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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R44974 |
Title
Ethics Pledges and Other Executive Branch Appointee Restrictions Since 1993: Historical Perspective, Current Practices, and Options for Change Updated February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44974 Ethics Pledges and Other Executive Branch Employee Restrictions Summary On January 20, 2021, President Joe Biden issued Executive Order (E.O.) 13989 on ethics. ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R43984 |
Title
Money for Something: Music Licensing in the 21st Century Updated February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43984 SUMMARY Money for Something: Music Licensing in the 21st Century Songwriters and recording artists are generally entitled to receive compensation for (1) reproductions, distributions, and public performances of the notes and lyrics they create ( ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R46693 |
Title
Huawei and U.S. Law February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46693 SUMMARY Huawei and U.S. Law R46693 February 23, 2021 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (Huawei) has grown to be the world s largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer since its founding in 1987 by a former engineer in Stephen P. Mulligan China s People s Liberation Army. The Shenzhen, ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R45422 |
Title
U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview Updated February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45422 SUMMARY U.S. International Food Assistance: An Overview R45422 February 23, 2021 Alyssa R. Casey Analyst in Agricultural The United States is one of the foremost donors of food, or the means to purchase food, Policy to people around the world at risk of ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R45792 |
Title
Off-Label Use of Prescription Drugs February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45792 SUMMARY Off-Label Use of Prescription Drugs When the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves a drug for sale in the United States, the approval includes a section entitled Indications for Use. This section lists the one or more diseases, conditions, or symptoms for which ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. IF11767 |
Title
February 23, 2021 The Defense Production Act Committee (DPAC): A Primer The Defense Production Act of 1950 (DPA, 50 U.S.C. 4501 et seq.) confers on the President authorities to mobilize domestic industry in service of national defense, broadly defined, including emergency preparedness. In 2009, the DPA statute was amended to create the DPA Committee (DPAC), which would serve as an interagency ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R44402 |
Title
Rwanda: In Brief Updated February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44402 Rwanda: In Brief Summary Rwanda has seen rapid development and security gains since the 1994 genocide, in which an estimated 800,000 people mostly members of the ethnic Tutsi minority were killed over a three-month period. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), then a rebel movement, ended ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. IF11768 |
Title
February 23, 2021 National Guard Civil Support in the District of Columbia The use of the National Guard in various contexts within the District of Columbia (DC) has raised congressional questions regarding the authorities and mechanisms for requesting, activating, and using the National Guard to support civil authorities. This In Focus describes the National Guard, relevant mechanisms for its ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R40957 |
Title
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues Updated February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40957 Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact, and Issues Summary The Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) culminated years of effort by state and local government officials and business interests to control, if not eliminate, the ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R42078 |
Title
Financial Transactions Taxes: In Brief Updated February 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42078 Financial Transactions Taxes: In Brief ince the financial crisis and the ensuing 2008-2009 Great Recession, the idea of imposing a tax on financial transactions has appeared somewhat frequently in policy debates, most recently in response to the GameStop-related ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10576 |
Title
Legal Sidebari CIC Services v. Commissioner: Interpreting the Tax Anti-Injunction Act February 23, 2021 On December 1, 2020, the Supreme Court heard oral argument in CIC Services v. Commissioner, a case that could resolve conflicts resulting from the way courts have interpreted the Tax Anti-Injunction Act (TAIA) in the past. The TAIA is codified in Section 7421 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2021 |
Report No. IN11612 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Emergency Broadband Benefit: Implementation and Future Policy Directions February 23, 2021 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (the Act) created the Emergency Broadband Benefit Program (EBB). It subsidizes broadband service for eligible households defined as those households that suffered income loss during the pandemic or meet other need-based criteria specified in the Act, ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R44116 |
Title
Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Afghanistan and Iraq: 2007-2020 Updated February 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44116 SUMMARY Department of Defense Contractor and Troop Levels in Afghanistan and Iraq: 2007-2020 Throughout its history, the Department of Defense (DOD) has relied on contractors to support a wide range of military ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11611 |
Title
INSIGHTi Cuba: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 February 22, 2021 Among the challenges facing the Biden Administration and the 117 th Congress is the future direction of U.S. policy toward Cuba. Most observers expect the Biden Administration to shift policy to focus on engagement and away from the numerous sanctions imposed by the Trump Administration. During the U.S. election campaign, ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R45880 |
Title
Long-Term Federal Management of Uranium Mill Tailings: Background and Issues for Congress Updated February 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45880 SUMMARY Long-Term Federal Management of Uranium Mill Tailings: Background and Issues for Congress R45880 February 22, 2021 Lance N. Larson Analyst in Environmental Policy In the wake of increasing concerns in the ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R44906 |
Title
The Rural Education Achievement Program: Title V-B of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Updated February 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44906 The Rural Education Achievement Program Summary The Rural Education Achievement Program (REAP) is authorized by Part B of Title V of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R44236 |
Title
Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee Updated February 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44236 Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee Summary The appointment of a Supreme Court Justice is an event of major significance in American politics. Each appointment is of ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R45805 |
Title
Women s Suffrage: Fact Sheet Updated February 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45805 Women s Suffrage: Fact Sheet Introduction The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted women the right to vote. This right known as women s suffrage was ratified on August 18, 1920: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or ...
