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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. R44735 |
Title
Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Updated March 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44735 Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Contents Purpose and Scope........................................................................................................................... 1 Categories and Definitions ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. IN11594 |
Title
INSIGHTi Coup in Burma (Myanmar): Issues for U.S. Policy Updated March 18, 2021 On February 1, 2021, Burma s military, known as the Tatmadaw, seized control of Burma s Union Government and detained State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi (the country s de facto civilian leader) and members of her political party, the National League for Democracy (NLD). The NLD had won parliamentary elections held in ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11782 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2021 Federal Taxation of Unemployment Insurance Benefits Unemployment Insurance Benefits Are Taxable Income Unemployment insurance (UI) benefits have been fully subject to federal income taxation since the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-514, 26 U.S.C. 85 and 26 C.F.R. 1.85-1). For the purposes of federal income taxation, the definition of UI benefits includes ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10583 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Considers Standard for Voting Rights Act Claims March 18, 2021 In a potentially significant case, the Supreme Court is considering the proper standard for evaluating claims of discriminatory voting laws under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA). On March 2, 2021, the Court heard oral argument in Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (which has been ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11312 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2021 Department of Justice s Role in Investigating and Prosecuting Hate Crimes In 2019, law enforcement agencies reported 7,314 hate crimes involving 8,812 victims and 6,406 known offenders to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Most hate crimes are investigated by local law enforcement agencies and prosecuted by local district attorneys offices. However, in some cases ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. R46692 |
Title
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and Proposed COVID-19 Pandemic Economic Relief: In Brief Updated March 18, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46692 SUMMARY Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and Proposed COVID-19 Pandemic Economic Relief: In Brief The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant provides grants to states, territories, ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11766 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2021 Pension Provisions in the American Rescue Plan of 2021 This In Focus describes all but one of the pension provisions in Title IX, Subtitle H, of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2). Another In Focus details the special financial assistance to multiemployer plans in Subtitle H (CRS In Focus IF11765, Special Financial Assistance to Multiemployer Plans). ...
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| Date March 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11765 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2021 Special Financial Assistance to Multiemployer Plans Section 9704 in Title IX, Subtitle H, of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2) provides financial assistance to certain financially troubled multiemployer defined benefit (DB) pension plans. Multiemployer pension plans are sponsored by more than one employer and are maintained as part of a collective bargaining ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. R44083 |
Title
Appointment and Confirmation of Executive Branch Leadership: An Overview Updated March 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44083 Appointment and Confirmation of Executive Branch Leadership: An Overview Summary The Constitution divides the responsibility for populating the top positions in the executive branch of the federal government between the President and ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. R46723 |
Title
U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46723 SUMMARY U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production have driven changes in energy consumption, and the United States has moved from being a net ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. R46724 |
Title
EU Data Transfer Requirements and U.S. Intelligence Laws: Understanding Schrems II and Its Impact on the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield March 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46724 SUMMARY EU Data Transfer Requirements and U.S. Intelligence Laws: Understanding Schrems II and Its Impact on the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield R46724 March 17, 2021 Chris D. Linebaugh ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. R46261 |
Title
Early Development and Regulation of Diagnostic Testing for COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions Updated March 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46261 SUMMARY Early Development and Regulation of Diagnostic Testing for COVID-19: Frequently Asked Questions R46261 March 17, 2021 Amanda K. Sarata Specialist in Health Policy On December 31, 2019, the World Health ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10387 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Do Warrantless Searches of Electronic Devices at the Border Violate the Fourth Amendment? Updated March 17, 2021 The Fourth Amendment commands that searches and seizures be reasonable, and generally requires the government to secure a warrant based on probable cause before arresting or searching an individual. But the Supreme Court has long recognized that the government may conduct ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. R45171 |
Title
Registered Apprenticeship: Federal Role and Recent Federal Efforts Updated March 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45171 Registered Apprenticeship: Federal Role and Recent Federal Efforts Summary Apprenticeship is a workforce development strategy that trains a worker for a specific occupation using a structured combination of paid on-the-job training and ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. IN11636 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 Impact on the Banking Industry: Conditions at the End of 2020 March 17, 2021 Although bank regulation is designed to allow banks to withstand some amount of unexpected losses, the economic ramifications of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could result in enough borrowers missing loan payments to cause distress for banks. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( ...
