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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. RS22432 |
Title
Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22432 SUMMARY Federal Habeas Corpus: An Abridged Sketch Federal habeas corpus is a procedure under which a federal court may review the legality of an individual s incarceration. It is most often the stage of the criminal appellate process that follows direct appeal ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46556 |
Title
Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46556 SUMMARY Blue-Slipping: Enforcing the Origination Clause in the House of Representatives Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known generally as the Origination Clause because it requires that R46556 ...
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| Date Oct. 1, 2024 |
Report No. R46558 |
Title
The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement Updated October 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46558 SUMMARY The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution: Interpretation and Enforcement Article I, Section 7, clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution is known as the Origination Clause because it provides that All Bills for raising ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11233 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 4: Jurisprudence and Practice and Early American Conflicts September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the fourth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11234 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 5: The Civil War September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the fifth part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water[.] The power to take the ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. IN12430 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Security Cooperation September 30, 2024 Background The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) broadly defines security cooperation (also known as SC) as department interactions with foreign security establishments to build security relationships that promote specific U.S. security interests, develop allied and partner nation military and security capabilities for self-defense and ...
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| Date Sept. 30, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11231 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Declare War Clause, Part 2: Historical Background, Drafting, and Ratification September 30, 2024 This Legal Sidebar is the second part of an eight-part series that discusses the Declare War Clause in Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land ...
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| Date Sept. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12730 |
Title
Updated September 27, 2024 Kids Online Safety Act On July 30, 2024, the Senate passed an amended version of S. 2073, titled the Kids Online Safety and Privacy Act. Title I of the act includes provisions similar to those in the Kids Online Safety Act (KOSA; S. 1409). On September 18, 2024, the House Committee on Energy and Commerce ordered an amended House version of KOSA to be reported (H.R. 7891 ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R43419 |
Title
NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet Updated September 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43419 NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: Fact Sheet Overview Congressional deliberations about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) often focus on the availability of funding. This fact sheet provides data on past and current NASA ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R42812 |
Title
National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Updated September 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42812 SUMMARY National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options The National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol, comprises 100 statues provided by individual states to honor persons notable for their ...
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| Date Sept. 24, 2024 |
Report No. R46499 |
Title
The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) System and Selected Policy Issues Updated September 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46499 SUMMARY The Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) System and Selected Policy Issues The Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932 (FHLB Act; P.L. 72-304, 47 Stat. 128) created the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system, which was established to address ...
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| Date Sept. 19, 2024 |
Report No. R48190 |
Title
SBA s 8(a) Business Development Program: Structure and Current Issues September 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48190 SUMMARY SBA s 8(a) Business Development Program: Structure and Current Issues To address discriminatory barriers in federal procurement markets for certain business owners, Congress has sought to help small socially and economically ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF12483 |
Title
Updated September 17, 2024 U.S. Arms Transfer Restrictions and AUKUS Cooperation On September 15, 2021, Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States announced an enhanced trilateral security partnership, named AUKUS after the participating countries. The partnership consists of two lines of effort, known as pillars: Pillar One is to provide Australia with a nuclear-powered submarine ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11229 |
Title
Legal Sidebari SEC v. Jarkesy: Constitutionality of Administrative Enforcement Actions September 16, 2024 Congress frequently delegates to agencies the power to take enforcement actions against parties who do not comply with applicable statutes or regulations that the agencies administer. For decades, Congress has enacted statutes that authorize regulatory agencies to impose civil penalties for ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF11788 |
Title
Updated September 16, 2024 Defense Primer: Military Service Academies Overview The U.S. military service academies are tuition-free, fouryear degree-granting institutions operated by the military departments. The academies are a major officer commissioning source, along with the Senior Reserve Officer Training Corps and Officer Candidate School. The military service academies under the Department ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12361 |
Title
INSIGHTi The June 2024 European Parliament Elections: Outcome and Implications Updated September 16, 2024 The 27 member states of the European Union (EU) held elections for the 720 members of the European Parliament (EP) between June 6 and 9, 2024. The only directly elected EU institution, the EP represents the bloc s nearly 450 million citizens and has a role in approving most EU legislation. As ...
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| Date Sept. 12, 2024 |
Report No. RL33003 |
Title
Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations Updated September 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33003 SUMMARY Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations Historically, Egypt has been an important country for U.S. national security interests based on its geography, demography, and diplomatic posture. Egypt controls the Suez Canal, which opened in 1869 and is one of the ...
