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| Date Jan. 28, 2021 |
Report No. IF11743 |
Title
January 28, 2021 The Senior Executive Service: An Overview The Senior Executive Service (SES) was established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-454) to provide a government-wide cadre of high-level managers within federal agencies. The SES comprises mostly career appointees who are chosen through a merit staffing process and serve in policy, supervisory, and managerial positions ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2021 |
Report No. IF11748 |
Title
January 28, 2021 Federal Universal Service Fund and Other Selected Federal Broadband Programs: A Primer Introduction Efforts to deploy voice telephone service throughout the United States began almost 100 years ago. Starting in the 1990s, these efforts shifted toward the deployment of broadband internet service to homes and businesses and the provision of infrastructure to support applications ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2021 |
Report No. IN11584 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tracking COVID-19 Vaccines: U.S. Data Systems and Related Issues January 28, 2021 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted Emergency Use Authorizations (EUAs) for two Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, sponsored by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, and millions of vaccine doses are being distributed nationwide. Both vaccines require two doses, which are generally not ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. R46666 |
Title
The COVID-19 Pandemic and Institutions of Higher Education: Contemporary Issues January 27, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46666 SUMMARY The COVID-19 Pandemic and Institutions of Higher Education: Contemporary Issues There have been numerous reports of institutions of higher education (IHEs) experiencing financial hardships as a result of the Coronavirus ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. R46662 |
Title
Social Media: Misinformation and Content Moderation Issues for Congress January 27, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46662 SUMMARY Social Media: Misinformation and Content Moderation Issues for Congress Social media platforms disseminate information quickly to billions of global users. The Pew Research Center estimates that in 2019, 72% of U.S. adults used at ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10343 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Is Mandatory Detention of Unlawful Entrants Seeking Asylum Constitutional? Updated January 27, 2021 Non-U.S. nationals (aliens) apprehended by immigration authorities when attempting to unlawfully enter the United States are generally subject to a streamlined, expedited removal process, but may be placed in formal removal proceedings and pursue asylum claims if found to have a ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10568 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Biden Administration Extends the Pause on Federal Student Loan Payments: Legal Considerations for Congress January 27, 2021 Last year, both the Trump Administration and the 116th Congress granted temporary relief to certain student loan borrowers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. On the first day of his presidency, President Joe Biden requested that the Department of ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. R43570 |
Title
Federal Building and Facility Security: Frequently Asked Questions Updated January 27, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43570 Federal Building and Facility Security: Frequently Asked Questions Summary The security of federal government buildings and facilities affects not only the daily operations of the federal government but also the health, well-being, and ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IF11086 |
Title
Updated January 27, 2021 The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution Litigation during the Trump Administration raised a number of legal issues concerning formerly obscure constitutional provisions that prohibit the acceptance or receipt of emoluments in certain circumstances. This In Focus provides an overview of these constitutional provisions, highlighting several unsettled legal areas ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IF11742 |
Title
January 27, 2021 Too Small to Collect Big Data: Financial Inclusion Implications Congress has demonstrated an ongoing interest in promoting financial inclusion (i.e., increasing the access of traditionally underserved populations and markets to affordable financial services and products). The concept of financial inclusion has evolved to include the adoption of digital technologies, which can ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2021 |
Report No. R45968 |
Title
Limits on TRICARE for Reservists: Frequently Asked Questions Updated January 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45968 SUMMARY Limits on TRICARE for Reservists: Frequently Asked Questions Between 2001 and 2007, more than 575,000 members of the reserve components were ordered to active duty in support of ongoing military operations, including major combat ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2021 |
Report No. R46398 |
Title
