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Report No.
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| Date July 19, 2021 |
Report No. IN11703 |
Title
INSIGHTi Diversity and Inclusion Training for Military Personnel July 19, 2021 Congress has taken an interest in requirements, content, and delivery of diversity and inclusion (D&I) training and education for military personnel. Under Title 10 United States Code, the Secretaries of the military departments (Army, Navy, and Air Force) have the statutory authority to train military personnel and ...
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| Date July 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46842 |
Title
Worker Rights Provisions and U.S. Trade Policy July 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46842 SUMMARY Worker Rights Provisions and U.S. Trade Policy R46842 July 16, 2021 Worker rights provisions are a prominent and often contentious issue in debates over U.S. trade negotiations, agreements and programs. Congress has input into and oversight Cathleen D. Cimino- ...
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| Date July 16, 2021 |
Report No. R41464 |
Title
Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles: Background and Issues Updated July 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41464 Conventional Prompt Global Strike and Long-Range Ballistic Missiles Summary Members of Congress and Pentagon officials have placed a growing emphasis on U.S. programs to develop hypersonic weapons those that can ...
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| Date July 16, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10623 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Second Circuit Dismisses New York State Challenge to OCC s Fintech Charter Authority July 16, 2021 On June 3, 2021, in Lacewell v. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit dismissed a challenge by the New York State Department of Financial Services (DFS) to a regulation of the Office of Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) under which ...
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| Date July 15, 2021 |
Report No. R46841 |
Title
Changes in the House of Representatives Initial Consideration of Regular Appropriations Measures, 113th-116th Congresses July 15, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46841 SUMMARY Changes in the House of Representatives Initial Consideration of Regular Appropriations Measures, 113th-116th Congresses R46841 July 15, 2021 Kevin P. McNellis Analyst on Congress and the ...
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| Date July 15, 2021 |
Report No. RL34050 |
Title
The Missing and Exploited Children s (MEC) Program: Background and Policies Updated July 15, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34050 The Missing and Exploited Children s (MEC) Program: Background and Policies Summary Beginning in the late 1970s, highly publicized cases of children who were abducted, sexually abused, and sometimes murdered prompted policymakers ...
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| Date July 15, 2021 |
Report No. R46840 |
Title
Department of Health and Human Services: FY2022 Budget Request July 15, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46840 SUMMARY Department of Health and Human Services: FY2022 Budget Request This report provides information about the FY2022 budget request for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Historically, HHS has been one of the larger federal ...
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| Date July 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11877 |
Title
July 15, 2021 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA) and the Bureau of Indian Affairs The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA; P.L. 93-638, 25 U.S.C. 5301 et seq.) emphasized tribal self-determination and self-governance in planning, conduct, and administration of certain federal programs. Passed by Congress in 1975, Title I of ISDEAA authorized ...
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| Date July 14, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10622 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Looking Ahead: Regulating Methane from the Oil and Natural Gas Sector July 14, 2021 Congress and the Biden Administration are considering their next steps after enacting a joint resolution disapproving the 2020 regulation known as the 2020 Policy Rule that removed some methane emission standards for oil and natural gas production activities. Congress passed the joint resolution ...
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| Date July 14, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10624 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Voting Rights Act: Supreme Court Provides Guideposts for Determining Violations of Section 2 in Brnovich v. DNC July 14, 2021 For the first time, the Supreme Court has issued a decision interpreting Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) in the context of state voting rules. On July 1, 2021, the Court in Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee (DNC) held that two Arizona voting ...
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| Date July 13, 2021 |
Report No. R46839 |
Title
The Child Tax Credit: The Impact of the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Expansion on Income and Poverty July 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46839 SUMMARY The Child Tax Credit: The Impact of the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Expansion on Income and Poverty R46839 July 13, 2021 Margot L. Crandall-Hollick Acting Section Research ...
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| Date July 13, 2021 |
Report No. R46838 |
Title
Child Welfare in the President s FY2022 Budget Request: In Brief July 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46838 SUMMARY Child Welfare in the President s FY2022 Budget Request: In Brief R46838 July 13, 2021 Emilie Stoltzfus Specialist in Social Policy The President s FY2022 budget request includes about $11.8 billion in funding for child welfare purposes. In ...
