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| Date May 6, 2021 |
Report No. IF11177 |
Title
Updated May 6, 2021 TurkStream: Russia s Southern Pipeline to Europe Russia s leading state-owned energy company, Gazprom, has long sought to protect its share of Europe s natural gas market. Along with the controversial and still unfinished Nord Stream 2 project (see CRS In Focus IF11138, Russia s Nord Stream 2 Pipeline: Continued Uncertainty), Gazprom s TurkStream project may strengthen Russia s ...
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| Date May 6, 2021 |
Report No. IN11659 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Retirement Assets in 2020 May 6, 2021 The Federal Reserve s Financial Accounts of the United States reported that the total amount of U.S. retirement assets (outside of Social Security) was $37.0 trillion at the end of 2020. Figure 1 shows the total amount of financial assets (in trillions of dollars) in pension plans sponsored by private-sector employers, state and local governments ...
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| Date May 6, 2021 |
Report No. R46487 |
Title
Applications for Liberian Refugee Immigration Fairness (LRIF): Fact Sheet Updated May 6, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46487 Applications for Liberian Refugee Immigration Fairness (LRIF): Fact Sheet ver the years, Congress has passed legislation to provide access to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status to certain groups of foreign nationals living in the ...
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| Date May 5, 2021 |
Report No. R46787 |
Title
Science and Technology Issues in the 117th Congress May 5, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46787 SUMMARY Science and Technology Issues in the 117th Congress The federal government supports scientific and technological advancement directly by funding and performing research and development, and indirectly by creating and maintaining policies that encourage ...
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| Date May 5, 2021 |
Report No. R46783 |
Title
Trusted Traveler Programs May 5, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46783 SUMMARY Trusted Traveler Programs R46783 May 5, 2021 Trusted traveler programs expedite the inspection of preapproved, low-risk travelers to the United States. Trusted traveler programs help the Transportation Security Abigail F. Kolker Analyst in Immigration Administration (TSA) and U.S. ...
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| Date May 5, 2021 |
Report No. R46191 |
Title
Reauthorization of the Federal Public Transportation Program Updated May 5, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46191 SUMMARY Reauthorization of the Federal Public Transportation Program The federal public transportation program was authorized through FY2020 as part of the Fixing America s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 114-94). A one-year extension of the ...
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| Date May 5, 2021 |
Report No. IN11656 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Child Tax Credit: How Would the Biden Administration s Proposed American Families Plan Change the Child Tax Credit? May 5, 2021 The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) temporarily expanded the child tax credit for many low- and moderate-income families for 2021. The ARPA changes to the 2021 child tax credit are discussed in detail in a previous CRS Insight. The ARPA ...
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| Date May 5, 2021 |
Report No. R42045 |
Title
The Small Business Lending Fund Updated May 5, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42045 The Small Business Lending Fund Summary Congressional interest in small business access to capital has always been high, primarily because of concerns that small businesses might be prevented from accessing sufficient capital to enable them to start, continue, or expand ...
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| Date May 5, 2021 |
Report No. IN11661 |
Title
INSIGHTi 5G Fund for Rural America May 5, 2021 In October 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted rules creating the 5G Fund for Rural America (5G Fund). The 5G Fund is to provide up to $8 billion from the Universal Service Fund (USF) over the next ten years to bring voice and broadband services to areas unlikely to see unsubsidized deployment of 5G networks, and $1 billion for ...
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| Date May 4, 2021 |
Report No. R43835 |
Title
State Sponsors of Acts of International Terrorism Legislative Parameters: In Brief Updated May 4, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43835 State Sponsors of Acts of International Terrorism Legislative Parameters: In Brief Contents Introduction ...
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| Date May 3, 2021 |
Report No. R46779 |
Title
Over the Line: Asset Thresholds in Bank Regulation May 3, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46779 SUMMARY Over the Line: Asset Thresholds in Bank Regulation As of December 31, 2020, there were over 5,000 banks in the United States. While certain kinds of banks may be similar to each other, the industry as a whole is made of up institutions that differ in a ...
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| Date May 3, 2021 |
Report No. R46782 |
Title
A Comparison of Tax-Advantaged Accounts for Health Care Expenses May 3, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46782 SUMMARY A Comparison of Tax-Advantaged Accounts for Health Care Expenses Individuals can use three common categories of tax-advantaged accounts to pay for certain unreimbursed medical expenses: May 3, 2021 Ryan J. Rosso Analyst in Health Care Financing ...