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| Date Sept. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R48177 |
Title
Components of Federal Criminal Law September 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48177 SUMMARY Components of Federal Criminal Law Congress has enacted many federal criminal laws covering topics as diverse as drug trafficking, immigration, assault, computer hacking, bribery, and wildlife trafficking, among others. Congress s continuing interest in establishing ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2024 |
Report No. IN12309 |
Title
INSIGHTi Iraq: Attacks and U.S. Strikes Reopen Discussion of U.S. Military Presence Updated September 10, 2024 After a months-long pause (Figure 1), recurrent attacks on facilities in Iraq hosting U.S. personnel and U.S. defensive measures could affect U.S.-Iraqi talks on the future of U.S. forces in Iraq. Iran-backed armed groups attacked U.S. personnel in Iraq more than 60 times between the ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48267 |
Title
Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2025 Appropriations Updated November 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48267 SUMMARY Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2025 Appropriations The Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill often called the Interior bill contains funding for about three dozen ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48266 |
Title
U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2025 Appropriations November 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48266 SUMMARY U.S. Foreign Assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean: FY2025 Appropriations R48266 November 15, 2024 Peter J. Meyer Specialist in Latin The United States provides foreign assistance to Latin American and Caribbean ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF10834 |
Title
Updated November 15, 2024 Defense Primer: Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Advances in science and technology (S&T) have long played a critical role in ensuring the technological preeminence of the U.S. military. For this reason, the Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funder of federal research and development. The Under Secretary of Defense for Research and ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11466 |
Title
Updated November 15, 2024 Defense Primer: Department of Defense Maintenance Depots Title 10, United States Code (U.S.C.) 2464 requires the Department of Defense (DOD) to maintain a core logistics capability that is government-owned and governmentoperated [GOGO] to ensure a ready and controlled source of technical competence and resources necessary to ensure effective and timely response to a ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11274 |
Title
Updated November 15, 2024 Defense Primer: Active Component Enlisted Retention Retention The term retention refers to the rate at which military personnel voluntarily choose to stay in the military after their obligated term of service has ended as determined by their enlistment contract (typically less than six years for an initial contract). Imbalances in the retention rate can cause problems ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11677 |
Title
Updated November 15, 2024 Defense Primer: DOD Title 10 Security Cooperation Security Cooperation Overview The Department of Defense (DOD) uses the term security cooperation (SC) to refer broadly to DOD interactions with foreign security establishments. SC activities may include (1) the transfer of defense articles and services, (2) international military education and training, (3) militaryto- ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12798 |
Title
Updated November 15, 2024 Salt Typhoon Hacks of Telecommunications Companies and Federal Response Implications In early October 2024, media outlets reported that People s Republic of China (PRC) state-sponsored hackers infiltrated United States telecommunications companies (including internet service providers). The U.S. government has since confirmed both the PRC s actions and the existence of an ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12818 |
Title
November 15, 2024 Health Savings Account (HSA) Qualified Medical Expenses Section 223 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) allows individuals to establish and contribute to a health savings account (HSA) while they are covered under certain highdeductible health plans (HDHPs). Individuals can withdraw money from their HSA to pay for eligible medical expenses, also known as qualified medical expenses ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R48264 |
Title
Administrative Procedure Act (APA) Challenges to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program November 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48264 SUMMARY Administrative Procedure Act (APA) Challenges to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program R48264 November 14, 2024 Hannah-Alise Rogers Legislative Attorney Congress created the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12817 |
Title
November 14, 2024 Defense Primer: Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) Introduction The Joint Capabilities Integration and Development System (JCIDS) is the primary U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) process for determining military weapon systems requirements. According to the JCIDS Manual, which was last publicly updated in 2021, the JCIDS process includes assessing joint ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IN12458 |
Title
INSIGHTi Artificial Intelligence: CRS Products November 13, 2024 Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies including machine learning, generative AI, and facial recognition technologies are demonstrating many potential benefits across a variety of sectors of the U.S. economy. At the same time, the rapid innovation and proliferation of AI tools have generated concern over their ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R45845 |
Title
Social Security: Beneficiaries Affected by Both the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO) Updated November 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45845 SUMMARY Social Security: Beneficiaries Affected by Both the Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO) R45845 November 13, 2024 Zhe Li ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R45303 |
Title
India: Religious Freedom Issues Updated November 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45303 SUMMARY India: Religious Freedom Issues R45303 November 13, 2024 India is the world s most populous country, with more than 1.4 billion people, and the world s fifth-largest economy. In recognition of India s global importance and growing ability to K. Alan Kronstadt ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R42505 |
Title
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits Updated November 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42505 SUMMARY Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): A Primer on Eligibility and Benefits R42505 November 13, 2024 Randy Alison Aussenberg Specialist in Nutrition The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program ( ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R46786 |
Title
Rules Governing House Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures Updated November 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46786 SUMMARY Rules Governing House Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures R46786 November 13, 2024 Michael Greene Analyst on Congress and Members of the House are assigned to serve on committees at the start of every Congress. ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R47846 |
Title
Reference Table: Expiring Provisions in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97) Updated November 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47846 Reference Table: Expiring Provisions in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97) Contents Individuals and Families ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IN12451 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Social Security Fairness Act of 2023 (H.R. 82): Background for Congress Updated November 13, 2024 The Social Security Fairness Act of 2023 (H.R. 82) was introduced by Representative Garret Graves on January 9, 2023. S. 597, a companion bill, was introduced by Senator Sherrod Brown on March 1, 2023. The bills would repeal two provisions under Social Security the Government Pension ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11263 |
Title
Updated November 13, 2024 Defense Primer: Military Installations Management The Department of Defense (DOD) and the three military departments the Army, Navy, and Air Force maintain distinctive organizational structures, policies, and programs for managing their installations. Section 2801 of Title 10, United States Code (U.S.C.) defines a military installation as a base, camp, post, station, yard ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IN11129 |
Title
INSIGHTi The International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and Tariffs: Historical Background and Key Issues Updated November 13, 2024 President-elect Donald J. Trump has repeatedly expressed his intention to impose a 10-20% tariff on all imports. He has also asserted that he would impose tariffs on countries to achieve foreign policy goals, such as pressuring Mexico to aid the United States ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IN11532 |
Title
INSIGHTi TRICARE Cost-Sharing Changes in 2025 Updated November 13, 2024 The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) administers a statutory health entitlement (under Title 10, Chapter 55, of the U.S. Code) through the Military Health System (MHS). The MHS offers health care benefits and services through its TRICARE program to approximately 9.5 million beneficiaries that include servicemembers, military ...
