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| Date June 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46825 |
Title
Need-Tested Benefits: Impact of Assistance on Poverty Experienced by Low-Income Families and Individuals June 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46825 SUMMARY Need-Tested Benefits: Impact of Assistance on Poverty Experienced by Low-Income Families and Individuals Need-tested programs have received increased attention from policymakers in the past year, as the ...
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| Date June 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46823 |
Title
Need-Tested Benefits: Who Receives Assistance? June 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46823 SUMMARY Need-Tested Benefits: Who Receives Assistance? The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the financial insecurity faced by some families. For some, these insecurities are related to the economic impact of the pandemic; for others, financial insecurity preceded the ...
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| Date June 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46824 |
Title
Need-Tested Benefits: Technical Companion to Selected CRS Reports on Need-Tested Benefits Receipt by Families and Individuals June 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46824 Need-Tested Benefits: Technical Companion Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 The ...
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| Date June 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46459 |
Title
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2021 Appropriations Updated June 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46459 SUMMARY R46459 Department of Veterans Affairs FY2021 Appropriations June 30, 2021 The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include ...
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| Date June 30, 2021 |
Report No. IF11867 |
Title
June 30, 2021 Surfside Building Collapse: The Role of the National Construction Safety Team Act and the National Institute of Standards and Technology Following the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks, there was a recognition among policymakers that no federal agency had principal responsibility for investigating building failures. To address this gap, Congress enacted the National ...
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| Date June 29, 2021 |
Report No. IF11865 |
Title
June 29, 2021 Implementation of the Community Reinvestment Act by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Introduction The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA; P.L. 95-128) addresses how banking institutions meet the credit needs of the areas they serve, particularly in low- and moderateincome (LMI) neighborhoods. The federal banking regulatory agencies the Federal Reserve, the Federal Deposit ...
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| Date June 29, 2021 |
Report No. IN11695 |
Title
INSIGHTi Facial Recognition Technology for Certain Traveler and Noncitizen Identity Verification June 29, 2021 Facial recognition technology (FRT), which uses algorithms to compare faces against a collection of known faces, is a biometric tool employed by law enforcement, including U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials. FRT can be used to verify the identity of travelers and certain ...
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| Date June 29, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10615 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Preserves Patent Trial and Appeal Board, but with Greater Executive Oversight June 29, 2021 In 2011, Congress enacted a major patent reform bill, the Leahy Smith America Invents Act (AIA). Among other things, the AIA created new adversarial administrative proceedings within the Patent and Trademark Office to review the validity of already-issued patents and cancel ...
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| Date June 28, 2021 |
Report No. R45403 |
Title
The Global Research and Development Landscape and Implications for the Department of Defense Updated June 28, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45403 SUMMARY The Global Research and Development Landscape and Implications for the Department of Defense For more than 70 years, the technological superiority of the United States military has offset the size and ...
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| Date June 28, 2021 |
Report No. R46519 |
Title
Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2021 Appropriations Updated June 28, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46519 SUMMARY Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2021 Appropriations R46519 June 28, 2021 Carol Hardy Vincent Specialist in Natural The Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill contains ...
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| Date June 28, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10418 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Holds Small Refineries Remain Eligible for Renewable Fuel Standard Exemptions After Lapse Updated June 28, 2021 In HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association, the Supreme Court held that small refineries may receive small refinery exemptions (SREs) from the renewable fuel standard (RFS) even if they have not received an exemption for every year of ...
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| Date June 28, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10614 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court: Structure of Federal Housing Finance Agency Violates Constitution June 28, 2021 On June 23, the Supreme Court in Collins v. Yellen ruled 7-2 that the structure of the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) violates the Constitution s separation of powers. The FHFA is headed by a single Director who, under the statute establishing the agency, can only be removed by the ...
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| Date June 28, 2021 |
Report No. IF11639 |
Title
Updated June 28, 2021 Carbon Storage Requirements in the 45Q Tax Credit The Internal Revenue Code Section 45Q tax credit is intended to promote investment in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), a process designed to reduce atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from power plants and other industrial sources. Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), a type of carbon storage, is ...
