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| Date Nov. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF10348 |
Title
Updated November 1, 2024 The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Overview The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is Southeast Asia s primary multilateral organization, a 10member grouping of nations with a combined population of 667 million and a combined annual gross domestic product (GDP) of around $3.2 trillion in 2022. Established in 1967, it has grown into one of the ...
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| Date Nov. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R41449 |
Title
Armed Career Criminal Act (18 U.S.C. 924(e)): An Overview Updated November 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41449 Armed Career Criminal Act (18 U.S.C. 924(e)): An Overview Summary The Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. 924(e), requires imposition of a mandatory minimum 15-year term of imprisonment for recidivists convicted of prohibited possession of ...
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| Date Nov. 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12803 |
Title
November 1, 2024 Defense Primer: United States Military Aviation Background Military aircraft provide the United States a range of military capabilities, including deterrence against attack, power projection, situational awareness, air defense, and logistical support to U.S. forces around the world. The Department of Defense (DOD) employs more than 13,000 aircraft across military branches (see ...
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| Date Nov. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R44258 |
Title
Native American Heritage Month: Fact Sheet Updated November 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44258 Native American Heritage Month: Fact Sheet Introduction Native American Heritage Month (also known as National American Indian Heritage Month) celebrates the contributions and achievements of Native Americans. November was first designated as National American ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. R48251 |
Title
Overpayments in the Social Security Administration s Programs: In Brief October 31, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48251 Overpayments in the Social Security Administration s Programs: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 The Amount ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IN12443 |
Title
INSIGHTi Private Equity Investments in Large For-Profit Child Care Organizations Updated October 31, 2024 Although parts of the child care industry can be perceived as having long hours and low profits, different providers operating within the same industry may vary greatly in size and capability to access capital. Evidence suggests that some of the largest for-profit child care organizations ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF11200 |
Title
Updated October 31, 2024 Defense Primer: Gold Star Designation Background and possessions of the United States) as part of a peacekeeping force. During the years of U.S. participation in World War I (WWI, 1917-1918), a service banner with a blue star was Under 10 U.S.C. 1126(d)(1), The term next of kin flown by some families to represent each family member in means individuals standing in such ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IN12454 |
Title
INSIGHTi Student Loan Debt Relief: The Biden Administration s Second Proposed Rule October 31, 2024 On October 31, 2024, Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona (the Secretary) published in the Federal Register a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) describing when the Secretary may waive all or part of a borrower s outstanding federal student loan debt pursuant to Section 432(a)(6) of the Higher ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11242 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Application of the Bill of Rights to the States Through the Fourteenth Amendment and Selective Incorporation October 31, 2024 The Bill of Rights, comprising the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, protects certain rights against infringement by the federal government. A recurring question throughout U.S. history is whether state or local governments are bound by the ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11243 |
Title
Legal Sidebari FLSA Exemptions and Burdens of Proof: E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera October 31, 2024 On November 5, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court is scheduled to hear oral argument in E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera, a case involving an employer s burden of proof when it asserts that an employee is exempt from the Fair Labor Standards Act s (FLSA) overtime pay requirement. In Carrera, the U.S. Court ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IN12417 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Impact of the Securing the Border Interim Final Rule on Migrant Encounters and Processing Updated October 31, 2024 In FY2023, enforcement encounters by the Department of Homeland Security s (DHS s) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) at the Southwest border reached their highest recorded annual level (2.5 million migrant encounters). In FY2024, encounters decreased to 2.1 million. The ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF12207 |
Title
Updated October 31, 2024 Paraguay: An Overview Paraguay is a landlocked country in South America bordered by Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. The United States has had good relations with Paraguay for decades, providing assistance to counter corruption and spur trade and economic development. The United States and Paraguay also work together on counterterrorism and counternarcotics, among other ...