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| Date Nov. 13, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11213 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Removal to Federal Court of Cases Against Federal Officials and Agents Updated November 13, 2024 In the United States, the federal government and the states each have their own sets of laws and their own court systems. Federal and state courts generally operate separately, but there is not an absolute division between the federal and state judicial systems. Sometimes, cases may move ...
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| Date Nov. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R48258 |
Title
Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): Its Potential Role in Climate Change Mitigation November 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48258 SUMMARY Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): Its Potential Role in Climate Change Mitigation R48258 November 12, 2024 Jonathan D. Haskett Analyst in Environmental Rising global temperatures are associated with increasingly frequent and ...
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| Date Nov. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12815 |
Title
November 12, 2024 How the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA, P.L. 115-97) Changed Cost Recovery and the Tax Credit for Research Tax benefits for investments in research and development are of long-standing interest to Congress and the business community. The 2017 tax cut, commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (P.L. 115-97; TCJA), changed the deductibility of research and experimentation (R&E ...
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| Date Nov. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12558 |
Title
Updated November 12, 2024 Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity Contracts The federal government has multiple contracting methods for use in procuring goods and services, one of which is called an Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) contract. The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), located at Title 48 of the Code of Federal Regulations, defines an IDIQ contract as one that ...
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| Date Nov. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12816 |
Title
November 12, 2024 The War and Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan The conflict in Sudan that began in 2023 between rival elements of the security forces has fueled the world s largest displacement crisis and largest hunger crisis. The war has pushed over 11 million people from their homes. More than half the population, over 25 million people, reportedly face acute food insecurity, including 1.5 million ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2024 |
Report No. R48257 |
Title
Federal Support for Organ Transplantation: Frequently Asked Questions November 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48257 SUMMARY Federal Support for Organ Transplantation: Frequently Asked Questions Organ transplantation is a complex medical procedure, often requiring coordination among multiple entities, medical teams, and medical facilities. It is also unique ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2024 |
Report No. R40118 |
Title
An Overview of the HOME Investment Partnerships Program Updated November 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40118 An Overview of the HOME Investment Partnerships Program Summary The HOME Investment Partnerships Program was authorized by the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-625). HOME is a federal block grant program that ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12813 |
Title
November 8, 2024 Global Refugee Resettlement: Background and Selected Issues During the past decade, the global number of refugees (including asylum-seekers those who have applied for refugee status but whose claim has not yet been definitively evaluated) tripled to over 46 million people worldwide. Congress funds and oversees U.S. humanitarian assistance to refugees, and some Members have ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IN12267 |
Title
INSIGHTi Iran s Petroleum Exports to China and U.S. Sanctions Updated November 8, 2024 Many Members in the 118th Congress remain concerned with Iran s ability to raise revenue by selling petroleum, which has been a long-term target of U.S. sanctions. Iran s petroleum exports reportedly reached new heights in 2024, with nearly all exports going to the People s Republic of China (PRC). Techniques ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF11681 |
Title
Updated November 8, 2024 Defense Primer: LGM-35A Sentinel Intercontinental Ballistic Missile The LGM-35A Sentinel is an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) system that is expected to replace the Minuteman III (MMIII) ICBM in the U.S. nuclear force structure. MMIII has served as the ground-based leg of the U.S. nuclear triad land-based ICBMs, submarinelaunched ballistic missiles, and nuclear- ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2024 |
Report No. R48109 |
Title
Status of FY2025 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations: In Brief Updated November 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48109 SUMMARY Status of FY2025 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations: In Brief This report provides a brief summary of the status of FY2025 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education (LHHS) ...
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