Motor Vehicle Safety: Issues for Congress Updated January 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46398 SUMMARY Motor Vehicle Safety: Issues for Congress Vehicle safety is a significant issue as Congress considers a replacement for the current authorization of surface transportation programs, the Fixing America s Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act; P.L. 114-94), ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2021 |
Report No. R44058 |
Title
The Budget Reconciliation Process: Stages of Consideration Updated January 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44058 The Budget Reconciliation Process: Stages of Consideration Summary The purpose of the reconciliation process is to enhance Congress s ability to bring existing spending, revenue, and debt limit laws into compliance with current fiscal priorities ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2021 |
Report No. R44696 |
Title
Casework in Congressional Offices: Frequently Asked Questions Updated January 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44696 Casework in Congressional Offices: Frequently Asked Questions Summary Constituents often contact a congressional office looking for assistance; the work congressional offices do in response to these requests is generally referred to as ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2021 |
Report No. IF11538 |
Title
Updated January 25, 2021 Overview of FY2021 Appropriations for the Census Bureau Introduction This In Focus presents an overview of FY2021 discretionary budget authority for the Census Bureau, including the FY2021 budget request, related congressional actions, final action, and comparisons with FY2020 funding. As a Department of Commerce (DOC) agency, the bureau is funded through the Departments ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2021 |
Report No. IN10731 |
Title
The Nuclear Ban Treaty: An Overview Updated January 25, 2021 Since the founding of the United Nations in 1945, the UN General Assembly (UN GA) has called for the elimination of nuclear weapons. UNGA Resolution A/71/258 (2016) called on UN member states to negotiate in 2017 a legally binding Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), also known as the nuclear ban treaty. Negotiations ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R45657 |
Title
Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 116th Congress and Through the Trump Administration Updated January 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45657 SUMMARY Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 116th Congress and Through the Trump Administration R45657 January 22, 2021 Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin Political and economic developments in Cuba, a one-party authoritarian state with ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11738 |
Title
January 22, 2021 Law Enforcement s Response to the January 6 th Events at the Capitol On January 6, 2021, security at the Capitol was breached by people who reportedly sought to prevent Congress from certifying the votes of the Electoral College. Some individuals clashed with law enforcement officers and for several hours occupied parts of the Capitol. At the request of District of Columbia Mayor ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11445 |
Title
Keystone XL Pipeline: The End of the Road? Updated January 22, 2021 On January 20, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order revoking the Presidential Permit for the cross-border segment of the Keystone XL Pipeline between Canada and Montana. The order asserts that the pipeline disserves the national interest and that leaving the permit in place would not be consistent with the ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11575 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Direct Payments to Individuals: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About the Second Round of Stimulus Checks in P.L. 116-260 Updated January 22, 2021 In response to the continued economic weakness from the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress passed a second round of direct payments as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260). The first round of direct payments ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11576 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Direct Payments to Individuals: Comparison of the Second Round of Stimulus Checks in P.L. 116-260 to the First Round in the CARES Act (P.L. 116-136) Updated January 22, 2021 At the end of 2020, lawmakers included a second round of direct payments in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260). The payments equal $600 per eligible individual ($1,200 for most ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11580 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Direct Payments: Summary of the CASH Act (H.R. 9051, 116th Congress) Modifications to Stimulus Checks January 22, 2021 At the end of the 116th Congress, the House passed the Caring for Americans with Supplemental Help (CASH) Act (H.R. 9051). The CASH Act would have expanded the second round of stimulus checks enacted as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10567 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Capitol Unrest, Legislative Response, and the Bill of Attainder Clause January 22, 2021 On January 6, 2021, a crowd gathered on the U.S. Capitol grounds, breached police barriers, entered and occupied portions of the Capitol building, and clashed with law enforcement. The incident resulted in at least five deaths, dozens of injuries, and damage to federal property. Members of ...
