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| Date March 9, 2021 |
Report No. R46613 |
Title
The Digital Divide: What Is It, Where Is It, and Federal Assistance Programs Updated March 9, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46613 SUMMARY The Digital Divide: What Is It, Where Is It, and Federal Assistance Programs R46613 March 9, 2021 Colby Leigh Rachfal As the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began to unfold, many federal, local, Analyst in ...
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| Date March 9, 2021 |
Report No. IN11607 |
Title
INSIGHTi Venezuela: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 Updated March 9, 2021 The crisis in V enezuela is a primary challenge facing U.S. policymakers in the Western Hemisphere. Two years after the United States ceased to recognize Nicol s Maduro as the legitimate president of V enezuela, Maduro has taken de facto control of the National Assembly, the last independent branch of government. ...
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| Date March 8, 2021 |
Report No. R46714 |
Title
FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act: Context and Selected Issues for Congress March 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46714 SUMMARY R46714 FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act: Context and Selected Issues for Congress March 8, 2021 Pat Towell Specialist in U.S. Defense Policy and Budget Public Law (P.L.) 116-283, the FY2021 National Defense ...
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| Date March 8, 2021 |
Report No. R45478 |
Title
Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 116th Congress Updated March 8, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45478 SUMMARY Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 116th Congress Responding to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the resulting economic recession, the 116th Congress created several new temporary unemployment ...
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| Date March 8, 2021 |
Report No. IF11649 |
Title
Updated March 8, 2021 Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Revenues During the COVID-19 Pandemic The economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic included a reduction in demand for oil and natural gas, resulting in lower prices and decreased production. These changes have affected federal revenues derived from oil and gas leasing on the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS). Such ...
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| Date March 8, 2021 |
Report No. IN11624 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Direct Payments: How Do the Stimulus Check Phaseouts Differ Between the House-Passed and Senate-Passed American Rescue Plan? Updated March 8, 2021 This Insight briefly summarizes how the proposed third round of payments often referred to as stimulus checks would phase out in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; H.R. 1319) as passed by the House on February 27, 2021 ( ...
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| Date March 5, 2021 |
Report No. IN11628 |
Title
INSIGHTi Estimated Direct Payments by State Under the House and Senate Versions of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (H.R. 1319) March 5, 2021 On February 27, 2021, the House passed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA, H.R. 1319). Section 9601 of that bill would create a third round of direct payments (also referred to as economic impact payments or stimulus checks). On March 4, 2021, ...
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| Date March 5, 2021 |
Report No. IN11627 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Home Loan Banks: Primary Mission Asset Ratios and Transitioning from LIBOR March 5, 2021 The Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932 (P.L. 72-304; 47 Stat. 128) created the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system, which currently consists of 11 regional institutions and the system s Office of Finance. These entities collectively constitute one government-sponsored enterprise. The FHLBs ...
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| Date March 4, 2021 |
Report No. R46677 |
Title
The Endangered Species Act: Overview and Implementation Updated March 4, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46677 SUMMARY The Endangered Species Act: Overview and Implementation The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; P.L. 93-205, 87 Stat. 884, 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544) aims to conserve species listed as endangered or threatened under the act. Under the ESA, it is the ...
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| Date March 4, 2021 |
Report No. IN11596 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny and U.S. Policy Updated March 4, 2021 On March 2, 2021, the Biden Administration said Russian government agents were responsible for an August 2020 nerve agent attack on anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny. The Department of State called the attack an attempted assassination and determined Russia had used a chemical weapon in violation of the ...
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| Date March 4, 2021 |
Report No. IN11625 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominations Submitted During the First Six Months of a New Presidency March 4, 2021 This Insight provides, from the Clinton presidency to the Trump presidency, comparative historical data related to U.S. circuit and district court nominations that were made during the first six months of a President s first year in office (i.e., from January 20 through July ...
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| Date March 4, 2021 |
Report No. IN11629 |
Title
INSIGHTi Texas Power Outage: Implications for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Policy March 4, 2021 The statewide power outages in Texas following a severe cold weather event in February 2021 illustrated the vulnerability of electricity supply as a critical economic and safety function. The widespread failure of electric generation facilities in severe weather conditions led to ...