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| Date Feb. 19, 2021 |
Report No. R46690 |
Title
Congressional Review Act Issues for the 117th Congress: The Lookback Mechanism and Effects of Disapproval February 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46690 SUMMARY Congressional Review Act Issues for the 117th Congress: The Lookback Mechanism and Effects of Disapproval The Congressional Review Act (CRA) (codified at 5 U.S.C. 801-808) is a tool that Congress ...
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| Date Feb. 19, 2021 |
Report No. IN11609 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 Vaccine: Financing for Its Administration February 19, 2021 A U.S. COVID-19 vaccination campaign is underway. For this effort, all vaccines and some supplies for their administration to patients have been purchased by the federal government, with appropriations provided for this purpose. These are available at no cost to providers and patients. When the vaccine delivery approach ...
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| Date Feb. 19, 2021 |
Report No. IF11494 |
Title
Updated February 19, 2021 Wildlife Trade, COVID-19, and Other Zoonotic Diseases Introduction Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel virus: the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) characterized it as a pandemic, reportedly spread to more than 223 countries or territories. The origin of the COVID-19 ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2021 |
Report No. R46686 |
Title
Federal Crop Insurance: A Primer February 18, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46686 SUMMARY Federal Crop Insurance: A Primer The federal crop insurance program (FCIP) offers farmers the opportunity to purchase insurance coverage against financial losses caused by a wide variety of perils, including certain adverse growing and market conditions. The federal ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2021 |
Report No. R46685 |
Title
An Analysis of the Geographic Distribution of the Mortgage Interest Deduction: Before and After the 2017 Tax Revision (P.L. 115-97) February 18, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46685 SUMMARY An Analysis of the Geographic Distribution of the Mortgage Interest Deduction: Before and After the 2017 Tax Revision (P.L. 115-97) R46685 February 18, 2021 Mark P. ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11675 |
Title
Updated February 18, 2021 Wildfire Management Funding: FY2021 Appropriations The U.S. Department of Agriculture s Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across the federal lands within their respective jurisdictions. Both FS and DOI generally receive annual discretionary appropriations for wildfire management activities ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2021 |
Report No. IN11463 |
Title
INSIGHTi Selecting a New WTO Director-General: Implications for the Global Trading System Updated February 18, 2021 The United States and members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have selected new leadership for the WTO Secretariat, following Director-General (DG) Roberto Azev do s unexpected early resignation in August 2020. On February 15, 2021, WTO members agreed by consensus on the ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2021 |
Report No. IN11606 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tribal Consultation: Administration Guidance and Policy Consideration February 18, 2021 On January 26, 2021, President Biden issued a Presidential Memorandum on Tribal Consultation and Strengthening Nation-to-Nation Relationships (2021 P.M.). The 2021 P.M. requires agencies to create a detailed plan of actions to implement Executive Order 13175 (E.O. 13175), issued November 6, 2000, which ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11638 |
Title
Updated February 18, 2021 Forest Service: FY2021 Appropriations The Forest Service (FS) is responsible for managing 193 million acres of land in the National Forest System (NFS); conducting forestry research; and providing assistance to state, local, private, and international forest owners. FS is an agency within the Department of Agriculture, but it receives discretionary appropriations through ...