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| Date Oct. 31, 2024 |
Report No. IF12801 |
Title
October 31, 2024 Health Claims on Food and Dietary Supplement Labels: FDA Regulation and Select Legal Issues A food or dietary supplement manufacturer may seek to market a product through a statement on its product s label that suggests a link between a nutrient in that product and a disease or health-related condition. Such a statement may qualify as a health claim under the Federal Food Drug and ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. RL32665 |
Title
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress October 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32665 Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The current and future size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy s ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R44628 |
Title
Election and Voting Law: Resources for Congressional Staff Updated October 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44628 SUMMARY Election and Voting Law: Resources for Congressional Staff This report is intended to serve as a starting point for congressional staff covering voting and elections. It focuses on resources related to laws governing federal elections and ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48252 |
Title
Private Equity Investments in Large For-Profit Child Care Organizations: In Brief October 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48252 Private Equity Investments in Large For-Profit Child Care Organizations: In Brief Contents Introduction ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48250 |
Title
The Exceptions Clause and Congressional Control over Supreme Court Jurisdiction October 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48250 SUMMARY The Exceptions Clause and Congressional Control over Supreme Court Jurisdiction R48250 October 30, 2024 Joanna R. Lampe Legislative Attorney Article III, Section 2, Clause 1, of the Constitution grants the federal courts ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. R48253 |
Title
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2025 October 30, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48253 SUMMARY Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2025 The House and the Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF11211 |
Title
Updated October 30, 2024 The European Parliament and U.S. Interests A Key EU Institution The European Parliament (EP) is the only directly elected institution of the 27-country European Union (EU). The EP s current 720 members represent the EU s roughly 450 million citizens. The EP has accumulated more power over time (most recently with the 2009 Lisbon Treaty) as part of EU efforts to improve ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF11151 |
Title
Updated October 30, 2024 Central American Migration: Root Causes and U.S. Policy U.S. policy toward Central America has been a subject of significant debate and oversight over the past decade as Congress has sought to address the underlying factors driving migration from the region to the United States. Recent Trends According to a model developed at the University of Texas at Austin, an average ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12800 |
Title
October 30, 2024 Unemployment Benefits for Workers Impacted by Hurricanes Helene and Milton Workers who become unemployed for reasons directly attributable to a major disaster, such as Hurricanes Helene and Milton in 2024, may be eligible for income support based on their work history through Unemployment Compensation (UC) or Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA). For many disaster-affected ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11244 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Election 2024: Recent Court Rulings on Voting and Counting Ballots October 30, 2024 Recent court rulings in various states have determined key issues relating to the voting process and the counting of ballots for the 2024 congressional and presidential elections. This Sidebar provides a brief overview of the legal landscape for federal and state election laws, examines select recent ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12760 |
Title
Updated October 30, 2024 Russia-North Korea Relations Overview Over the past two years, the Russian Federation (Russia) and the Democratic People s Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) have taken steps to formally strengthen their bilateral relationship. Russian President Vladimir Putin and DPRK leader Kim Jong-un held summits in eastern Russia in September 2023 and in Pyongyang in June 2024. ...
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| Date Oct. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IF12799 |
Title
October 30, 2024 Veteran Disability Compensation and Pension Exams The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a wide range of benefits and programs for veterans and their families. VBA administers monetary benefits for disabled veterans: disability compensation for veterans who have service-connected disabilities and the needs-based pension ...
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| Date Oct. 29, 2024 |
Report No. R42681 |
Title
Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage: An Overview of the Economic Espionage Act Updated October 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42681 Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage Summary Stealing a trade secret is a federal crime when the information relates to a product in interstate or foreign commerce, 18 U.S.C. 1832 (theft of trade secrets), ...
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| Date Oct. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12106 |
Title
Updated October 29, 2024 Iran and Nuclear Weapons Production Background Iran s nuclear program has generated widespread concern that Tehran is pursuing nuclear weapons. According to U.S. intelligence assessments, Tehran has the capacity to produce nuclear weapons at some point, but has halted its nuclear weapons program and has not mastered all of the necessary technologies for building such ...
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| Date Oct. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IN12347 |
Title
INSIGHTi Escalation of the Israel-Iran Conflict Updated October 29, 2024 Overview In October 2024, Iran and Israel exchanged attacks for the second time this year (see Figure 1 and Figure 2), after doing so in April. This resumption of direct conflict comes a year after Hamas (an Iranian ally) led attacks from the Gaza Strip against Israel. Beyond Gaza and the West Bank, hostilities between Israel ...
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| Date Oct. 29, 2024 |
Report No. R42682 |
Title
Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage: An Abridged Overview of the Economic Espionage Act Updated October 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42682 Stealing Trade Secrets and Economic Espionage: An Abridged Overview Summary Stealing a trade secret is a federal crime when the information relates to a product in interstate or foreign commerce, 18 U.S.C. ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R48247 |
Title
Border Carbon Adjustments: Policy Considerations, Legislation, and Developments in the European Union October 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48247 SUMMARY Border Carbon Adjustments: Policy Considerations, Legislation, and Developments in the European Union Policymakers may consider a wide array of options to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. RS21282 |
Title
Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources Updated October 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21282 Military Service Records, Awards, and Unit Histories: A Guide to Locating Sources Summary This guide provides information on locating military unit histories and individual service records of discharged, retired, and ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R48254 |
Title
Entrepreneurship in Regional Economic Development October 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48254 SUMMARY Entrepreneurship in Regional Economic Development Entrepreneurship generally refers to an action, process, or activity that involves the startup and growth of a new enterprise. While the umbrella of what may be considered entrepreneurship is large, in ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IN12452 |
Title
INSIGHTi United States Bankruptcy Courts: Overview and Analysis of Bankruptcy Filings for the 12Month Period Ending June 30, 2024 October 28, 2024 This Insight provides information and statistics related to bankruptcy filings in the United States bankruptcy courts for the 12-month period ending June 30, 2024 (this is the most recent reporting period for which data are available). While the Insight ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IN12453 |
Title
INSIGHTi Presidential Drawdown Authority and Ukraine Security Assistance: Issues for Congress October 28, 2024 Presidential drawdown authority (PDA) refers to the authority of the President to direct the immediate drawdown (i.e., transfer from U.S. stocks) of defense articles and services in response to an unforeseen emergency pursuant to Section 506 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (codified ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R48248 |
Title
Paris Agreement: Nationally Determined Contributions Conditional on International Support In Brief October 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48248 Paris Agreement Contents The Paris Agreement (PA) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) .............................. 1 Conditional NDCs ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF12058 |
Title
Updated October 28, 2024 Cost-Benefit Analysis in Federal Agency Rulemaking Since the 1970s, federal agencies have been required to consider the costs and benefits of certain regulations that are expected to have large economic effects. Under current requirements, most agencies are to design regulations in a cost-effective manner and ensure that the benefits of their regulations justify the costs. ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF12728 |
Title
Updated October 28, 2024 Taxation of Tip Income Federal law generally requires workers to pay individual income taxes and the payroll taxes on their tip income, as on other compensation. Lawmakers have introduced several bills in recent years to exclude tip income from the individual income tax, and in some cases, from payroll taxes. This In Focus explores the tax treatment of tips and the ...