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| Date March 3, 2021 |
Report No. R46702 |
Title
Medicare Hospital Payments: Adjusting for Variation in Geographic Area Wages March 3, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46702 SUMMARY Medicare Hospital Payments: Adjusting for Variation in Geographic Area Wages R46702 March 3, 2021 Marco A. Villagrana Medicare paid $112 billion for inpatient services at short-term, acute-care hospitals in 2018. Of Analyst in ...
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| Date March 3, 2021 |
Report No. R45305 |
Title
Agriculture in the WTO: Rules and Limits on U.S. Domestic Support Updated March 3, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45305 SUMMARY Agriculture in the WTO: Rules and Limits on U.S. Domestic Support Omnibus U.S. farm legislation referred to as the farm bill has typically been renewed every five or six years. Farm revenue support programs have been a part of U.S. ...
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| Date March 3, 2021 |
Report No. IN11626 |
Title
INSIGHTi Cross-Cutting Issues in Cybersecurity Series March 3, 2021 Cybersecurity is a risk management process that identifies, mitigates, and assesses threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences to computers, computer networks, information and communications technology, data, digital systems, cyber-physical systems, and users. While cybersecurity threats manifest themselves in information ...
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| Date March 3, 2021 |
Report No. IF11779 |
Title
March 3, 2021 Hydrofluorocarbon Phasedown: Issues for Congress Congress enacted legislation the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act of 2020 to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) domestically (P.L. 116-260, Division S, 103). HFCs are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) used in air conditioning, refrigeration, foam blowing agents, insulation, and other applications. Multiple scientific ...
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| Date March 3, 2021 |
Report No. IN11623 |
Title
INSIGHTi SBA Disaster Assistance for Civil Unrest March 3, 2021 The Administrator of the Small Business Administration (SBA) has the authority after gubernatorial requests for disaster assistance, including for riots and civil disorders to issue disaster declarations authorized under the Small Business Act that activate the Small Business Administration s (SBA) Disaster Loan Program. This Insight ...
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| Date March 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46699 |
Title
Banking Policy Issues in the 117th Congress March 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46699 SUMMARY Banking Policy Issues in the 117th Congress R46699 March 2, 2021 Over the past 14 years, banking has experienced significant events and changes and has regularly been the subject of policymaker initiatives and debates. In response to the 2007-2009 financial David ...
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| Date March 2, 2021 |
Report No. R45695 |
Title
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Streamgaging Network: Overview and Issues for Congress Updated March 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45695 SUMMARY U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Streamgaging Network: Overview and Issues for Congress R45695 March 2, 2021 Anna E. Normand Streamgages are fixed structures at streams, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs that measure water ...
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| Date March 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46700 |
Title
Pipeline Transportation of Hydrogen: Regulation, Research, and Policy March 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46700 SUMMARY Pipeline Transportation of Hydrogen: Regulation, Research, and Policy R46700 March 2, 2021 Paul W. Parfomak Some in Congress have proposed hydrogen as an environmentally superior alternative to Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure ...
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| Date March 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46701 |
Title
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 Broadband Provisions: In Brief March 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46701 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 Broadband Provisions: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Federal ...
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| Date March 2, 2021 |
Report No. IN11622 |
Title
INSIGHTi Reported Increase in Hate Crimes Against Asian Americans March 2, 2021 Several media outlets have reported an increase in violence and possible hate crimes against Asian Americans and people of Asian descent (specifically people of East or Southeast Asian descent) since the beginning of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, particularly against Asian seniors. For example, in ...
