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| Date Jan. 4, 2021 |
Report No. IF11518 |
Title
Updated January 4, 2021 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) FY2021 Budget Request and Appropriations The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s (NOAA s) mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to share that information with others; and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. NOAA s work is ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2021 |
Report No. IF11433 |
Title
Updated January 4, 2021 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): FY2021 Appropriations Process and Background Background The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aims to provide unbiased scientific information to describe and understand the geological processes of the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; and support the management of water, biological, energy, and mineral ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2021 |
Report No. IF11712 |
Title
January 4, 2021 U.S.-China Military-to-Military Relations Introduction The United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) established formal military-to-military (mil-mil) ties in 1979, a year after the two countries established diplomatic relations. Since then, mil-mil relations have waxed and waned, with one side or the other periodically limiting ties in response to perceived ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10557 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Considers Statute of Limitations for Military Rape Cases Updated January 4, 2021 In the consolidated cases United States v. Briggs and United States v. Collins, decided on December 10, 2020, the Supreme Court overturned two lower court decisions and reinstated the rape convictions of three former servicemembers. The cases turned on the applicable statute of limitations ...
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| Date Dec. 31, 2020 |
Report No. IN11378 |
Title
INSIGHTi IRS Guidance Says No Deduction Is Allowed for Business Expenses Paid with Forgiven PPP Loans Updated December 31, 2020 The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act; P.L. 116-136) created Small Business Administration (SBA) Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) loans for payroll expenses and certain operating costs, which are forgiven if the borrower meets certain ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R45090 |
Title
Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019 Updated December 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45090 Real Wage Trends, 1979 to 2019 Summary Wage earnings are the largest source of income for many workers, and wage gains are a primary lever for raising living standards. Reports of stagnant median wages have therefore raised concerns among some that economic growth over the ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2020 |
Report No. R46648 |
Title
Bank Supervision by Federal Regulators: Overview and Policy Issues December 28, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46648 SUMMARY Bank Supervision by Federal Regulators: Overview and Policy Issues To identify and mitigate risks, bank regulators have the authority to monitor bank activities, condition, and performance. Bank supervision creates certain benefits, ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2020 |
Report No. IF11594 |
Title
Updated December 28, 2020 New Census Bureau Products Track COVID-19 s Effects Introduction In May 2020, the U.S. Census Bureau released its first findings from the new Household Pulse and Small Business Pulse Surveys, both now in Phase 3. These experimental products are designed to track the effects of the novel coronavirus disease first observed in Wuhan, China, in 2019 (COVID-19) and declared a ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2020 |
Report No. R46304 |
Title
COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues Updated December 23, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46304 SUMMARY COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), first in China, and then globally, including in the United States, has drawn attention to the ways in which the U.S. ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2020 |
Report No. IF11711 |
Title
December 23, 2020 Hong Kong: Key Issues in 2021 The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR, or Hong Kong) is a city located off the southern coast of Guangdong Province, People s Republic of China (PRC or China). More than 90% of Hong Kong s population is ethnically Chinese. The first language of the vast majority is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese different from what is spoken in most of ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2020 |
Report No. IF11288 |
Title
Updated December 23, 2020 Ozone and Particulate Matter Air Standards: EPA Review The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review standards for national ambient air quality every five years. In 2018, EPA announced strategies to expedite the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) review while concurrently disbanding a pollutant-specific scientific ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2020 |
Report No. IF11209 |
Title
Updated December 23, 2020 U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Issues and Prospects The United States and the 27-member European Union (EU) share a large, highly integrated trade and investment relationship. The EU accounts for a significant share of U.S. trade (see Figure 1).Yet, tariffs and nontariff barriers (NTBs) to U.S.-EU trade and investment exist. Successive Administrations have sought ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2020 |
Report No. IN11562 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 Impact on the Banking Industry: Conditions in the Third Quarter of 2020 December 23, 2020 The economic ramifications of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could include borrowers missing loan payments, potentially causing distress for banks. Bank regulators release comprehensive data on bank condition and income every quarter. On December 1, 2020, the Federal ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2020 |
