollah (a U.S.- ...
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| Date July 18, 2024 |
Report No. IF10644 |
Title
Updated July 17, 2024 The Palestinians: Overview, Aid, and U.S. Policy Issues The Palestinians are an Arab people whose origins are in present-day Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. The October 7, 2023, attacks on Israel led by the Iran-backed Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization) and subsequent conflict in Gaza have raised new challenges for U.S. ...
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| Date July 17, 2024 |
Report No. R41074 |
Title
Architect of the Capitol Appointment Procedure: Evolution and Recent Changes Updated July 17, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41074 SUMMARY Architect of the Capitol Appointment Procedure: Evolution and Recent Changes According to its website, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is responsible for the operations and care of more than 18.4 million square feet of ...
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| Date July 17, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11201 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Harrington v. Purdue Pharma: Supreme Court Holds That a Chapter 11 Reorganization Plan Cannot Include a Nonconsensual Release of Claims Against Non-Debtors July 17, 2024 On June 27, 2024, the Supreme Court held in Harrington v. Purdue Pharma that the U.S. Bankruptcy Code does not permit a Chapter 11 reorganization plan to include a release of legal claims against nondebtors third- ...
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