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| Date May 3, 2021 |
Report No. IN11610 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Childless EITC: Temporary Expansion for 2021 Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Updated May 3, 2021 The earned income tax credit (EITC) is the largest need-tested antipoverty program that provides cash to families. Workers with qualifying children that is, dependent children who live with the taxpayer for more than half the year receive the majority of EITC ...
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| Date May 3, 2021 |
Report No. IN11653 |
Title
INSIGHTi Taxpayers in the Top Income Tax Bracket: Statistics and Observations May 3, 2021 President Joe Biden has proposed increasing the top marginal income tax rate on ordinary income to 39.6%. The top marginal income tax rate was reduced from 39.6% to 37% in the 2017 tax revision (commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA; P.L. 115-97). TCJA s changes to individual income tax ...
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| Date May 3, 2021 |
Report No. IN11654 |
Title
INSIGHTi Biden Administration Proposes New Civilian Climate Corps May 3, 2021 On January 27, 2021, President Biden issued Executive Order 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad. Among its various provisions, the order directs the Secretary of the Interior, in collaboration with the Secretary of Agriculture and the heads of other relevant agencies, to submit a strategy to create a ...
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| Date April 30, 2021 |
Report No. IF11821 |
Title
April 30, 2021 Net-Zero Emissions Pledges: Background and Recent Developments On January 27, 2021, President Biden signed Executive Order 14008, which expressed the intent to put the United States on a path to achieve net-zero emissions, economywide, by no later than 2050. A number of other countries, as well as cities, regions, and companies, have also made net-zero emissions pledges. This In ...
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| Date April 30, 2021 |
Report No. R42706 |
Title
Federal Public Transportation Program: In Brief Updated April 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42706 Federal Public Transportation Program: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 What Is Public Transportation? ...
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| Date April 30, 2021 |
Report No. R45015 |
Title
Minority Business Development Agency: An Overview of Its History and Current Issues Updated April 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45015 Minority Business Development Agency: An Overview of Its History and Current Issues Summary The Department of Commerce s Minority Business Development Agency (MBDA) is the lead federal agency dedicated to supporting the ...
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| Date April 30, 2021 |
Report No. IF11029 |
Title
Updated April 30, 2021 The Venezuela Regional Humanitarian Crisis and COVID-19 The deteriorating humanitarian situation in Venezuela has elevated congressional concerns about the country, which remains in a deep crisis under the authoritarian rule of President Nicol s Maduro. Even before the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Venezuelans were facing a lack of food, medicine and health, ...
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| Date April 30, 2021 |
Report No. IF11042 |
Title
Updated April 30, 2021 Private Health Information and Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) maintain statewide electronic databases of prescriptions dispensed for controlled substances (i.e., prescription drugs of abuse that are subject to stricter government regulation). Information collected by PDMPs may be used to support access to ...
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| Date April 30, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10596 |
Title
Legal Sidebari AMG Capital Management v. FTC: Supreme Court Holds FTC Cannot Obtain Monetary Relief in Section 13(b) Suits April 30, 2021 On April 22, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court held in AMG Capital Management, LLC v. Federal Trade Commission that Section 13(b) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA) (15 U.S.C. 53(b)) does not allow the Federal Trade Commission (FTC or Commission) to seek ...
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| Date April 29, 2021 |
Report No. R46778 |
Title
The Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA): Background and Reauthorization April 29, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46778 SUMMARY The Generic Drug User Fee Amendments (GDUFA): Background and Reauthorization R46778 April 29, 2021 Agata Bodie Analyst in Health Policy The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safety, effectiveness, and quality of ...
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| Date April 29, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10595 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Carr v. Saul: Issue Exhaustion Not Required for Social Security Claimants Appointments Clause Challenges April 29, 2021 On April 22, 2021, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Carr v. Saul (consolidated with Davis v. Saul), holding that six Social Security claimants had not forfeited their challenges to the constitutional status of administrative law judges (ALJs) employed ...
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| Date April 28, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10594 |
Title
Legal Sidebari What Is an Autodialer (Part II)? The Supreme Court (Mostly) Resolves a Robocall Enforcement Question April 28, 2021 The Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) makes it illegal to call any wireless phone number using an automatic telephone dialing system (an autodialer) or an artificial or prerecorded voice. While the text of the TCPA defines automatic telephone dialing system, ...