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| Date June 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46822 |
Title
DHS Budget Request Analysis: FY2022 June 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46822 DHS Budget Request Analysis: FY2022 DHS Budget Request Analysis: FY2022 On May 28, 2021, the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Administration released its annual budget request for FY2022, including a $90.80 billion budget request for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS is the ...
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| Date June 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46493 |
Title
U.S. Funding for International Conservation and Biodiversity Updated June 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46493 SUMMARY U.S. Funding for International Conservation and Biodiversity The United States supports international conservation efforts through foreign assistance programs, diplomatic engagement, and other tools. Members of Congress have supported such ...
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| Date June 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46780 |
Title
Overview of the Universal Service Fund and Selected Federal Broadband Programs Updated June 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46780 SUMMARY Overview of the Universal Service Fund and Selected Federal Broadband Programs Efforts to deploy voice telephone service throughout the United States began almost 100 years ago. Starting in the 1990s, these efforts ...
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| Date June 23, 2021 |
Report No. R45480 |
Title
U.S. Department of the Interior: An Overview Updated June 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45480 SUMMARY U.S. Department of the Interior: An Overview The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is a federal executive department responsible for the administration of lands, minerals, and other resources of the United States. DOI describes its mission as ...
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| Date June 23, 2021 |
Report No. R46208 |
Title
Digital Assets and SEC Regulation Updated June 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46208 SUMMARY Digital Assets and SEC Regulation In recent years, financial innovation in capital markets has fostered a new asset class digital assets and introduced new forms of fundraising and trading. Digital assets, which include cryptocurrencies, crypto-assets, or digital ...
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| Date June 23, 2021 |
Report No. IF11863 |
Title
June 23, 2021 Support for Supply-Chain Resilience of Locally Sourced Foods Over the past decade, food policy in the United States has responded to ongoing shifts in consumer preferences and producer trends that favor local food systems (including regional and urban food systems). Congress expanded support for a range of programs supporting local food systems in omnibus farm legislation, most ...
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| Date June 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46477 |
Title
The Debt Collection Market and Selected Policy Issues Updated June 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46477 SUMMARY The Debt Collection Market and Selected Policy Issues When a consumer defaults on a debt, a third-party debt collector often collects the debt obligation rather than the lender to whom the debt is originally owed. The debt collection market helps ...
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| Date June 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11860 |
Title
June 22, 2021 Production, Marketing, and Regulation of Hemp Products Changes enacted in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334; 2018 farm bill) removed longstanding federal restrictions on the cultivation of hemp. Hemp is a form of Cannabis sativa, the same plant as marijuana, grown for non-psychoactive purposes. It is an agricultural crop regulated by the U.S. Department of ...
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| Date June 22, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10611 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Crack Cocaine Offenses and the First Step Act of 2018: Overview and Implications of Terry v. United States June 22, 2021 On June 14, 2021, the Supreme Court issued an opinion in Terry v. United States, unanimously holding that a person convicted of possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine prior to enactment of the First Step Act of 2018 is eligible for a retroactive ...
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| Date June 22, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10612 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fulton v. Philadelphia: Religious Exemptions from Generally Applicable Laws June 22, 2021 The Supreme Court issued its highly anticipated decision in Fulton v. City of Philadelphia on June 17, 2021. In Fulton, a Catholic foster care agency raised religious objections to complying with Philadelphia s policies prohibiting contractors from discriminating on the basis of sexual ...
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| Date June 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46794 |
Title
Addressing Lead in Drinking Water: The Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) Updated June 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46794 SUMMARY Addressing Lead in Drinking Water: The Lead and Copper Rule Revisions (LCRR) R46794 June 22, 2021 Elena H. Humphreys Lead s adverse health effects especially for children, even at low levels of exposure have Analyst in ...
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| Date June 21, 2021 |
Report No. R43725 |
Title
Iraqi and Afghan Special Immigrant Visa Programs Updated June 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43725 Iraqi and Afghan Special Immigrant Visa Programs Summary Congress has enacted a series of legislative provisions since 2006 to enable certain Iraqi and Afghan nationals to become U.S. lawful permanent residents (LPRs). These provisions make certain Iraqis and ...