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| Date Jan. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11581 |
Title
INSIGHTi Parliamentary Elections in Kazakhstan January 22, 2021 Kazakhstan, a U.S. partner in areas such as regional security, counterterrorism, and nuclear nonproliferation, held parliamentary elections on January 10, 2021. According to the official tally, the ruling Nur Otan party won 71% of the vote, followed by Ak Zhol (11%) and the People s Party of Kazakhstan (9%), granting each party 76, 12 ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46656 |
Title
Selected Trump Administration Foreign Aid Priorities: A Wrap-Up Updated January 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46656 SUMMARY Selected Trump Administration Foreign Aid Priorities: A Wrap-Up Congressional interest in and support for U.S. foreign aid has remained consistent throughout numerous Administrations. The Trump Administration pursued changes to ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46660 |
Title
Faces and Voices of the United States Abroad: Diversity at U.S. Foreign Affairs Agencies January 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46660 SUMMARY Diversity at U.S. Foreign Affairs Agencies Federal agencies tasked with carrying out U.S. foreign policy have made efforts in recent decades to reflect more closely the diverse characteristics of the American public ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R45723 |
Title
Fiscal Policy: Economic Effects Updated January 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45723 SUMMARY Fiscal Policy: Economic Effects Fiscal policy describes changes to government spending and revenue behavior in an effort to influence the economy. By adjusting its level of spending and tax revenue, the government can affect economic outcomes by either increasing ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. IF11720 |
Title
Updated January 21, 2021 The Federal Communications Commission in the Biden Administration: Issues and New Directions Introduction The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the new Biden Administration may take different positions on several key topics than the FCC under the Trump Administration, including Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended (Section 230), net neutrality ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. IF11733 |
Title
Updated January 21, 2021 Burma: Key Issues in 2021 Burma (Myanmar) has been embroiled in a low-grade civil war between its military, known as the Tatmadaw, and over 20 ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) as far back as 1962, when the Tatmadaw overthrew a democratically elected civilian government. In 2011, the Tatmadaw handed power over to a hybrid civilian-military Union Government based on a 2008 ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46659 |
Title
Changes to House Rules Affecting the Congressional Budget Process Included in H.Res. 8 (117th Congress) January 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46659 SUMMARY Changes to House Rules Affecting the Congressional Budget Process Included in H.Res. 8 (117th Congress) At the beginning of each Congress, the House of Representatives adopts rules to govern its ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10566 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Responses to Midnight Rulemaking: Legal Issues January 21, 2021 Hours after President Joe Biden took office on January 20, 2021, the White House issued a memorandum directing agencies to take action with respect to regulations that the Trump Administration issued shortly before the transition. It is common for federal agencies to increase rulemaking activity during the final months ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2021 |
Report No. R44891 |
Title
U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress Updated January 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44891 SUMMARY U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress R44891 January 19, 2021 Ronald O'Rourke Specialist in Naval Affairs The U.S. role in the world refers to the overall character, purpose, or direction of U.S. participation in ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2021 |
Report No. IF10930 |
Title
Updated January 19, 2021 U.S.-EU Trade and Investment Ties: Magnitude and Scope The United States and the current 27-member European Union (EU) have extensive trade and investment ties that have evolved and deepened with the growth of global supply chains, trade in services, and cross-border investment. They are a dominant economic force globally; in 2019, they jointly accounted for: 26% of world ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2021 |
Report No. R41364 |
Title
Capital Gains Tax Options: Behavioral Responses and Revenues Updated January 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41364 Capital Gains Tax Options: Behavioral Responses and Revenues Summary Compared with most other tax provisions, the potential revenue gain scored for an increase in capital gains taxes is strongly affected by behavioral responses assumed by the ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2021 |
Report No. IN11579 |
Title
INSIGHTi Noncitizen Eligibility for the Second Round of Direct Payments to Individuals January 19, 2021 Introduction The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) was signed into law on December 27, 2020. It includes a second round of pandemic-related direct payments to individuals referred to in the law as 2020 recovery rebates and as Economic Impact Payments by the Internal Revenue ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2021 |
Report No. R46657 |
Title
Withdrawal of Federal Lands: Analysis of a Common Legislated Withdrawal Provision January 15, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46657 SUMMARY Withdrawal of Federal Lands: Analysis of a Common Legislated Withdrawal Provision Lands and interest in lands owned by the United States (i.e., federal lands) have been withdrawn from agency management under various public ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11283 |
Title
Updated January 15, 2021 U.S.-China Investment Ties: Overview Background Investment is playing a growing role in U.S. commercial ties with the People s Republic of China (PRC or China). For many years, the PRC government invested much of its foreign exchange reserves in U.S. assets, particularly U.S. Treasury securities. China is the world s largest holder of foreign exchange reserves and had $3.2 ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2021 |
Report No. IN11578 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Internal Revenue Service s Enforcement Budget and Tax Compliance January 15, 2021 This Insight examines key considerations in the debate over whether the Internal Revenue Service s (IRS s) current enforcement budget is adequate to improve tax compliance especially among highincome persons and pass-through business owners. IRS Enforcement Budget The IRS enforcement budget funds a ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10565 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Impeachment and Trial of a Former President January 15, 2021 For the second time in just over a year, the House of Representatives has voted to impeach President Donald J. Trump. The House previously voted to impeach President Trump on December 18, 2019, and the Senate voted to acquit the President on February 5, 2020. Because the timing of this second impeachment vote is so ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11730 |
Title
January 15, 2021 Economic Sanctions: Overview for the 117th Congress Economic Sanctions and Authorities Economic sanctions in furtherance of foreign policy and national security objectives are coercive economic measures taken against a target to bring about a change in behavior. In U.S. foreign policy and national security, sanctions can include such measures as trade embargoes; restrictions on ...