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| Date Feb. 17, 2021 |
Report No. R44153 |
Title
Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers and the TAA Reauthorization Act of 2015 Updated February 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44153 Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers and the TAA Reauthorization Act of 2015 Summary Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA) provides federal assistance to workers who have involuntarily lost their jobs due to ...
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| Date Feb. 17, 2021 |
Report No. IF10754 |
Title
Updated February 17, 2021 Rules of Origin Background What are Rules of Origin? Rules of origin (ROO) are laws, regulations, and procedures used for ascertaining the nationality of imported products. ROO are important for many reasons, including determining the admissibility of imported goods, assessing duty rates, country of origin marking, applying tariff quotas, enforcing U.S. trade laws, ...
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| Date Feb. 17, 2021 |
Report No. IN11608 |
Title
INSIGHTi Power Outages in Texas February 17, 2021 The extremely cold weather that is affecting much of the country is causing some states to experience rolling blackouts to avoid a wider collapse of the electric power system. These weather-related impacts have been particularly acute in Texas. The current situation in Texas has been precipitated by the extreme cold, as noted by the Washington Post ...
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| Date Feb. 17, 2021 |
Report No. IF10570 |
Title
Updated February 17, 2021 Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA) Overview and Program Rationale Reduced barriers to international trade are widely acknowledged to offer net benefits by expanding market access but may adversely affect domestic industries and workers that face increased competition. Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA) is designed to help tradeaffected workers adjust ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2021 |
Report No. IF11762 |
Title
February 16, 2021 Veteran Involvement in the U.S. Capitol Breach: Possible Effects on VA Benefits Overview On January 6, 2021, a crowd gathered on the U.S. Capitol grounds, breached security, entered and occupied portions of the Capitol building, and damaged federal property. The breach resulted in injuries to nearly 140 District of Columbia Metropolitan and U.S. Capitol Police officers. In ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46485 |
Title
The House Consensus Calendar: Establishment, Principal Features, and Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020) Updated February 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46485 SUMMARY The House Consensus Calendar: Establishment, Principal Features, and Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020) R46485 February 16, 2021 Jane A. Hudiburg Analyst on Congress and the ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10575 |
Title
Legal Sidebar The Facebook Antitrust Lawsuits and the Future of Merger Enforcement February 16, 2021 In December 2020, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and a group of 46 state attorneys general (state AGs) filed separate antitrust lawsuits against Facebook. Both lawsuits challenge the same conduct: Facebook s acquisitions of the photo-sharing service Instagram and the messaging app WhatsApp, and ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2021 |
Report No. IF10371 |
Title
Updated February 16, 2021 U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America: An Overview Introduction Central America has received considerable attention from U.S. policymakers over the past decade, as it has become a major transit corridor for illicit narcotics and a top source of irregular migration to the United States. In FY2019, U.S. authorities at the southwest border apprehended nearly 608, ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2021 |
Report No. IF11364 |
Title
Updated February 16, 2021 Boeing-Airbus Subsidy Dispute: Recent Developments On October 18, 2019, the United States imposed additional tariffs on $7.5 billion worth of U.S. imports from the European Union and the United Kingdom (UK) (hereinafter collectively referred to as the EU). The action, authorized by World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedures, followed an investigation by ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2021 |
Report No. R46290 |
Title
Overview of FY2021 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated February 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46290 SUMMARY Overview of FY2021 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) R46290 February 12, 2021 Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy This report describes actions taken to provide ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2021 |
Report No. IN11602 |
Title
INSIGHTi The $400 Question: Financial Insecurity and the COVID-19 Pandemic February 12, 2021 The economic disruption caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic heightened awareness of household financial insecurity. Financial insecurity was not new for some households they were financially insecure at the onset of the pandemic. Adults with children were disproportionately ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2021 |
Report No. R46667 |
Title
Supreme Court Preview of 2020-2021 Environmental and Energy Law Cases and Review of 2019-2020 Rulings Updated February 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46667 SUMMARY Supreme Court Preview of 2020-2021 Environmental and Energy Law Cases and Review of 2019-2020 Rulings The Supreme Court 2019-2020 term, which started on October 1, 2019, was historic in ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11601 |
Title
INSIGHTi Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing: President Biden s Pause February 11, 2021 On January 27, 2020, President Biden issued Executive Order (E.O.) 14008, directing multiple administrative actions to address climate change. Section 208 of the order directed the Secretary of the Interior to pause new oil and natural gas leases on public lands or in offshore waters pending completion of a ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11759 |
Title
February 11, 2021 Foreign Government-Sponsored Broadcast Programming Overview Congress has enacted several laws to enable U.S. citizens and the federal government to monitor attempts by foreign governments to influence public opinion on political matters. Nevertheless, radio and television viewers may have difficulty distinguishing programs financed and distributed by foreign governments or their ...
