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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. R48312 |
Title
Noncitizen Eligibility for the Child Tax Credit: In Brief December 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48312 Noncitizen Eligibility for the Child Tax Credit: In Brief Noncitizen Eligibility for the Child Tax Credit: In Brief The child tax credit was created in 1997 (P.L. 105-34) to reduce the income tax liabilities of working families. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12233 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2024 Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics Congress is considering a new farm bill because the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334) and its one year extension (P.L. 118-22, Division B, 102) began expiring at the end of FY2024 (CRS Report R47659, Expiration of the 2018 Farm Bill and Extension for 2024). On May 23, 2024, the House Committee on Agriculture ordered reported H.R. 8467. On ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12047 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2024 Farm Bill Primer: Background and Status The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. It provides an opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. The farm bill has typically been renewed about every five years since the 1930s (CRS Report R45210, Farm Bills: ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12274 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2024 Defense Spending and Your District Defense spending touches every Member of Congress s district through pay and benefits for military servicemembers and retirees, economic and environmental impact of installations, and procurement of weapons systems and parts from local industry, among other activities. This product is intended to familiarize Members with the scope of ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12850 |
Title
December 16, 2024 Millennium Challenge Corporation Overview The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is an independent agency established in 2004 by the Millennium Challenge Act (Title VI of Division D, P.L. 108-199). It was created amid intense congressional debate over U.S. foreign aid effectiveness. MCC reflects some views that emerged from that debate, with features such as the following: ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. RS22907 |
Title
Cluster Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Updated December 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22907 Cluster Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Summary Cluster munitions are air-dropped or ground-launched weapons that release a number of smaller submunitions intended to kill enemy personnel or destroy vehicles. Cluster munitions were ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10036 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2024 The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant Introduction The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant was created in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). That law was the culmination of a series of legislative changes that altered the rules for providing benefits and ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF11722 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2024 House of Representatives Vacancies: How Are They Filled? Vacancies in the office of U.S. Representative occur when an incumbent Member dies, resigns, or leaves office for any reason before the end of their term. Multiple special elections to fill vacancies in the House of Representatives typically take place in each Congress, through processes established by the state ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF11662 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2024 U.S. Nuclear Weapons Tests The United States has observed a voluntary moratorium on nuclear explosive testing since 1992, although it has maintained the ability to resume these tests at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). Since 1993, it has used a program known as Science-Based Stockpile Stewardship to maintain confidence in the safety, security, and effectiveness ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. RS20643 |
Title
Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated December 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20643 Navy Ford (CVN-78) Class Aircraft Carrier Program: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The aircraft carriers CVN-78, CVN-79, CVN-80, CVN-81, and CVN-82 are the first five ships in the Navy s new Gerald R. Ford ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12106 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2024 Iran and Nuclear Weapons Production Background Iran s nuclear program has generated widespread concern that Tehran is pursuing nuclear weapons. According to U.S. intelligence assessments, Tehran has the capacity to produce nuclear weapons at some point, but has halted its nuclear weapons program and has not mastered all of the necessary technologies for building such ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R48308 |
Title
Special Rules in the House of Representatives: Purpose and Content December 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48308 SUMMARY Special Rules in the House of Representatives: Purpose and Content R48308 December 13, 2024 Mark J. Oleszek Analyst on Congress and A special rule (or rule) is a House resolution (H.Res.) that regulates floor consideration of one or the ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11322 |
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Updated December 13, 2024 Water Resources Development Acts: Primer and Action in the 118th Congress The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a Department of Defense agency that, among other missions, develops water resource projects, principally to improve navigable channels, reduce flood and storm damage, and restore aquatic ecosystems. Congress often considers, on a biennial schedule, omnibus ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF10830 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2024 U.S. Health Care Coverage and Spending In 2023, the United States had an estimated population of 330 million individuals. Most of those individuals had private health insurance or were covered under a federal program (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid). About 7.9% of the U.S. population was uninsured. Individuals (including those who were uninsured), health insurers, and federal ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF11688 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2024 Inaugural Tickets: Past Practices and Considerations for 2025 Since the 20th Amendment was ratified, the oath of office for President of the United States has been administered every four years on January 20. The next presidential inauguration is scheduled to take place on January 20, 2025. Figure 1. 60th Inaugural Ceremonies Seating Section and Standing Area Map On March ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12414 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2024 Bureau of Reclamation WaterSMART Program The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), an agency within the Department of the Interior (DOI), combines funding for multiple agency-wide programs promoting water conservation into a single program the WaterSMART (Sustain and Manage American Resources for Tomorrow) program. The program was formally established in 2010 under DOI ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12510 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2024 U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement On January 31, 1979, weeks after the United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China) established diplomatic relations, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and PRC leader Deng Xiaoping signed the U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement (STA), the first major agreement between the two ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IN12469 |