Report No. IN11561 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recent Responses to COVID-19 by the Judicial Conference of the United States and Select Courts Within the Federal Judiciary (December 2020) December 23, 2020 This Insight provides information related to recent responses to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the Judicial Conference of the United States, the United States Supreme Court, and other select courts within the federal ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2020 |
Report No. RS20722 |
Title
The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the Senate Floor Updated December 22, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20722 The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the Senate Floor Summary The Constitution mandates that Congress convene at noon on January 3, unless the preceding Congress by law designated a different day. P.L. 113 ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2020 |
Report No. IF11688 |
Title
Updated December 22, 2020 Inaugural Tickets: Past Practices and Considerations for 2021 Since the 20th Amendment was ratified, the oath of office for President of the United States has been administered every four years on January 20. The next presidential inauguration is scheduled to take place on January 20, 2021. On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson became the first President to be inaugurated at ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2020 |
Report No. IF11708 |
Title
December 22, 2020 Obesity in the United States and Effects on Military Recruiting Background Congress has a sustained interest in maintaining capable military forces. To this end, a population of healthy and eligible recruits is important to sustain the military services and meet the annual requirements established by Congress. Though many aspects of health are important, a 2016 Department of ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2020 |
Report No. IF11349 |
Title
Updated December 22, 2020 Lawsuits Against the Federal Government: Basic Federal Court Procedure and Timelines Many federal laws and policy initiatives are challenged in court. In recent years, for instance, plaintiffs have brought cases challenging the Department of Homeland Security s rescission of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, the Secretary of Commerce s decision to ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2020 |
Report No. IF11486 |
Title
Updated December 22, 2020 2020 Census Fieldwork Delayed by COVID-19 Introduction In a March 18, 2020, press release (CB20-RTQ.08), U.S. Census Bureau Director Steven Dillingham announced that the bureau was suspending all 2020 decennial census field operations until April 1. This action, a response to the novel coronavirus disease first observed in 2019 (COVID-19) and designated a pandemic by the ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2020 |
Report No. R46645 |
Title
USDA s Coronavirus Food Assistance Program: Round Two (CFAP-2) December 21, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46645 SUMMARY USDA s Coronavirus Food Assistance Program: Round Two (CFAP-2) On September 18, 2020, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced a second round of Coronavirus Food Assistance Program (CFAP-2) payments valued at up to $14 billion. ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10423 |
Title
Legal Sidebari From Clickwrap to RAP Sheet: Criminal Liability Under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act for Terms of Service Violations Updated December 21, 2020 Update: On November 30, 2020, the Supreme Court held oral arguments in Van Buren v. United States a case that could resolve the judicial disagreement over whether the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) authorizes criminal liability for the ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2020 |
Report No. R46644 |
Title
Commemorative Legislation in Congress: Trends and Observations, 93rd Through 115th Congresses December 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46644 SUMMARY Commemorative Legislation in Congress: Trends and Observations, 93rd Through 115th Congresses In 1783, the Continental Congress authorized the nation s first commemoration, an equestrian statue to George ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2020 |
Report No. R46643 |
Title
Defense Acquisitions: DOD s Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification Framework December 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46643 SUMMARY Defense Acquisitions: DOD s Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification Framework R46643 December 18, 2020 Heidi M. Peters Cybersecurity threats represented by cyberattacks and data theft have had a significant impact on ...
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| Date Dec. 18, 2020 |
Report No. R44926 |
Title
Justice Department s Role in Cyber Incident Response Updated December 18, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44926 Justice Department s Role in Cyber Incident Response Summary Criminals and other malicious actors rely on the Internet and evolving technology to further their operations. In cyberspace, criminals can compromise financial assets, hacktivists can flood ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R46634 |
Title
Pandemic-Related Statutory Provisions Expiring in 2020 Updated December 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46634 Pandemic-Related Statutory Provisions Expiring in 2020 Contents Tables Table 1. Provisions in the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (FFCRA) Set to Expire by the End of Calendar Year ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R46341 |
Title
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 Updated December 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46341 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021 President Trump s budget request for FY2021 includes approximately $142.2 billion for research and development (R&D) for FY2021, $13.8 billion (8.8%) below the FY2020 enacted level of $ ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2020 |
Report No. IN11379 |
Title
INSIGHTi SBA EIDL and Emergency EIDL Grants: Data by State Updated December 17, 2020 Congress made COVID-19-related economy injury an eligible expense for the Small Business Administration s (SBA) Economic Injury Disaster Loans (EIDL) in the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-123). It also expanded EIDL eligibility for certain businesses and ...