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| Date Jan. 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11731 |
Title
January 15, 2021 Aviation Security Measures and Domestic Terrorism Threats After the January 6, 2021, security breach of the United States Capitol, some Members of Congress have advocated restricting the air travel of individuals who may seek to incite or carry out further violence. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is reportedly considering placing individuals who illegally entered the ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2021 |
Report No. R44606 |
Title
The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) Updated January 14, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44606 SUMMARY The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) has served as a mandatory funding mechanism for agricultural programs since 1933. The CCC Charter Act enables the CCC to broadly support the U.S. agriculture industry for ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2021 |
Report No. R45813 |
Title
An Overview of Consumer Finance and Policy Issues Updated January 14, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45813 SUMMARY An Overview of Consumer Finance and Policy Issues Consumer finance refers to the saving, borrowing, and investment choices that households make over time. These financial decisions can be complex and can affect households financial wellbeing both ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2021 |
Report No. IF11154 |
Title
Updated January 14, 2021 Export Controls: Key Challenges Overview Congress has authorized the President to control the export of various items for national security, foreign policy, and economic reasons. Separate programs and statutes exist for controlling different types of exports, including nuclear materials and technology, defense articles and services, and dual-use items and technology items ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2021 |
Report No. IF11535 |
Title
Updated January 14, 2021 The Tax Treatment of Canceled Mortgage Debt Historically, if a lender forgives or cancels mortgage debt (and most other debts), tax law has treated the amount of canceled debt as a cancellation of debt income (CODI) subject to ordinary income tax rates. Section 108 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) contains two exceptions that are particularly relevant in the case of ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2021 |
Report No. R44705 |
Title
The U.S. Income Distribution: Trends and Issues Updated January 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44705 The U.S. Income Distribution: Trends and Issues Summary Income inequality that is, the extent to which individuals or households incomes differ has increased in the United States since the 1970s. Rising income inequality over this time period is driven ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11368 |
Title
INSIGHTi Larger Businesses and COVID-19: Financial Relief and Assistance Resources Updated January 13, 2021 This CRS Insight presents selected resources and CRS products on economic relief and assistance for medium and large businesses that were directly affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, enacted on March 27 ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF10786 |
Title
Updated January 13, 2021 Safeguards: Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 On January 23, 2018, President Trump proclaimed a fouryear safeguard measure on imports of certain crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells (CSPV) cells and modules, and a three-year safeguard on large residential washing machines. These safeguards, still in force, were issued under Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11573 |
Title
INSIGHTi Domestic Terrorism and the Attack on the U.S. Capitol January 13, 2021 On January 6, 2021, a large group of individuals breached the U.S. Capitol security while Congress was in session. Members were voting on whether or not to certify President-Elect Joe Biden s election victory, and many participants in the attack allegedly intended to thwart this effort. According to media coverage, ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11574 |
Title
INSIGHTi Oil Markets and Prices in 2021: Demand, Supply, and Policy Uncertainties January 13, 2021 Oil markets began 2021 following one of the most disruptive years on record. In the first half of 2020, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-related demand suppression for oil-derived products (e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel, and aviation fuel) created historically large market imbalances. ...
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