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| Date Sept. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IN11413 |
Title
INSIGHTi B-52 Re-Engining Program Begins Updated September 27, 2021 On September 24, 2021, the U.S. Air Force awarded a contract to Rolls-Royce, Indianapolis, IN, for 608 new engines to replace the TF33 engines powering the B-52H Stratofortress bomber fleet, in a contract running up to 17 years. The initial contract is for $500.9 million, but with spare engines, technical data, support equipment, ...
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| Date Sept. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IN11773 |
Title
INSIGHTi Child Care Access and Equity: Proposed Grants in Title XIII, Subtitle C of the Build Back Better Act September 27, 2021 On September 27, 2021, the House Committee on the Budget reported a measure (H.R. 5376; H.Rept. 117-130) providing for reconciliation pursuant to the directives in the FY2022 budget resolution (S.Con.Res. 14). This measure has been referred to informally as the Build ...
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| Date Sept. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IF11935 |
Title
September 27, 2021 Twenty Years of Military Operations in Afghanistan: Key Questions After 20 years of operations, training, investment and capacity building, the swift collapse of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF), followed by the Taliban s takeover of the country, is prompting debate on how such a significant strategic setback could take place. Many observers attribute such ...
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| Date Sept. 24, 2021 |
Report No. R46367 |
Title
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2021 Budget and Appropriations Updated September 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46367 SUMMARY Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2021 Budget and Appropriations Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and ...
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| Date Sept. 24, 2021 |
Report No. R46924 |
Title
Central Asia: Background and U.S. Relations September 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46924 SUMMARY Central Asia: Background and U.S. Relations Central Asia is a landlocked region that borders the Caspian Sea to the West, Russia to the north, China to the east, and Afghanistan and Iran to the south. The five Central Asian countries Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz ...
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| Date Sept. 24, 2021 |
Report No. IN11760 |
Title
INSIGHTi China and Taiwan Both Seek to Join the CPTPP September 24, 2021 On September 16, China announced it had formally submitted a request to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the trade-opening agreement formed among 11 members of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) following U.S. withdrawal from the TPP in 2017. On September 22, Taiwan ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R46901 |
Title
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Potential Questions for Consideration Updated September 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46901 SUMMARY Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Potential Questions for Consideration The National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2021 |
Report No. IN11757 |
Title
The Child Tax Credit Under the House Ways and Means Committee Build Back Better Reconciliation Language: Summary Table of Changes Updated September 23, 2021 In September 2021, the House Ways and Means Committee approved reconciliation language that would, among other changes, effectively extend the expanded child credit in effect in 2021 through the end of 2025. If these changes were to go into ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2021 |
Report No. IN11759 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Child Tax Credit Under the House Ways and Means Committee Build Back Better Reconciliation Language: Calculating the Monthly Credit Amount September 23, 2021 In September 2021, the House Ways and Means Committee approved reconciliation language that would, among other changes, effectively extend the expanded child credit in effect in 2021 through the end of 2025. If these changes were ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R44463 |
Title
Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber Updated September 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44463 Air Force B-21 Raider Long-Range Strike Bomber Summary The Department of Defense is developing a new long-range bomber aircraft, the B-21 Raider (previously known as LRS-B), and proposes to acquire at least 100 of them. B-21s would initially replace the ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46918 |
Title