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| Date Dec. 17, 2020 |
Report No. R45583 |
Title
Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile Updated December 17, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45583 SUMMARY Membership of the 116th Congress: A Profile This report presents a profile of the membership of the 116th Congress (2019-2020) as of December 17, 2020. Statistical information is included on selected characteristics of Members, including data on party ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2020 |
Report No. R46641 |
Title
Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress December 16, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46641 SUMMARY Global Value Chains: Overview and Issues for Congress Global value chains (GVCs) divide production processes into discrete stages located around the globe. Using GVCs, companies can organize different parts of their value chain strategically, such as ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2020 |
Report No. IN11557 |
Title
INSIGHTi Turkey: U.S. Sanctions Under the Countering America s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) December 16, 2020 Turkey s July 2019 acquisition of an S-400 surface-to-air defense system from Russia sparked debate about possible U.S. sanctions against Turkey a longtime NATO ally under the Countering America s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44). CAATSA requires the ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. R45529 |
Title
Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions Updated December 15, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45529 SUMMARY Trump Administration Tariff Actions: Frequently Asked Questions R45529 December 15, 2020 Brock R. Williams, Coordinator The Constitution grants Congress the sole authority over the regulation of foreign Specialist in International ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. RL30378 |
Title
African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2020 Updated December 15, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30378 African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870-2019 Summary In total, 163 African Americans have served in Congress. This total includes 153 African Americans (147 Representatives and 6 Delegates) elected only to the House of Representatives ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. RS22077 |
Title
Unemployment Compensation (UC) and the Unemployment Trust Fund (UTF): Funding UC Benefits Updated December 15, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22077 Unemployment Compensation (UC) and the Unemployment Trust Fund (UTF) Summary This report provides a summary of how Unemployment Compensation (UC) benefits are funded through the Unemployment Trust Fund (UTF). The ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. IF11703 |
Title
December 15, 2020 Federal Employee Furloughs: Types and Implications Federal employees perform complex duties in pursuit of the diverse missions of their agencies. Some outcomes of the federal budget process have significant implications for employees. Among other impacts, certain budgetary situations may result in employee furloughs (i.e., placement in temporary non-duty, non-pay status because ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. IF11704 |
Title
December 15, 2020 U.S. Trade Concerns Regarding the EU s Farm to Fork Strategy In May 2020, the European Union (EU) proposed its Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy and its Biodiversity Strategy, which would impose restrictions on EU agriculture through targeted reductions in the use of land, antimicrobials, fertilizers, and pesticides. These strategies are part of the European Green Deal, which if ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. IN11555 |
Title
INSIGHTi Morocco-Israel Normalization and U.S. Policy Change on Western Sahara December 15, 2020 On December 10, President Trump announced that Morocco would normalize relations with Israel, and that the United States was recognizing Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Morocco affirmed that normalization will include official contacts with counterparts and ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2020 |
Report No. IN11558 |
Title
INSIGHTi Proposed New England Rail Merger Could Affect Competition and Passenger Service December 15, 2020 CSX Transportation, one of the seven Class I companies that handle the vast majority of U.S. rail traffic, announced in November an agreement to purchase Pan Am Railways, a smaller, Class II railroad in New England. The deal, if approved by the Surface Transportation Board (STB), could have ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2020 |
Report No. R46604 |
Title
Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Origin, Evolution, and Use Updated December 14, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46604 SUMMARY Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974: Origin, Evolution, and Use R46604 December 14, 2020 Andres B. Schwarzenberg Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 grants the Office of the United States Trade Representative Analyst in ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2020 |
Report No. IF11705 |
Title
December 14, 2020 The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Eleven Titles at a Glance The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addresses discrimination in diverse contexts, ranging from discriminatory voter registration practices to segregation in business establishments and public schools. Though its eleven titles collectively address discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and sex, the Civil ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10562 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Court Packing : Legislative Control over the Size of the Supreme Court December 14, 2020 In the past year, legal commentators, policymakers, and the national press have devoted significant attention to proposals to increase the size of the Supreme Court, sometimes colloquially called court packing. Many recent court expansion proposals are premised on the belief that, if more seats ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2020 |
Report No. IN11517 |
Title
INSIGHTi Kyrgyz Republic Set to Hold Snap Presidential Election and Constitutional Referendum after Parliamentary Elections Annulled Updated December 14, 2020 The Kyrgyz Republic (commonly known as Kyrgyzstan) faces political upheaval following the annulment of disputed parliamentary elections that heavily favored pro-government parties. Opposition parties alleged widespread irregularities in the ...