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| Date Feb. 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11592 |
Title
INSIGHTi Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG): An Overview Updated February 11, 2021 States and localities make most decisions about the voting systems used in U.S. elections, from what equipment to acquire to how to pay for it. Since 1990, however, the federal government has issued voluntary guidance states and localities may use to inform their choices. This Insight examines the current ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2021 |
Report No. R44268 |
Title
U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam Updated February 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44268 U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam Summary U.S. assistance to Vietnam for the environmental and health damage attributed to a dioxin contained in Agent Orange and other herbicides sprayed over much of the southern portion of the country during ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2021 |
Report No. 96-397 |
Title
Canada-U.S. Relations Updated February 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 96-397 SUMMARY Canada-U.S. Relations The United States and Canada typically enjoy close relations. The two countries are bound together by a common 5,525-mile border the longest undefended border in the world as well as by shared history and values. They have extensive trade and ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2021 |
Report No. IN11600 |
Title
INSIGHTi Housing Provisions in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260) February 10, 2021 The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 (P.L. 116-260, enacted on December 27, 2020) contains regular annual appropriations for housing and homelessness programs in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and the U.S. Department ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2021 |
Report No. IN11528 |
Title
INSIGHTi Wildfire Smoke: Air Quality Concerns and Management Updated February 10, 2021 Wildfire smoke can temporarily degrade air quality and harm human health. Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about wildfire health risks, including potential interactions with COVID-19. This Insight provides background, discusses federal air quality requirements related to wildfires, and identifies ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10573 |
Title
Legal Sidebar COVID-19 Vaccination Requirements: Potential Constraints on Employer Mandates Under Federal Law February 10, 2021 The COVID-19 pandemic has forced unprecedented workplace changes and raised a host of legal issues. Employers may struggle with how to protect workers from infection, avoid disruptions that may result from sick leave and employee quarantines, and manage potential ...
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| Date Feb. 10, 2021 |
Report No. IF10561 |
Title
Updated February 10, 2021 Terrorism in Europe Current Trends European governments and the European Union (EU) have grappled with domestic and foreign terrorist groups for decades, but numerous attacks since 2014 have renewed concerns about terrorism and violent extremism in Europe. Despite variances in how terrorist events are defined and tracked, studies indicate that terrorism poses a security ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2021 |
Report No. R46676 |
Title
U.S. Farm Income Outlook: December 2020 Forecast February 9, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46676 SUMMARY U.S. Farm Income Outlook: December 2020 Forecast The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) projects that U.S. farm profitability as measured by net farm income and net cash income increased substantially in 2020 from 2019 levels. In nominal dollars (not ...
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| Date Feb. 9, 2021 |
Report No. IN11597 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Size of Federal Reserve COVID-19 Programs February 9, 2021 In response to the financial and economic disruption caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic, the Federal Reserve (Fed) acted as lender of last resort to broad swaths of the financial system. This Insight presents data on the size of the Fed s response, which peaked at $793 billion in April 2020. CRS Report ...
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