Key Issues in WTO Agriculture Negotiations September 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46918 SUMMARY Key Issues in WTO Agriculture Negotiations On July 29, 2021, the chair of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Committee on Agriculture released a draft text on agriculture issues for consideration at the WTO s 12 th Ministerial Conference (MC12). If the trade ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46917 |
Title
U.S.-EU Privacy Shield and Transatlantic Data Flows September 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46917 SUMMARY U.S.-EU Privacy Shield and Transatlantic Data Flows Differences in U.S. and European Union (EU) legal regimes and policy approaches on data privacy and protection have long posed challenges in U.S.-EU relations. To enable cross-border data flows amid ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46919 |
Title
Cameroon: Key Issues and U.S. Policy September 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46919 SUMMARY Cameroon: Key Issues and U.S. Policy R46919 September 22, 2021 Overview. Congressional interest in Cameroon has grown since 2017, when separatists claiming to represent the Anglophone minority in largely French-speaking Cameroon launched a rebellion Tom s F. Husted ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11932 |
Title
September 22, 2021 National Environmental Policy Act: Judicial Review and Remedies According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) is the most frequently litigated federal environmental statute. A 2020 study estimated that, between 2001 and 2013, plaintiffs challenged 1 in 450 agency actions taken to comply with NEPA, with an average of 115 NEPA ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11931 |
Title
September 22, 2021 Social Security: The Average Wage Index Background Recent news articles suggest a possible decrease in national average wages due to the recent recession caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Such a decrease would have a negative impact on the Social Security benefits of individuals who reached age 60 in 2020. Social Security benefits are tied to a worker s ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11631 |
Title
INSIGHTi Colombia: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 Updated September 22, 2021 Colombia is a key U.S. ally in Latin America and a long-term security partner. Colombia s prominence in illegal drug production prompted the United States and Colombia to forge close counter-drug ties. Plan Colombia, a U.S.-Colombian program that began in 2000, focused initially on counternarcotics and later on ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11756 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Buy American Act: Proposed Rules September 22, 2021 On July 30, 2021, the Department of Defense, General Services Administration, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration which, along with the Administrator of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, make up the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council (FAR Council) published several proposed rules regarding the Buy American ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11549 |
Title
Updated September 22, 2021 The Legal Framework of the National Environmental Policy Act The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq., requires federal agencies to identify and evaluate impacts of major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. Although an agency must consider these impacts, it need not elevate these environmental ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2021 |
Report No. IN11758 |
Title
INSIGHTi Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) Would Provide a 50% Increase in Highway Funding and Boost Major Freight Projects September 22, 2021 The Senate-passed Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; H.R. 3684, as amended) would provide $351 billion for highways over FY2022-FY2026. This would include $304 billion from the Highway Trust Fund (HTF) supplemented by $47 billion in ...
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| Date Sept. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R41479 |
Title
Social Security: Revisiting Benefits for Spouses and Survivors Updated September 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41479 Social Security: Revisiting Benefits for Spouses and Survivors Summary Social Security auxiliary benefits are paid to the spouse, former spouse, survivor, child, or parent of a Social Security covered worker and are equal to a specified ...
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| Date Sept. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46914 |
Title
An Overview of Rural Credit Markets September 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46914 SUMMARY An Overview of Rural Credit Markets The financial industry has a substantial presence in metropolitan centers such as New York City, Chicago, and San Francisco, and one could argue these areas enjoy access to a range of financial services. However, in the United ...