Title
INSIGHTi Syria: Regime Change, Transition, and U.S. Policy Updated December 13, 2024 Rapid offensives by Syrian armed groups opposed to the government of Bashar Al Asad (alt. Assad) forced Asad s resignation and exile to Russia on December 8, 2024. This inflection point in Syria s post2011 civil war marked the end of decades of Asad-family rule. Advances since late November by anti-Asad groups ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R42812 |
Title
National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options Updated December 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42812 SUMMARY National Statuary Hall Collection: Background and Legislative Options The National Statuary Hall Collection, located in the U.S. Capitol, comprises 100 statues provided by individual states to honor persons notable for their ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12640 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2024 TikTok and China s Digital Platforms: Issues for Congress Congress and U.S. policymakers at the federal and state levels have taken steps to address their national securityrelated concerns about the extent to which the People s Republic of China s (PRC or China) influences digital platforms that are directly or indirectly tied to the PRC and operating in the United ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12849 |
Title
December 13, 2024 Infrastructure Spending and the District The federal government invests in many types of physical infrastructure that are, with the exception of federal water resource projects, predominantly owned by state and local governments or privately owned. The federal government invests in infrastructure in four main ways: (1) direct spending on federally owned and operated ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R47676 |
Title
Disaster Relief Fund State of Play: In Brief Updated December 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47676 Disaster Relief Fund State of Play: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Projected DRF Shortfalls and Responses ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R48286 |
Title
Expiring Provisions of P.L. 115-97 (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act): Economic Issues Updated December 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48286 SUMMARY Expiring Provisions of P.L. 115-97 (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act): Economic Issues Most provisions affecting the individual income tax in the 2017 tax law (P.L. 115-97), commonly called the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12599 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: Navy Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) Concept Introduction Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) is the operating concept of the Department of the Navy (or DON, which includes the Navy and Marine Corps) for using U.S. naval (i.e., Navy and Marine Corps) forces in combat operations against an adversary, particularly China, that has substantial ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R43546 |
Title
Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated December 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43546 Navy John Lewis (TAO-205) Class Oiler Shipbuilding Program Summary The Navy procured its first John Lewis (TAO-205) class oiler in FY2016, and a total of 10 have been procured through FY2024. The first six ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R47329 |
Title
Ghana: Current Issues and U.S. Relations Updated December 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47329 SUMMARY Ghana: Current Issues and U.S. Relations R47329 December 12, 2024 Ghana stands out in West Africa for its record of stability and peaceful electoral transfers of power through competitive elections since a transition to multiparty rule in the early 1990s. ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R47470 |
Title
Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile Updated December 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47470 SUMMARY Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile This report presents a profile of the membership of the 118th Congress (2023-2024) as of December 12, 2024, or at the beginning of the 118th Congress (January 3, 2023), where noted. Statistical information is ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10486 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: Naval Forces Naval Forces Refers to Both the Navy and Marine Corps Although the term naval forces is often used to refer specifically to Navy forces, it more properly refers to both Navy and Marine Corps forces, because both the Navy and Marine Corps are naval services. For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10484, Defense Primer: Department of the ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12757 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): An Overview of Current Laws and Legislation Introduced in the 118th Congress Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is fuel derived from sustainable sources that meets aviation technical standards. The most touted potential benefits of SAF include assisting with decarbonizing the aviation sector and assisting with rural economic development. ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12847 |
Title
December 12, 2024 Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): Production Pathways Many in Congress have expressed an interest in sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) a nascent industry. SAF may potentially provide market opportunities for both agricultural producers and biofuel producers; it meets international aviation requirements (e.g., ReFuelEU Aviation regulation); and it may satisfy consumer requests for ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IN12404 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2025 NDAA: Summary of Proposed Funding Authorizations Updated December 12, 2024 Of the $895.2 billion requested in the FY2025 President s budget for discretionary activities within the national defense budget function, approximately $883.7 billion fell within the scope of proposed versions of a National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (NDAA; H.R. 8070; S. 4638). While the ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10485 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: Geography, Strategy, and U.S. Force Design World geography is an influence on U.S. strategy, which in turn helps shape the design of U.S. military forces. World Geography and U.S. Strategy Most of the world s people, resources, and economic activity are located not in the Western Hemisphere, but in the other hemisphere, particularly Eurasia. In response to ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11479 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: United States Transportation Command United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) is a Department of Defense (DOD) combatant command responsible for providing air, land, and sea transportation across the globe to meet national security needs. History and Role Established in 1987 and headquartered at Scott Air Force Base, IL, USTRANSCOM serves as the ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11543 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: The Defense Logistics Agency Established under Title 10 Sections 191 