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The Palestinians: Overview, Aid, and U.S. Policy Issues (CRS Report for Congress)

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Release Date Revised July 18, 2024
Report Number IF10644
Report Type In Focus
Authors Jim Zanotti
Source Agency Congressional Research Service
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Summary:

The Palestinians are an Arab people whose origins are in present-day Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip (Gaza). Their conflict with Israel has garnered significant U.S. policy attention since the Cold War, with some major developments occurring during the Trump Administration (see “Key U.S. Policy Issues” below). Israel’s military gained control over the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, but in 1994 Israel agreed to permit a Palestinian Authority (PA) with various governmental functions to have some limited authority—via arrangements with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)—over Gaza and specified areas of the West Bank. Fatah, a traditionally secular Arab nationalist faction, is the predominant force within the PA and PLO. In 2007, two years after a unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, the Sunni Islamist group Hamas (a U.S.-designated terrorist organization) forcibly seized control of Gaza and has exercised de facto authority there ever since—leaving the Palestinians subject to divided rule. Israel retains overall control of the West Bank and patrols Gaza’s frontiers (other than those with Egypt), airspace, and maritime access. The PA held occasional elections for president and a legislative council until a Hamas victory in 2006 legislative elections. Since then, it has ruled by presidential decree. Given the West Bank-Gaza split, it is unclear if and when presidential and legislative elections will be held again.
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