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| Date Dec. 11, 2020 |
Report No. IN11553 |
Title
INSIGHTi Major Disaster Declarations for Snowstorms and Severe Winter Storms December 11, 2020 A presidential major disaster declaration pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (hereinafter the Stafford Act, P.L. 93-288, as amended; 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) for a Snowstorm or a Severe Winter Storm authorizes the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to ...
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| Date Dec. 10, 2020 |
Report No. RL33975 |
Title
Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies Updated December 10, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33975 SUMMARY Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies RL33975 December 10, 2020 The majority of young people in the United States grow up healthy and safe in their communities. Most of those of school age live with parents who provide for their well-being, and they ...
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| Date Dec. 10, 2020 |
Report No. IF11683 |
Title
Updated December 10, 2020 Section 301 Investigations: Vietnam s Timber Trade and Currency Practices On October 2, 2020, the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) announced that it had initiated two separate investigations pursuant to Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 with respect to Vietnam s trade with the United States. The USTR will review Vietnam s importation of timber that may have been ...
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| Date Dec. 10, 2020 |
Report No. LSB10560 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Assisted Reproductive Technology, Surrogacy, and U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad December 10, 2020 Assisted reproductive technology (ART) and surrogacy have made parenthood possible for persons who, for varied reasons, cannot reproduce through more traditional means. The increased use of ART and surrogacy have raised novel legal questions throughout U.S. law. One issue ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R46635 |
Title
Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Ownership: Data and Policy Issues December 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46635 SUMMARY Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Ownership: Data and Policy Issues Retirement income in the U.S. can come from multiple sources Social Security, savings in employer-sponsored plans (e.g., public and private defined benefit plans and ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2020 |
Report No. IF10619 |
Title
Updated December 9, 2020 The U.S. Trade Deficit: An Overview Overview The trade deficit is the numerical difference between a country s exports and imports of goods and services. The United States has experienced annual trade deficits during most of the post-WWII period. Some observers argue that the trade deficit costs U.S. jobs, is unsustainable, or reflects unfair trade practices by foreign ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2020 |
Report No. R43104 |
Title
A Brief Overview of Business Types and Their Tax Treatment Updated December 9, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43104 A Brief Overview of Business Types and Their Tax Treatment Summary In the United States, how a business is taxed at the federal level is partly dependent on how it is organized. The income of subchapter C corporations, also known as regular ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2020 |
Report No. IF11698 |
Title
December 9, 2020 Legislative Proposals Related to the Removal of Inspectors General in the 116 th Congress The role of inspectors general (IGs) within the federal government is an issue of perennial interest to Congress. In particular, removal protections for IGs have drawn frequent attention. Proposals to adjust the requirements and procedures for IG removal received increased attention in 2020, ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2020 |
Report No. IN11432 |
Title
INSIGHTi Department of Energy Loan Programs: Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantees Updated December 9, 2020 The Department of Energy s (DOE s) Loan Programs Office (LPO) manages the Title XVII Innovative Technology Loan Guarantee Program, the focus of this Insight, and the Tribal Energy Loan Guarantee Program (TELGP), the focus of a companion CRS Insight. Table 1 provides a high-level ...
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