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| Date April 28, 2021 |
Report No. RS22867 |
Title
Earmark Disclosure Rules in the Senate: Member and Committee Requirements Updated April 28, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22867 Earmark Disclosure Rules in the Senate: Member and Committee Requirements Summary Earmark disclosure rules in both the House and the Senate establish certain administrative responsibilities that vary by chamber. Under Senate rules, ...
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| Date April 27, 2021 |
Report No. R46777 |
Title
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2): Private Health Insurance, Medicaid, CHIP, and Medicare Provisions April 27, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46777 SUMMARY American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2): Private Health Insurance, Medicaid, CHIP, and Medicare Provisions R46777 April 27, 2021 Alison Mitchell, Coordinator Specialist in Health Care ...
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| Date April 27, 2021 |
Report No. R46774 |
Title
The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA): Implementation Update Tables for Select Provisions Updated April 27, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46774 SUMMARY The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA): Implementation Update Tables for Select Provisions Numerous natural disasters including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria in 2017 and the devastating ...
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| Date April 27, 2021 |
Report No. R46776 |
Title
The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA): Implementation Updates for Select Provisions April 27, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46776 SUMMARY The Disaster Recovery Reform Act of 2018 (DRRA): Implementation Updates for Select Provisions Numerous natural disasters including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria in 2017 and the devastating wildfires in ...
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| Date April 27, 2021 |
Report No. IF11818 |
Title
April 27, 2021 International Immigrant Investment Programs: Illicit Finance Risks Immigrant investment programs (IIPs), sometimes referred to as golden visas or passport programs, are immigration programs in which applicants make a financial contribution to the host country and, in exchange, are offered legal residency (residency-by investment, RBI) or citizenship (citizenship-by investment, CBI, ...
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| Date April 27, 2021 |
Report No. IN11651 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russian Military Mobilization on Ukraine s Borders and in Occupied Crimea April 27, 2021 In March 2021, Russia began massing troops on the Ukrainian border and in Ukraine s occupied Crimea region. Observers have disagreed about whether Russia is preparing for a future invasion or engaging in coercive signaling. Russia continued to build up its forces in April, dismissing concerns and ...
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| Date April 27, 2021 |
Report No. IN11652 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S Refugee Admissions in FY2021 April 27, 2021 On April 16, 2021, President Joe Biden issued an emergency presidential determination (PD) on FY2021 refugee admissions. The emergency PD revised the allocations in the original FY2021 PD issued by President Donald Trump in October 2020. The new PD left the earlier one s refugee ceiling of 15,000 unchanged. The refugee provisions in the ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. R46773 |
Title
The 90/10 Rule Under HEA Title IV: Background and Issues April 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46773 SUMMARY The 90/10 Rule Under HEA Title IV: Background and Issues R46773 April 26, 2021 Alexandra Hegji Title IV of the Higher Education Act (HEA; P.L. 89-329), as amended, authorizes the primary Analyst in Social Policy programs that provide federal ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. R46772 |
Title
Temporary Individual Tax Provisions ( Tax Extenders ) April 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46772 SUMMARY Temporary Individual Tax Provisions ( Tax Extenders ) Nine temporary individual income tax provisions that expired in 2020 were extended or made permanent by the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020, enacted as Division EE of the ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. IF11547 |
Title
Updated April 26, 2021 The Three Seas Initiative The Three Seas Initiative (3SI) is a regional effort in Europe to expand cross-border energy, transportation, and digital infrastructure and boost economic development in the area between the Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea. Twelve countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10593 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Jones v. Mississippi, the Eighth Amendment, and Juvenile Life Without Parole April 26, 2021 On April 22, 2021, the Supreme Court decided Jones v. Mississippi, holding that the Eighth Amendment s ban on cruel and unusual punishments does not require a finding that a juvenile offender is permanently incorrigible before the juvenile may be sentenced to life in prison without the ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. R40785 |
Title
Qui Tam: The False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes Updated April 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40785 SUMMARY Qui Tam: The False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes Qui tam statutes enlist the public to sue to recover civil penalties and forfeitures from those who have defrauded the government. Qui tam rewards those who sue in the government s ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. R40786 |
Title
Qui Tam: An Abridged Look at the False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes Updated April 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40786 SUMMARY Qui Tam: An Abridged Look at the False Claims Act and Related Federal Statutes Qui tam statutes enlist the public to sue to recover civil penalties and forfeitures from those who have defrauded the government. Qui tam ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. IN11660 |
Title
INSIGHTi Gun Trafficking and White House-Directed DOJ-ATF Report April 26, 2021 On April 7, 2021, the White House announced that it has directed the Department of Justice (DOJ) to issue an annual report on firearms trafficking, similar to a report that the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) previously released in 2000. That report, Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws ...