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| Date July 13, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10621 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Invalidates California Donor Disclosure Rule on First Amendment Grounds July 13, 2021 On July 1, 2021, the Supreme Court struck down part of a California regulation requiring charitable organizations registered in the State to disclose their major donors to the State Attorney General s office information the federal Internal Revenue Service (IRS) also collects. In ...
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| Date July 13, 2021 |
Report No. R46837 |
Title
The CARES Act: Selected Data on Coronavirus-Related Distribution and Loan Usage in 2020 July 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46837 The CARES Act: Select Data on Coronavirus -Related Distribution and Loan Usage in 202 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 ...
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| Date July 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF11367 |
Title
Updated July 13, 2021 Army Future Vertical Lift (FVL) Program The major combat rotorcraft platforms in U.S. inventory the Chinook, Black Hawk, Apache, and Kiowa Warrior are based on designs from the 1960s and 1970s. While several are still in production or remanufacture, the Army is leading DOD s effort to move to a new generation of rotorcraft technology. The Future Vertical Lift (FVL) program is ...
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| Date July 12, 2021 |
Report No. 98-756 |
Title
Defense Authorization and Appropriations Bills: FY1961-FY2021 Updated July 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-756 Defense Authorization and Appropriations Bills: FY1961-FY2020 Summary The passage of the Department of Defense (DOD) authorization and appropriations bills through Congress often does not follow the course laid out in textbooks on legislative ...
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| Date July 12, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10620 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Johnson v. Chavez: Aliens with Reinstated Removal Orders May Be Detained Without Bond Hearings July 12, 2021 Certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act) who unlawfully reenter the United States after being removed are subject to a reinstatement of removal process, which generally requires their prompt removal without a hearing. If ...
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| Date July 12, 2021 |
Report No. IF11875 |
Title
July 12, 2021 Raising the Minimum Fixed Broadband Speed Benchmark: Background and Selected Issues The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the impact that broadband (i.e., high-speed internet access) or a lack thereof has on daily life. Broadband service is provided over many types of technologies, including cable, telephone wire, fiber, satellite, and mobile and fixed ...
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| Date July 12, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10619 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court s Decision in CIC Services, LLC v. Internal Revenue Service Impacts PreEnforcement Challenges to IRS Reporting Mandates July 12, 2021 On May 17, 2021, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in CIC Services, LLC v. Internal Revenue Service, narrowing the reach of the tax Anti-Injunction Act (AIA). The AIA provides that no suit for the purpose of restraining the ...
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| Date July 12, 2021 |
Report No. IF11873 |
Title
July 12, 2021 Election Administration: An Introduction to Risk-Limiting Audits Election officials conduct checks throughout the election cycle. They set up controls to guard against unauthorized access to voter registration rolls, for example, and to help ensure that poll workers follow the correct procedures. Some election checks focus on the vote counting stage of the process. They aim to ensure ...
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| Date July 9, 2021 |
Report No. R45867 |
Title
FDA Regulation of Tobacco Products Updated July 9, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45867 SUMMARY FDA Regulation of Tobacco Products Cigarette use remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, claiming an estimated 480,000 lives or more each year. Although cigarette use in the United States continues to decline, according to the Centers ...
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| Date July 9, 2021 |
Report No. IF10428 |
Title
Updated July 9, 2021 Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Evaluation (IPPBE) Process The statutory elements of the Intelligence Community (IC) use the Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Evaluation (IPPBE) process to identify requirements and allocate resources that develop and maintain IC capabilities through development and execution of the National Intelligence ...
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| Date July 9, 2021 |
Report No. IN11700 |
Title
INSIGHTi Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers: Sunset Provisions and Reversion 2021 July 9, 2021 Trade Adjustment Assistance for Workers (TAA) provides federal assistance to workers who have lost their jobs due to international trade. The primary benefits for TAA-eligible workers are funding for training and reemployment services as well as income support while a worker is enrolled in training. ...
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| Date July 8, 2021 |
Report No. IF11270 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2021 Pakistan-U.S. Relations Overview Since 2001, U.S. policy has broadly been to assist the creation of a more stable, democratic, and prosperous Pakistan that actively combats religious militancy. Congress took keen interest in U.S. relations with Pakistan, the world s fifth most populous nation, following the 9/11 attacks, especially as related to counterterrorism and U.S. ...