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| Date Oct. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IG10067 |
Title
Federal Civilian Workforce Characteristics October 28, 2024 Author Information Barbara L. Schwemle Analyst in American National Government Carol Wilson Senior Research Librarian Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. R47588 |
Title
Landslides: Federal Role in Research, Assessment, and Response Updated October 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47588 SUMMARY Landslides: Federal Role in Research, Assessment, and Response R47588 October 25, 2024 Linda R. Rowan Analyst in Natural Landslide hazards may occur across the United States and its territories, and landslide Resources and Earth risks ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. R42826 |
Title
The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR): Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Updated October 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42826 SUMMARY The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR): Answers to Frequently Asked Questions The U.S. government is the largest buyer of goods and services in the world, and executive branch agencies led by the Department of ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. R47272 |
Title
National Disability Employment Awareness Month: Fact Sheet Updated October 25, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47272 National Disability Employment Awareness Month: Fact Sheet Introduction National Disability Employment Awareness Month is observed annually in October. It celebrates the contributions of people with disabilities to America s workplaces and the ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11556 |
Title
Updated October 25, 2024 Libya and U.S. Policy Over a decade after a 2011 uprising and U.S.-backed military intervention that toppled longtime authoritarian leader Muammar al Qadhafi, Libya has yet to make a transition to stable governing arrangements. Elections and diplomacy have produced a series of interim governments, but militias, local leaders, and subnational coalitions backed by competing ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11241 |
Title
Legal Sidebari North Dakota v. United States: Litigating the FTCA s Discretionary Function Exception October 25, 2024 In July 2019, North Dakota filed suit against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA). North Dakota claims damages stemming from the alleged failure of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to properly administer federal land during protests against the ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10404 |
Title
Updated October 25, 2024 Iraq The Republic of Iraq (Figure 1), with a substantial history of U.S. involvement, large energy resources, and a growing, diverse population, continues to experience security and political challenges that are further complicated by competition between outside powers, including neighboring Iran and the United States. U.S. military operations in Iraq from 2003 to 2011 ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12419 |
Title
INSIGHTi Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Benefit Theft Through Electronic Benefit Card Skimming Updated October 25, 2024 SNAP provides federally funded benefits (not the same as cash) on Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT) cards to eligible households to purchase eligible food items from authorized retailers. The Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 (P.L. 117-328, Division HH, ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12797 |
Title
October 25, 2024 Defense Primer: Categories of Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Background The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) develops, acquires, and fields uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS, commonly known as drones) of varying sizes and capabilities. DOD has organized uncrewed DOD uses the terms uncrewed and unmanned interchangeably aircraft into different categories of aircraft to facilitate a common ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10165 |
Title
Updated October 25, 2024 South Korea: Background and U.S. Relations Overview South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea, or ROK) is one of the United States most important strategic and economic partners in Asia. The U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty, signed in 1953 at the end of the Korean War, commits the United States to help South Korea defend itself, particularly from North Korea (officially ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12796 |
Title
October 25, 2024 Novel Gene Therapies for Blood Disorders During the past few years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved gene therapy products designed to treat blood disorders. Gene therapy works by modifying a person s genes to treat or prevent diseases. While the potential of gene therapy products to treat certain diseases has been established, their long-term risks are ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12770 |
Title
Updated October 25, 2024 Israel and Lebanese Hezbollah: Conflict and Escalation A day after Hamas (a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization, or FTO) led October 7, 2023, attacks against Israel that began their ongoing war, Lebanese Hezbollah (another FTO) started shooting rockets and missiles across Lebanon s border into Israel in a show of solidarity with Hamas. Subsequently, Hezbollah ...
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| Date Oct. 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF12795 |
Title
October 25, 2024 How Can Anchor Institutions Affect Economic Development? In many urban locations, so-called anchor institutions primarily entities such as hospitals and other medical centers, colleges and universities, cultural organizations, large non-profits, and, in some cases, for-profit companies are major employers and generate significant economic activity. For example, a 2009 report ...
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| Date Oct. 24, 2024 |
Report No. RS22478 |
Title
Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Updated October 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22478 Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Summary Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain ...
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