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| Date April 26, 2021 |
Report No. IF11817 |
Title
April 26, 2021 Chad: Implications of President D by s Death and Transition Chad s President Idriss D by, a former army chief who seized power in a rebellion in 1990, was pronounced dead on April 20, 2021, reportedly from battlefield injuries, one week after an election that would have given him a sixth term in office. He reportedly was wounded in a visit to the frontline where his troops were ...
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| Date April 23, 2021 |
Report No. R46262 |
Title
Congressional Staff: Duties, Qualifications, and Skills Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions Updated April 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46262 SUMMARY Congressional Staff: Duties, Qualifications, and Skills Identified by Members of Congress for Selected Positions R46262 April 23, 2021 R. Eric Petersen Specialist in American National ...
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| Date April 23, 2021 |
Report No. R46775 |
Title
Overview of COVID-19 LHHS Supplemental Appropriations: FY2020 and FY2021 April 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46775 SUMMARY Overview of COVID-19 LHHS Supplemental Appropriations: FY2020 and FY2021 The legislative response to the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) has included the enactment of laws to provide authorities and supplemental ...
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| Date April 23, 2021 |
Report No. R45985 |
Title
Issues in Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Deployment Updated April 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45985 SUMMARY Issues in Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Deployment R45985 April 23, 2021 Bill Canis Autonomous vehicles have the potential to bring major improvements in highway safety. Motor Specialist in Industrial Organization and Business vehicle crashes ...
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| Date April 23, 2021 |
Report No. IF11551 |
Title
Updated April 23, 2021 Export Restrictions in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Overview of Export Restrictions In response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, countries all over the world, including the United States, imposed temporary restrictions on exports of certain medical goods and some foodstuffs in order to mitigate potential shortages of key supplies. According to the ...
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| Date April 23, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10592 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Ghost Guns, Stabilizing Braces, and Red Flag Laws: Overview of Recent Executive Actions on Firearms April 23, 2021 On April 8, 2021, in the wake of mass shootings in Georgia and Colorado, President Biden announced six executive actions seeking to address gun violence. One of the actions makes changes to federal funding streams across existing grant programs and seeks additional ...
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| Date April 23, 2021 |
Report No. IF10479 |
Title
Updated April 23, 2021 The Energy Credit or Energy Investment Tax Credit (ITC) Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 48 provides an investment tax credit (ITC) for certain energy-related property. This In Focus summarizes the current renewable energy ITC and reviews its legislative history. Current Law Certain investments in renewable energy property qualify for an ITC. The amount of the credit is ...
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| Date April 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46771 |
Title
Sanctions Programs Targeting Human Traffickers: In Brief April 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46771 Sanctions Programs Targeting Human Traffickers: In Brief Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Human Trafficking ...
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| Date April 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11815 |
Title
April 22, 2021 Climate Change: Selected Federal Economic Development Tools and Policy Considerations Social, economic, and ecological risks associated with climate change, such as those documented in the U.S. Fourth National Climate Assessment and by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have significant economic development implications. These include increased demand for federal ...
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| Date April 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11365 |
Title
Updated April 22, 2021 U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims: A Brief Introduction The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (CAVC) provides the exclusive forum for veterans and other claimants, such as veterans surviving spouses, to appeal U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) decisions denying various veterans benefits. This In Focus describes the CAVC s creation, jurisdiction, ...
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| Date April 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11814 |
Title
April 22, 2021 Disaster Resilience Investments: Community Development Block Grant Authorities for Mitigation (CDBG-MIT) In response to disasters, Congress has provided supplemental appropriations under Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) authorities that include funding for long-term disaster recovery, or CDBG-DR. In some recent cases, these ...
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| Date April 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46769 |
Title
The Senate Powersharing Agreement of the 117th Congress (S.Res. 27) April 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46769 SUMMARY The Senate Powersharing Agreement S.Res. 27: Key Features In the 117th Congress, Senate membership is evenly divided between the two political parties, with 50 Republicans, 48 Democrats, and 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats. ...
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