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| Date June 21, 2021 |
Report No. IN11692 |
Title
INSIGHTi Mongolia s Presidential Election June 21, 2021 Mongolia s June 9 presidential election delivered a decisive victory for Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh, the country s former Prime Minister (October 2017 January 2021) and current chairman of the ruling Mongolian People s Party (MPP). Khurelsukh received a record 68% of the vote. The Right Person Electorate Coalition s Dangaasurengiin Enkhbat came in ...
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| Date June 21, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10610 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Dismisses Challenge to the Affordable Care Act in California v. Texas Updated June 21, 2021 On June 17, 2021, the Supreme Court issued its decision in California v. Texas, one of the most closely watched cases of this term. At stake in California was the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act s (ACA s) requirement for individuals to ...
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| Date June 21, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10613 |
Title
Legal Sidebari National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston and the Debate over Student Athlete Compensation June 21, 2021 Against the backdrop of the national debate on student athlete compensation, the Supreme Court issued its decision in National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston on June 21, 2021. In Alston, the Court was asked to determine whether the National Collegiate Athletic ...
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| Date June 17, 2021 |
Report No. R43568 |
Title
Corporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax Issues Updated June 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43568 SUMMARY Corporate Expatriation, Inversions, and Mergers: Tax Issues News reports in the late 1990s and early 2000s drew attention to a phenomenon sometimes called corporate inversions or expatriations : instances where U.S. firms reorganize their ...
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| Date June 17, 2021 |
Report No. R46465 |
Title
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2021 Updated June 17, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46465 Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Contents FY2021 Budget Process ...
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| Date June 17, 2021 |
Report No. IG10024 |
Title
How FEMA Individual Assistance Works June 17, 2021 Author Information Elizabeth M. Webster Analyst in Emergency Management and Disaster Recovery Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of Congress. ...
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| Date June 16, 2021 |
Report No. R46819 |
Title
Social Security: The Effects of Wage and Price Indexing on Benefits June 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46819 SUMMARY Social Security: The Effects of Wage and Price Indexing on Benefits Social Security is a social insurance program that protects insured workers and their family members against a loss of income due to old age, disability, or death. The ...
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| Date June 16, 2021 |
Report No. TE10065 |
Title
Statement of Joseph V. Jaroscak Analyst in Economic Development Policy Before Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Housing, Community Development, and Insurance U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Flexible Federal Funding: Examining the Community Development Block Grant Program and Its Impact on Addressing Local Challenges June 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https:// ...
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| Date June 16, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10609 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Clarifies CERCLA Provisions for Recouping Cleanup Costs June 16, 2021 On May 24, 2021, the Supreme Court issued an opinion in Guam v. United States that could expand the ability to recover cleanup costs under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). CERCLA, the Superfund statute, provides two avenues for lawsuits to recoup ...
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| Date June 15, 2021 |
Report No. R43615 |
Title
Social Security: Minimum Benefits Updated June 15, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43615 SUMMARY Social Security: Minimum Benefits Social Security s special minimum benefit provision, also known as the Special Minimum Primary Insurance Amount (PIA), is an alternative benefit formula that increases benefits paid to workers who had low earnings for many years, ...
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| Date June 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11847 |
Title
Updated June 15, 2021 1890 Land-Grant Universities: Background and Selected Issues The 1890 Institutions are the historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) that belong to the U.S. land-grant university (LGU) system. As such, they receive federal funds for agricultural research, education, and extension through programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) ...
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| Date June 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11856 |
Title
June 15, 2021 FY2022 Budget Request for the Military Health System On May 28, 2021, President Biden submitted his Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 budget request to Congress. The Department of Defense (DOD) budget request totals $715.0 billion, including $54.0 billion (7.6%) to fund the Military Health System (MHS). The MHS delivers certain health entitlements under Chapter 55 of Title 10, United States Code ...