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| Date March 17, 2021 |
Report No. IF11786 |
Title
Updated March 17, 2021 Unemployment Insurance Provisions in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 The Unemployment Insurance (UI) provisions in Title IX, Subtitle A, of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2; enacted March 11, 2021) make four significant changes to UI programs and benefits specifically, ARPA reauthorizes and expands the enhanced UI benefits created under the ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46680 |
Title
The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2): Title IX, Subtitle G Tax Provisions Related to Promoting Economic Security Updated March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46680 Congressional Research Service The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021: Title IX, Subtitle G Tax Provisions Contents Tables Table 1. American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46721 |
Title
U.S. Army Long-Range Precision Fires: Background and Issues for Congress March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46721 SUMMARY U.S. Army Long-Range Precision Fires: Background and Issues for Congress Improvements to potential adversaries artillery systems present a challenge to the U.S. military, the Army in particular. In addition to the challenge of ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. R45414 |
Title
Expanded Access and Right to Try: Access to Investigational Drugs Updated March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45414 SUMMARY Expanded Access and Right to Try: Access to Investigational Drugs The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safety and effectiveness of drugs and biological products under its authorities in the Federal Food, Drug and ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46722 |
Title
Community Project Funding: House Rules and Committee Protocols March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46722 SUMMARY Summary On February 26, 2021, the House Committee on Appropriations announced that it will accept Member requests for Community Project Funding in appropriations bills for the upcoming fiscal year (FY2022). In addition, the committee announced ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46720 |
Title
Student Loan Programs Authorized by the Public Health Service Act: An Overview March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46720 SUMMARY Student Loan Programs Authorized by the Public Health Service Act: An Overview The Public Health Service Act authorizes several student loan programs that support health workforce development. The Department of Health and Human ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10581 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Contesting the Seizure of Vehicles Under Civil Forfeiture: What Process Is Due? March 16, 2021 In September 2015, United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agents seized Gerardo Serrano s F-250 pickup truck at the U.S.-Mexico border for allegedly attempting to smuggle munitions of war. CBP held the vehicle for almost two years while Serrano contested its forfeiture. Serrano ...
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| Date March 16, 2021 |
Report No. R41506 |
Title
The Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act (LHWCA): Overview of Workers Compensation for Certain Private-Sector Maritime Workers Updated March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41506 The Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act (LHWCA) Summary The Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act (LHWCA) is a federal workers compensation program that ...
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| Date March 15, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10580 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court to Consider Whether Patent Judges Appointments Are Constitutional March 15, 2021 In 2011, Congress enacted a major patent reform bill, the Leahy Smith America Invents Act (AIA). The AIA, among other things, created adversarial proceedings inter partes review (IPR) and post-grant review (PGR) to review the validity of issued patents and cancel those that should not have ...
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| Date March 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11791 |
Title
March 15, 2021 Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Selected Policy Options Congress may consider a range of policy options that could be used to limit or remove human-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxides, and others. Efforts to reduce net GHG emissions the sum of direct emission reductions/removals and permanent ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. R46712 |
Title
Water Resource Issues in the 117th Congress March 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46712 SUMMARY Water Resource Issues in the 117th Congress Congress engages in authorization and appropriations for water resource projects and activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), as well as involvement in water ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. R40147 |
Title
Green Building Overview and Issues Updated March 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40147 SUMMARY Green Building Overview and Issues Buildings, whether residential, commercial, government, or special-use, are core components of the nation s infrastructure. Their construction, operation, and demolition are increasingly recognized as major sources of ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. R46715 |
Title
FEMA Assistance for Vaccine Administration and Distribution: In Brief March 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46715 FEMA Assistance for Vaccine Administration and Distribution: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 FEMA s Role in ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. R46719 |
Title
Green Building Overview and Issues March 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46719 SUMMARY Green Building Overview and Issues Buildings, whether residential, commercial, government, or special-use, are core components of the nation s infrastructure. Their construction, operation, and demolition are increasingly recognized as major sources of environmental ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. IN11458 |
Title
INSIGHTi United States Bankruptcy Courts: Caseload Statistics for the 12-Month Period Ending December 31, 2020 Updated March 12, 2021 This Insight provides information and statistics related to filings in the United States bankruptcy courts for the 12-month period ending December 31, 2020 (this is the most recent reporting period for which data are available). Note that this particular 12-month ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10579 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Carr v. Saul: Supreme Court to Decide When Social Security Claimants Must First Raise Appointments Clause Challenges March 12, 2021 In 2018, the Supreme Court in Lucia v. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) held that administrative law judges (ALJs) of the SEC are Officers of the United States government officials who, under the Appointments Clause of the U.S. Constitution, ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. IN11634 |
Title
INSIGHTi Child Tax Benefits and Children with Complex or Dynamic Living Arrangements March 12, 2021 The federal income tax system provides substantial amounts of cash assistance for many families with children, often in the form of refundable tax credits. The two largest benefits for families with children (and workers) are the earned income tax credit (EITC) and the child tax credit. To claim ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. IF11790 |
Title
March 12, 2021 Liability Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.) establishes a framework to remediate certain types of contaminated sites and to hold the parties connected to those sites responsible for cleanup costs. CERCLA authorizes the ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10577 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Medicaid Work Requirements: An End to the Litigation? Updated March 12, 2021 UPDA TE: After this Sidebar was published on March 4, 2021, the Supreme Court removed the Medicaid work requirement litigation from its oral argument calendar. The Court has not yet ruled on the Biden Administration s motion to vacate the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit s decisions. The original ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. IN11633 |
Title
INSIGHTi Clean Air Act: Electricity Sector and Greenhouse Gas Standards March 12, 2021 Congress may continue to examine Clean Air Act (CAA) authorities and climate change issues as it deliberates on legislation and conducts oversight of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Biden Administration has committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using various policy tools to ...