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| Date July 8, 2021 |
Report No. IF11871 |
Title
July 8, 2021 Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, and definitions of biodiversity generally encompass measures of diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Assessing changes in biodiversity including both losses and gains at all three of these levels and the causes, or drivers, of these changes is of interest to many scientists and other stakeholders. ...
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| Date July 8, 2021 |
Report No. IF11171 |
Title
July 8, 2021 Crisis in the Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR) remains beset by violence and humanitarian suffering despite international stabilization efforts, two national elections, and multiple peace processes over the past decade. Growing Russian involvement in CAR s defense and mining sectors has raised U.S. policy concerns as a potential model for Russian penetration ...
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| Date July 7, 2021 |
Report No. R45203 |
Title
State Department Personnel: Background and Selected Issues for the 117th Congress Updated July 7, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45203 SUMMARY State Department Personnel: Background and Selected Issues for the 117th Congress R45203 July 7, 2021 Cory R. Gill Analyst in Foreign Affairs Congress has played a significant role in the management of the Department of ...
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| Date July 7, 2021 |
Report No. R46835 |
Title
A Low Carbon Fuel Standard: In Brief July 7, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46835 SUMMARY A Low Carbon Fuel Standard: In Brief As part of the congressional deliberations on addressing climate change, Congress may consider policy options for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. One of the leading contributors to the U.S. GHG ...
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| Date July 7, 2021 |
Report No. R46836 |
Title
Mens Rea: An Overview of State-of-Mind Requirements for Federal Criminal Offenses July 7, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46836 SUMMARY Mens Rea: An Overview of State-of-Mind Requirements for Federal Criminal Offenses R46836 July 7, 2021 Michael A. Foster The concept of mens rea, or a guilty mind, reflects the idea that a crime generally must consist ...
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| Date July 6, 2021 |
Report No. R44846 |
Title
The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Recent Evidence and Implications for the Social Security Retirement Age Updated July 6, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44846 The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income Summary Life expectancy is a population-level measure that refers to the average number of years an individual will live. Although life expectancy ...
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| Date July 6, 2021 |
Report No. IF11870 |
Title
July 6, 2021 Addressing Catalytic Converter Theft Thefts of catalytic converters, a key part of the emission control systems of internal combustion vehicles, are on the rise. The devices, which are installed not only on passenger vehicles but also on buses, motorcycles, and commercial trucks, use valuable metals to reduce pollutants emanating from the engine. Replacing a stolen catalytic converter ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46829 |
Title
Domestic Terrorism: Overview of Federal Criminal Law and Constitutional Issues July 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46829 SUMMARY Domestic Terrorism: Overview of Federal Criminal Law and Constitutional Issues R46829 July 2, 2021 Peter G. Berris Federal statute defines domestic terrorism to include dangerous criminal acts intended to Legislative Attorney ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46834 |
Title
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2): Public Health, Medical Supply Chain, Health Services, and Related Provisions July 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46834 SUMMARY American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2): Public Health, Medical Supply Chain, Health Services, and Related Provisions R46834 July 2, 2021 Johnathan H. Duff, Coordinator Analyst in ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46831 |
Title
Behavioral Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Overview and Issues for Congress July 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46831 SUMMARY Behavioral Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Overview and Issues for Congress Circumstances surrounding the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic including mitigation strategies to prevent spread of the virus appear to ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. R46832 |
Title
Potential Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Other Civil Rights Statutes July 2, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46832 SUMMARY Potential Application of Bostock v. Clayton County to Other Civil Rights Statutes R46832 July 2, 2021 Christine J. Back Legislative Attorney Last year, the Supreme Court ruled in Bostock v. Clayton County that a statutory ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. IN11698 |
Title
INSIGHTi Department of Justice Efforts to Counter Ransomware July 2, 2021 Ransomware attacks, such as the one carried out by DarkSide against Colonial Pipeline in May 2021 that disrupted pipeline operations, have highlighted federal law enforcement efforts to counter cybercriminals and their use of malicious technology. Ransomware Ransomware is malware that targets systems and data for the purpose ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10618 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Trial Court Rules State Social Media Law Likely Unconstitutional July 2, 2021 In late May, Florida enacted a new law regulating internet services and online content moderation. Interest groups representing internet companies quickly challenged the law in court, arguing that it violates the First Amendment s Free Speech Clause and is preempted by Section 230 of the Communications Act ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. IG10027 |
Title
Strengthening National Prepare dness July 2, 2021 Author Information Lauren R. Stienstra Section Research Manager Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. Information in a CRS Report should ...