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| Date Sept. 21, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10590 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Addressing Environmental Justice Through NEPA Updated September 21, 2021 Some Members of Congress and the Biden Administration are exploring how to use the environmental review process under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to ensure that environmental laws and policies fairly treat and reflect input from all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income. ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. IN11410 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19: Selected Financial and Social Service Resources for Older Americans Updated September 20, 2021 This Insight links to selected resources for older constituents who have been financially affected by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Social Security During the pandemic, the Social Security Administration (SSA) continues to pay benefits. Although Social Security ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. R46830 |
Title
The Homeowner Assistance Fund in the American Rescue Plan Act: In Brief Updated September 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46830 The Homeowner Assistance Fund in the American Rescue Plan Act: In Brief Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. R43062 |
Title
Regulation of Dietary Supplements: Background and Issues for Congress Updated September 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43062 Regulation of Dietary Supplements: Background and Issues for Congress Summary Many Americans take dietary supplements (e.g., vitamins, herbs, sports nutrition supplements) with the intention of meeting their nutritional needs, as ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. R46736 |
Title
Stepping In: The FCC s Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications Act Updated September 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46736 SUMMARY Stepping In: The FCC s Authority to Preempt State Laws Under the Communications Act The line between federal and state authority plays a central role in modern communications law. Rather than fully displacing ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. IN11741 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) COVID-19 Policies and Protocols at the Southwest Border Updated September 20, 2021 In recent months, an increase in the number of apprehensions of unauthorized migrants at the Southwest border by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is causing concern in border states and communities about the presence of ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10643 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Executive Privilege and the January 6 Investigations: The Presidential Records Act and Relevant Judicial Considerations September 20, 2021 As discussed in this companion Sidebar, a former President retains the right to invoke executive privilege to protect covered communications that were made while in office. The strength of those protections, however, erode over time and weaken ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10642 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Executive Privilege and Former Presidents: Constitutional Principles and Current Application September 20, 2021 A number of congressional committees, including the newly created House Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (Select Committee), are currently investigating issues associated with the events of January 6, 2021. The Select ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2021 |
Report No. IF11608 |
Title
Updated September 20, 2021 National Infrastructure Bank: Proposals in the 117th Congress Introduction The term infrastructure generally refers to long-lived, capital-intensive systems and facilities in the areas of transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications. Some broader definitions also include facilities for education, recreation, and health. Although the condition and performance of ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2021 |
Report No. R46879 |
Title
U.S. Military Withdrawal and Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan: Frequently Asked Questions Updated September 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46879 SUMMARY U.S. Military Withdrawal and Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan: Frequently Asked Questions On August 15, 2021, the Taliban entered the Afghan capital of Kabul, completing a rapid takeover over the country ...
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| Date Sept. 17, 2021 |
Report No. RL33461 |
Title
Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal Updated September 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33461 SUMMARY Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal Management of civilian radioactive waste has posed difficult issues for Congress since the beginning of the nuclear power industry in the 1950s. Federal policy is based on the premise that nuclear waste can be disposed of safely, ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46481 |
Title
COVID-19 Testing: Frequently Asked Questions Updated September 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46481 SUMMARY COVID-19 Testing: Frequently Asked Questions The United States has at times reported some of the highest numbers of cases and deaths from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally, and the disease has affected and continues to affect ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46912 |
Title
USDA Rural Broadband, Electric, and Water Programs: FY2022 Appropriations September 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46912 SUMMARY USDA Rural Broadband, Electric, and Water Programs: FY2022 Appropriations The U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) Rural Utilities Service (RUS) programs build and enhance infrastructure in rural areas. RUS programs provide ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2021 |
Report No. IN11705 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 Electronic Warfare Funding Trends Updated September 16, 2021 Many defense analysts consider electronic warfare (EW), which disrupts an adversary s command and control networks, a critical 21st -century combat capability. During a March 19, 2021, House Armed Services Subcommittee on Cyber, Innovative Technologies and Information Systems hearing, several EW experts noted that China ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2021 |
Report No. IN11753 |
Title
INSIGHTi President Biden s U.S. Circuit Court Nominees (as of August 31, 2021): Overview and Comparative Analysis September 16, 2021 This Insight provides, as of August 31, 2021, demographic and other background information related to President Biden s U.S. circuit court nominees. It also provides comparative historical data for the U.S. circuit court nominees of his three immediate predecessors ( ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2021 |