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| Date March 2, 2021 |
Report No. IF11585 |
Title
Updated March 2, 2021 Proposals for Systems of Records on Decertified Officers and Police Misconduct The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021 (JIPA, H.R. 1280) would attempt to reform a range of law enforcement practices, especially practices that are considered to be biased against people of color. The bill would, among other things, promote the use of body-worn cameras, expand de- ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IN11619 |
Title
INSIGHTi New COVID-19 Defense Production Act (DPA) Actions: Implementation Considerations March 1, 2021 The Biden Administration has taken several executive branch actions under the Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA) to address the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Those actions suggest a revised DPA approach and raise potential implementation issues. This Insight considers those ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. R44332 |
Title
Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP): In Brief Updated March 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44332 Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP): In Brief Contents Federal-Aid Highway Program (FAHP) .......................................................................................... 1 How the Program Works ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. R42761 |
Title
The Senkakus (Diaoyu/Diaoyutai) Dispute: U.S. Treaty Obligations Updated March 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42761 The Senkakus (Diaoyu/Diaoyutai) Dispute: U.S. Treaty Obligations Summary Since 2012, tensions have increased between Japan and China over the disputed Senkaku islands in the East China Sea. These flare-ups run the risk of involving the United ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF10495 |
Title
Updated March 1, 2021 Highway and Public Transit Funding Issues Federal highway and public transportation programs are funded in surface transportation authorization acts. The five-year Fixing America s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 114-94) was enacted on December 4, 2015. The act was extended by the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2021, and other Extensions Act (P.L. 116-159) for an ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11125 |
Title
Updated March 1, 2021 Reauthorizing Highway and Transit Funding Programs Surface transportation reauthorization acts fund federal highway and public transportation programs, along with transportation research, intercity passenger rail, and other programs. The five-year Fixing America s Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act; P.L. 114-94) authorized federal spending on highways and public ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11564 |
Title
Updated March 1, 2021 Section 301 Investigations: Foreign Digital Services Taxes (DSTs) Background An international debate is occurring over the global taxing rights of revenues and profits earned by multinational corporations (MNCs) in certain digital economy sectors. This debate is driven by concerns that these MNCs are not adequately taxed, and some governments argue that the right to tax some ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11777 |
Title
March 1, 2021 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): Water System Security and Resilience Provisions The disruption of a safe and reliable water supply remains a long-standing concern related to the protection of public health. Two events have increased congressional attention to water system security and resilience from events that could disrupt the provision of water supply. These include a cyberattack ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IN11560 |
Title
INSIGHTi Operation Warp Speed Contracts for COVID-19 Vaccines and Ancillary Vaccination Materials Updated March 1, 2021 Operation Warp Speed (OWS) is an interagency partnership between the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Defense (DOD) that coordinates federal efforts to accelerate the development, acquisition, and distribution of COVID-19 medical ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IN11621 |
Title
INSIGHTi Cross-Cutting Issues in Cybersecurity: Financial Institutions March 1, 2021 Financial institutions remain a prime target for many types of malicious actors in cyberspace. The types of data these institutions hold make them a target, in addition to their role in managing money. As a result, government and industry have security requirements for these institutions. Because many financial ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11776 |
Title
March 1, 2021 Transnational Crime Issues: Arts and Antiquities Trafficking Illegal trade in arts and antiquities, also referred to as trafficking of arts and antiquities or cultural property, is a long-standing practice through which criminal actors profit from the destruction, looting, or theft of culturally significant items. Estimates of the financial value of this illegal trade range from ...
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| Date March 1, 2021 |
Report No. R46713 |
Title
Farmer Protests in India March 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46713 SUMMARY Farmer Protests in India R46713 March 1, 2021 In September 2020, India s Parliament passed three pieces of legislation intended to make major changes to the workings of the country s agricultural markets, specifically by removing existing K. Alan Kronstadt restrictions on the ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2021 |
Report No. R44944 |
Title
Military Sexual Assault: A Framework for Congressional Oversight Updated February 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44944 Military Sexual Assault: A Framework for Congressional Oversight Summary The rate of sexual assault in the military has garnered significant attention over the past decade from policymakers. While there have been several efforts to improve ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2021 |
Report No. R46469 |
Title
Legislative Branch: FY2021 Appropriations Updated February 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46469 SUMMARY Legislative Branch: FY2021 Appropriations The legislative branch appropriations bill provides funding for the Senate; House of Representatives; Joint Items; Capitol Police; Office of Congressional Workplace Rights (formerly Office of Compliance); ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2021 |