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| Date March 12, 2021 |
Report No. IF11483 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2021 The National Guard and the COVID-19 Pandemic Response National Guard Today s state militias trace their lineage from colonial-era militias that predate the United States. The Constitution grants the Congress and President limited authority over a state s militia (U.S. Const., Art. I, 8; Art. 2, 2). State and territorial governors serve as Commander in Chief of their militia. ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. R43545 |
Title
Airport Privatization: Issues and Options for Congress Updated March 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43545 Airport Privatization: Issues and Options for Congress Summary In 1996, Congress established the Airport Privatization Pilot Program (APPP; Section 149 of the Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996, P.L. 104-264) to increase access to sources of ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. R46443 |
Title
Programs to Collect Data on Law Enforcement Activities: Overview and Issues Updated March 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46443 SUMMARY Programs to Collect Data on Law Enforcement Activities: Overview and Issues The death of George Floyd in May 2020, in Minneapolis, MN, while he was in the custody of law enforcement, and several other recent high-profile ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. R46431 |
Title
Policing Reform Legislation: Conditions on Funding and New Grant Authorizations Updated March 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46431 SUMMARY Policing Reform Legislation: Conditions on Funding and New Authorizations The death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, MN, while he was in the custody of law enforcement, combined with several other recent high-profile ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11787 |
Title
March 11, 2021 U.S. Aluminum Manufacturing: National Security and Tariffs Aluminum a lightweight, ductile, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metal is increasingly used in many industrial and technological applications, including in products used for national defense and lower emission vehicles. In Congress, views on the aluminum industry generally diverge between those who support policies to ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. RS22866 |
Title
Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Updated March 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22866 Earmark Disclosure Rules in the House: Member and Committee Requirements Summary Earmark disclosure rules in both the House and Senate establish certain administrative responsibilities that vary by chamber. Under House rules, a ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11082 |
Title
Updated March 11, 2021 Veterans Health Administration: Gender-Specific Health Care Services for Women Veterans Introduction various types of women s health care services that can VHA had predominately provided general health care and gender-specific services (e.g., prostate exams) that were geared to men, because the demographics of the veteran population had been predominately male. The U.S. ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11761 |
Title
Updated March 11, 2021 The Qualified Mortgage (QM) Rule and Recent Revisions Background Prior to the 2008 financial crisis, mortgage underwriting standards were relaxed such that the ability of borrowers to repay their loans became linked to the favorable financial conditions that existed at the time of origination. Following a rise in interest rates and a decline in underlying collateral values ( ...
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| Date March 11, 2021 |
Report No. R42565 |
Title
SBA New Markets Venture Capital Program Updated March 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42565 SBA New Markets Venture Capital Program Summary Authorized by P.L. 106-554, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001 (Appendix H: the New Markets Venture Capital Program Act of 2000), the New Markets Venture Capital (NMVC) program, which is no longer active, is ...
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| Date March 10, 2021 |
Report No. R46709 |
Title
The Application of Internal Revenue Code Section 280E to Marijuana Businesses: Selected Legal Issues March 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46709 SUMMARY The Application of Internal Revenue Code Section 280E to Marijuana Businesses: Selected Legal Issues R46709 March 10, 2021 Milan N. Ball Legislative Attorney The marijuana industry has grown as an ...
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| Date March 10, 2021 |
Report No. IF11785 |
Title
March 10, 2021 Potential State Impacts of a Pause on Federal Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Leases On January 27, 2021, President Biden signed Executive Order (E.O.) 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad. Among other actions, this E.O. instructs the Secretary of the Interior (SOI) to pause new oil and natural gas leases on public lands or in offshore waters pending completion of a ...
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| Date March 10, 2021 |
Report No. R46708 |
Title
Antarctica: Overview of Geopolitical and Environmental Issues March 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46708 SUMMARY Antarctica: Overview of Geopolitical and Environmental Issues Geopolitical and environmental developments are increasing international focus on Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Stakeholders contend these developments may have political, ...
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| Date March 10, 2021 |
Report No. IN11632 |
Title
INSIGHTi Pandemics, Payments, and (Digital) Property March 10, 2021 Many people have heard the phrase cash is king, but is that still true? Even in today s digital world, cash is still an important tool for retail transactions among many consumers, and some still rely on it. But today, electronic payments are the primary mechanism for consumers to use money. Electronic payments are an old concept. ...
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| Date March 9, 2021 |
Report No. IN11630 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: Selected Medicare Resources for Beneficiaries and Health Care Providers March 9, 2021 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected Medicare beneficiaries, who are generally considered high risk, and health care providers, who serve Medicare populations. This Insight provides COVID-19-related resources relevant to both of these groups. For background information ...
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| Date March 9, 2021 |
Report No. R46706 |
Title
Produce Safety: Requirements, Implementation, and Issues for Congress March 9, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46706 SUMMARY Produce Safety: Requirements, Implementation, and Issues for Congress R46706 March 9, 2021 Amber D. Nair In the United States, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and sprouts continue to be associated with a series of Analyst in Agricultural ...
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