and 192 of the U.S. Code (U.S.C.), the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) is the Department of Defense (DOD) agency responsible for supply or service activities common to all military departments. Section 193 of Title 10 identifies DLA as a combat support agency, a designation that DLA ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11674 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Navy Light Replenishment Oiler (TAOL) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy s Light Replenishment Oiler (TAOL) program, previously called the Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) program, envisages procuring a new class of potentially 13 at-sea resupply ships for the Navy. The Navy s proposed FY2025 budget requests $7.7 million in research and ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11679 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Navy DDG(X) Next-Generation Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy s DDG(X) program envisages procuring a class of next-generation guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) to replace the Navy s Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Aegis cruisers and older Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class Aegis destroyers. The Navy wants to procure the first DDG(X) in FY2032. ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11699 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: Department of Defense Pre-Positioned Materiel As part of its global posture, the Department of Defense (DOD) maintains stocks of mission-essential equipment, supplies, and munitions deemed sufficient to attain and sustain strategic objectives in contingency plans. To facilitate rapid deployment of U.S. forces during the initial phases of operations, some ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11826 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction Submarine Construction Industrial Base The Navy has been procuring Virginia-class nuclear powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The Navy s envisaged successor to the Virginia-class design is the Next-Generation Attack Submarine, or SSN(X). The Navy s FY2024 ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF11838 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Navy TAGOS-25 Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy in FY2022 procured the first of a planned class of seven new TAGOS-25 class ocean surveillance ships. Under the Navy s FY2025 budget submission, the Navy is proposing to defer procurement of the second TAGOS-25 class ship from FY2025 to FY2026. The Navy s ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12006 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Status of Oil and Gas Program The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR or the Refuge) comprises 19 million acres in northeast Alaska, administered primarily by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI). ANWR s Coastal Plain a 1.57-million-acre area in the northern part of the Refuge (Figure 1) is viewed ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12848 |
Title
December 12, 2024 Hospital Ownership: Medicare Sources of Information Congress s understanding of hospital ownership is crucial in exercising its legislative and oversight role with respect to health care costs, quality, and access. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) the agency that administers the Medicare program collects ownership information from Medicare health care providers ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IN12471 |
Title
INSIGHTi Proposed Changes to Statutory Process for Reexamination of Congressional Reporting Requirements December 12, 2024 Congress frequently inserts text into a statute or into a report accompanying legislation that directs a federal government entity or official to provide information to audiences outside the entity s organizational boundaries. When Congress does this, the text is oftentimes ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11251 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Artificial Intelligence and Patent Law December 12, 2024 Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have raised novel questions for U.S. patent law, just as AI has raised concerns in other branches of intellectual property law, including copyrights and the right of publicity. Committees of both the House and Senate have expressed interest in these issues. In 2024, the U.S. Patent and ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. R48306 |
Title
United Nations Membership: In Brief December 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48306 United Nations Membership: In Brief Contents Overview of the Membership Process ............................................................................................. 1 Deciding UN Membership ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10964 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Made in China 2025 and Industrial Policies: Issues for Congress The People s Republic of China (PRC or China) aims to gain a global economic and technology leadership position through a range of state-led industrial and related science and technology (S&T) policies. These policies feature a heavy government role in directing and funding PRC firms to acquire foreign ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10551 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 A Summary of Federal Education Laws Administered by the U.S. Department of Education Federal Support for Education In the United States, primary responsibility for establishing policy and providing funding for elementary and secondary education rests with the states and instrumentalities therein. Federal financial support typically supplements state and local funding. ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10484 |
Title
Updated December 12, 2024 Defense Primer: Department of the Navy One Military Department with Two Military Services The Department of the Navy (DON) is a single military department that includes two military services the Navy and the Marine Corps. As such, DON has a single civilian leader, the Secretary of the Navy, and two four-star military service chiefs an admiral whose title is the Chief of ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2024 |
Report No. R48302 |
Title
Critical Minerals on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf: The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management s Role and Issues for Congress December 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48302 SUMMARY Critical Minerals on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf: The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management s Role and Issues for Congress R48302 December 11, 2024 Caitlin Keating-Bitonti ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2024 |
Report No. R48303 |
Title
Argentina: Country Overview and U.S. Relations December 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48303 SUMMARY Argentina: Country Overview and U.S. Relations R48303 December 11, 2024 Joshua Klein Analyst in Foreign Affairs Located on the Atlantic coast of South America, Argentina is the third-largest economy (after Brazil and Mexico) and has the fourth-largest ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2024 |
Report No. R48304 |
Title
F-35 Lightning II: Background and Issues for Congress December 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48304 SUMMARY F-35 Lightning II: Background and Issues for Congress R48304 December 11, 2024 Jennifer DiMascio The F-35 Lightning II is a strike fighter aircraft and the Department of Defense s (DOD s) largest Analyst in U.S. Defense Policy procurement program. ...
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