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| Date June 15, 2021 |
Report No. IF11857 |
Title
June 15, 2021 Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) Role in Criminal Justice Data Collection and Dissemination The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), established in 1979, is an agency within the Department of Justice (DOJ), Office of Justice Programs (OJP). Its mission is to collect, analyze, publish, and disseminate information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of ...
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| Date June 14, 2021 |
Report No. R46818 |
Title
Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, First Session June 14, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46818 SUMMARY Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, First Session This report describes selected health care-related provisions that are scheduled to expire during the first session of the 117th Congress (i.e., during ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. R45996 |
Title
Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Updated June 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45996 SUMMARY Precision-Guided Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress R45996 June 11, 2021 John R. Hoehn Analyst in Military Over the years, the U.S. military has become reliant on precision-guided munitions Capabilities and Programs (PGMs) to ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11822 |
Title
Updated June 11, 2021 Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic In late 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified in Wuhan, China. The virus, which causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has contributed to significant morbidity (illness) and mortality (death), as well as severe public health and economic effects, among other impacts. Several Members of Congress have made public statements ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11851 |
Title
June 11, 2021 Social Security Long-Range Projections: Why 75 Years? The Social Security Board of Trustees (Trustees) is required by law to report annually to Congress on the financial status of the Social Security trust funds. Since 1965, the Trustees have used a 75-year period for their long-range projections, based on the recommendation of the 1965 Social Security Advisory Council. This In Focus ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11853 |
Title
June 11, 2021 Title X Family Planning Program: 2021 Proposed Rule The Title X Family Planning Program (Title X) is the only domestic federal program dedicated solely to family planning and related preventive health services. The program provides competitive grants to public and nonprofit agencies to establish and maintain family planning projects (also called Title X projects). In the April 15, ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11690 |
Title
INSIGHTi INVEST in America Act (H.R. 3684) Would Set Highway Spending 34% above Baseline and Bring Back Earmarks Updated June 11, 2021 On June 10, 2021, the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee ordered reported the Investing in a New Vision for the Environment and Surface Transportation in America Act (INVEST in America Act; H.R. 3684). The five-year bill, as reported, would authorize ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10607 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court: Unlawful Entrants with Temporary Protected Status Cannot Adjust to Lawful Permanent Resident Status June 11, 2021 Certain non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [INA]) who are physically present in the United States may adjust to lawful permanent resident (LPR) status if they meet certain requirements. Among other things ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11852 |
Title
June 11, 2021 Shipping, Ports, and the Federal Maritime Commission Since summer 2020, U.S. overseas containerized trade has risen to record levels as the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led households to spend less on services such as vacation trips and restaurant meals and more on imported goods. The demand surge has resulted in transport delays, higher freight rates, and increased ...
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| Date June 11, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10608 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Rules on Authority of Tribal Police to Stop Non-Indians June 11, 2021 On June 1, 2021, the Supreme Court unanimously held in United States v. Cooley (Cooley) that Indian tribal law enforcement officers may stop, search, and temporarily detain a non-Indian motorist traveling on a public highway within an Indian reservation if the officer has a reasonable suspicion that ...
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| Date June 10, 2021 |
Report No. R46815 |
Title
Committee Jurisdiction and Referral in the Senate June 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46815 SUMMARY Committee Jurisdiction and Referral in the Senate R46815 June 10, 2021 Mark J. Oleszek When legislation is introduced in the Senate or received from the House, referral to a standing Analyst on Congress and committee is governed primarily by the ...
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| Date June 9, 2021 |
Report No. R46817 |
Title
Food Insecurity Among College Students: Background and Policy Options June 9, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46817 SUMMARY Food Insecurity Among College Students: Background and Policy Options Food insecurity the condition of having inadequate food due to a lack of resources affected roughly 1 in 10 Americans in 2019, and this number increased during the COVID ...
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| Date June 9, 2021 |
Report No. IF11536 |
Title
Updated June 9, 2021 Formal Removal Proceedings: An Introduction The Fifth Amendment s Due Process Clause confers substantive and procedural protections to all persons within the United States, including non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as described in statute) whom the federal government seeks to remove. Once an alien has passed through our gates, even illegally, the Supreme Court has declared, the ...
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