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| Date July 2, 2021 |
Report No. IN11599 |
Title
INSIGHTi District of Columbia Voting Representation Proposals in the 117th Congress Updated July 2, 2021 In the 117th Congress, several Members of Congress have introduced bills that would grant voting representation in Congress to residents of the District of Columbia (DC), by admitting DC to the Union as a state, or through retrocession of DC land to Maryland. In the past, some Members of ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. R45020 |
Title
Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy Updated July 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45020 SUMMARY Primer on U.S. Immigration Policy U.S. immigration policy is governed largely by the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was first codified in 1952 and has been amended significantly several times since. U.S. immigration policy contains two major aspects. ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. RL31243 |
Title
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements Updated July 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31243 SUMMARY Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements RL31243 July 1, 2021 Elena H. Humphreys This report provides a summary of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and its major programs Analyst ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. R44676 |
Title
Foreign Assistance and the Education Sector: Programs and Priorities Updated July 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44676 Foreign Assistance and the Education Sector: Programs and Priorities Summary Education has long been a key focus sector within U.S. foreign assistance. Policymakers generally agree that education is crucial to bettering livelihoods and ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF10946 |
Title
Updated July 1, 2021 The European Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview Background The European Deterrence Initiative (EDI) is a Department of Defense (DOD) effort to enhance the U.S. deterrence posture, increase the readiness and responsiveness of U.S. forces in Europe, support the collective defense and security of NATO allies, and bolster the security and capacity of U.S. allies and ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10616 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Van Buren v. United States: Supreme Court Holds Accessing Information on a Computer for Unauthorized Purposes Not Federal Crime July 1, 2021 On June 3, 2021, the United States Supreme Court issued its opinion in Van Buren v. United States, holding that an individual does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) if he is authorized to obtain information on a computer for ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. R41990 |
Title
Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices Updated July 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41990 Federal Holidays: Evolution and Current Practices Summary The United States has established by law the following 12 permanent federal holidays, listed in the order they appear in the calendar: New Year s Day, Martin Luther King Jr. s Birthday, Inauguration ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. R46827 |
Title
Funding Conditions: Constitutional Limits on Congress s Spending Power July 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46827 SUMMARY Funding Conditions: Constitutional Limits on Congress s Spending Power The Spending Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) gives Congress broad power to authorize spending for the general Welfare. The Necessary ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11868 |
Title
July 1, 2021 The United States Merchant Marine Academy Background The U.S. Merchant Marine consists of U.S.-flag vessels and their crews of U.S. citizens or nationals, commonly called merchant mariners. While there has been congressional interest in maritime policy since the founding of the United States, legislation related to training and qualifying the maritime workforce was uncommon until the ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. R46828 |
Title
Student Athlete Name, Image, Likeness Legislation: Considerations for the 117th Congress July 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46828 SUMMARY Student Athlete Name, Image, Likeness Legislation: Considerations for the 117th Congress R46828 July 1, 2021 Whitney K. Novak Legislative Attorney The national debate on college athlete compensation, fueled in part by ...
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| Date July 1, 2021 |
Report No. IN11688 |
Title
INSIGHTi Amtrak, North Atlantic Rail Alliance Seek Support for Passenger Rail Proposals Updated July 1, 2021 Two organizations have recently released multi-year, multi-billion dollar proposals for investment in intercity passenger rail. One, the federally owned passenger railroad Amtrak, seeks roughly $75 billion to add or initiate service on dozens of routes across the country by 2035. The other, ...
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| Date June 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46437 |
Title
Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations Updated June 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46437 SUMMARY Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2021 Appropriations The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the U.S. Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and in ...
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