Report No. IN11762 |
Title
INSIGHTi New Developments in the United States Strategic and Defense Ties with Australia September 16, 2021 The Biden Administration is pushing to strengthen the U.S. alliance and is making it a cornerstone of a broader Indo-Pacific strategic architecture. On September 15, the White House announced a new Australia-United Kingdom-United States (AUKUS) trilateral security partnership. The three ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2021 |
Report No. IN11754 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Debt Levels on Presidential Inauguration Days September 15, 2021 This Insight presents data on federal debt on or near Inauguration Days since 1961 taken from U.S. Treasury statements. Table 1 presents current-dollar debt levels. Table 2 presents inflation-adjusted debt levels. Finally, Table 3 presents debt as a proportion of the U.S. economy. Levels for August 2, 2021, the first ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2021 |
Report No. R46910 |
Title
The Supreme Court s October 2020 Term: A Review of Selected Major Rulings September 14, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46910 SUMMARY The Supreme Court s October 2020 Term: A Review of Selected Major Rulings The Supreme Court issued the last merits decision of its 2020 2021 Term on July 1, 2021. This term was also Justice Amy Coney Barrett s first term as an ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2021 |
Report No. IN11749 |
Title
INSIGHTi Automated Vehicles: Safety Implications of Computers on Wheels September 14, 2021 On August 13, 2021, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) announced an investigation of crashes involving Autopilot systems in Tesla electric vehicles. The investigation shows that technologies that seek to automate tasks traditionally performed by drivers are becoming an increasing part ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10641 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Affordable Care Act Litigation Still on the Docket After California v. Texas September 14, 2021 Referred to as the most challenged statute in American history by some commentators, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been the subject of numerous lawsuits since its enactment in 2010 more than 2,000 by one estimate. In June 2021, the Supreme Court dismissed the ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. R42566 |
Title
Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs Updated September 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42566 SUMMARY Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs A wide array of federal incentives supports the development and deployment of alternatives to conventional fuels ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. R46907 |
Title
Equitable Services for Private School Students and Staff and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act September 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46907 SUMMARY Equitable Services for Private School Students and Staff and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act R46907 September 13, 2021 Rebecca R. Skinner Specialist in Education Policy Since the enactment ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF11925 |
Title
September 13, 2021 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2022 Appropriations Introduction Congress generally funds the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS, an agency within the Department of the Interior [DOI]) in annual appropriations laws for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. Discretionary appropriations for FWS fund many of the essential functions related to the ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF11619 |
Title
Updated September 13, 2021 OSHA Jurisdiction Over Public Schools and Other State and Local Government Entities: COVID-19 Issues As states and their public school systems consider how to provide education to students during the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, they face concerns about the safety and health of their students and the potential occupational exposure of their ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11747 |
Title
INSIGHTi Approaching Shortfall Could Limit Highway Payments to the States September 13, 2021 The impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on highway tax revenues is leading the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to alter procedures for reimbursing the states for highway construction expenditures. If the new procedures take effect, most states could experience both delays and ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF11858 |
Title
Updated September 13, 2021 Potential WTO TRIPS Waiver and COVID-19 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spurred biopharmaceutical companies to conduct costly and risky research and development (R&D) to develop vaccines and other products to respond to COVID-19. Firms have relied on intellectual property rights (IPR) to commercialize these products. Governments and nonprofits have ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF11922 |
Title
September 13, 2021 Provisions Related to Universal Paid Family and Medical Leave Developed by the House Committee on Ways and Means in Response to Reconciliation Directives The reconciliation language developed by the House Ways and Means Committee in response to reconciliation directives included in S.Con.Res. 14 includes provisions related to universal paid family and medical leave. The ...
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| Date Sept. 13, 2021 |
Report No. IF11923 |
Title
September 13, 2021 Wildlife Poaching and Trafficking in Africa: An Overview Overview Wildlife poaching the illegal hunting or capture of wild animals occurs in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Africa), a biodiverse region. Poaching is a component of wildlife trafficking (i.e., illegal trade in wildlife). International demand, particularly from Asia, drives poaching and trafficking of certain ...
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| Date Sept. 10, 2021 |
Report No. IN11691 |
Title
INSIGHTi Political Transition in Tokyo Updated September 10, 2021 On September 3, 2021, Japan s Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga abruptly withdrew from seeking reelection as leader of Japan s ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Suga s announcement thrust Japanese politics into uncertainty, with the range of outcomes holding potentially significant implications for the U.S.-Japan alliance. Suga s ...
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