Report No. R46696 |
Title
National Preparedness: A Summary and Select Issues February 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46696 SUMMARY National Preparedness: A Summary and Select Issues The nation has faced challenges in the effort to respond to, and recover from, the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Persistent challenges related to acquisition and delivery of diagnostic ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2021 |
Report No. IF11775 |
Title
February 26, 2021 FY2021 Military Construction Appropriations: An Overview of Division J of P.L. 116-260 Overview On December 27, 2020, then-President Donald Trump signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260), which included as Division J the Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2021. Division J provided funding to support the ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46694 |
Title
Climate Change Adaptation: Department of the Interior February 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46694 SUMMARY Climate Change Adaptation: Department of the Interior The Department of the Interior (DOI) and many agencies within it, including the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Fish and ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46695 |
Title
The U.S. Majors List of Illicit Drug-Producing and Drug-Transit Countries February 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46695 SUMMARY The U.S. Majors List of Illicit Drug-Producing and Drug-Transit Countries As defined in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the terms major illicit drug-producing country and major drug-transit country refer to countries where ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2021 |
Report No. IN11615 |
Title
INSIGHTi GameStop-Related Market Volatility: What Happened? February 25, 2021 This Insight examines recent developments surrounding GameStop stock, online brokers (including Robinhood), stock market volatility, SEC inquiries, and trading restrictions. It is meant to complement CRS Insight IN11591, GameStop-Related Market Volatility: Policy Issues, by Eva Su. Background The past few years have ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2021 |
Report No. IN11617 |
Title
INSIGHTi Unauthorized Immigrants Access to COVID-19 Vaccines February 25, 2021 COVID-19 vaccines have been widely viewed as a means of reducing the spread of COVID-19 and facilitating a return to work and school. In general, for COVID-19 vaccines to effectively reduce disease transmission, a large percentage of the population must be vaccinated. This includes anyone who resides in the United ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2021 |
Report No. IF11746 |
Title
Updated February 25, 2021 United States Rejoins the Paris Agreement on Climate Change: Options for Congress On January 20, 2020, President Joe Biden accepted, on behalf of the United States, the Paris Agreement (PA), an international accord to address climate change for decades to come. The acceptance took effect on February 19, 2021 77 days after the United States withdrawal took effect under the ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2021 |
Report No. IF11774 |
Title
February 25, 2021 COVID-19 Testing Supply Chain Introduction COVID-19 testing including for diagnosis, screening, and surveillance is a critical component of responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, and its implementation has posed numerous challenges. Issues have included those related to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tests, reimbursement and coverage for testing, equitable access ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2021 |
Report No. TE10060 |
Title
Statement of Cheryl R. Cooper Analyst in Financial Economics Before Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on How Invidious Discrimination Works and Hurts: An Examination of Lending Discrimination and Its Long-Term Economic Impacts on Borrowers of Color February 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https:// ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2021 |
Report No. IF11316 |
Title
Updated February 24, 2021 A Brief History of U.S. Electricity Portfolio Standard Proposals Electricity portfolio standards are designed to change the set of energy sources used to generate electricity, usually by establishing requirements on utilities to procure a percentage of electricity from specified eligible sources. Since the 105th Congress, 76 proposals for a national portfolio standard ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2021 |
Report No. IF11771 |
Title
February 24, 2021 Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS) and Military Ranges For as long as aerial warfare has existed, the continual expansion of offensive air and missile weapons capabilities has led militaries to develop commensurate defensive capabilities. These air defense systems (also called air and missile defense (AMD) systems) provide surveillance, tracking, command and control, and ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2021 |
Report No. R40616 |
Title
The Federal Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks Updated February 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40616 The Federal Net Neutrality Debate: Access to Broadband Networks Summary As congressional policymakers continue to debate telecommunications reform, a major discussion point revolves around what approach should be taken to ensure unfettered ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2021 |
Report No. IF11770 |
Title
February 24, 2021 U.S. Farm Income Outlook: February 2021 Forecast USDA Projects Lower Farm Income in 2021 Two major indicators of U.S. farm well-being are net farm income and net cash income. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) projects both indicators to be lower (by 8.1% and 5.8%, respectively) in 2021 than in 2020 despite an outlook for substantially higher farm prices and earnings from ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2021 |
Report No. IN11614 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Capitol Attack and Law Enforcement Use of Facial Recognition Technology February 24, 2021 On January 6, 2021, U.S. Capitol security was violently breached while Congress was in session to vote on the certification of the 2020 presidential election. Many participants in the attack reportedly intended to disrupt this process. Some clashed with law enforcement, leaving five dead and ...
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