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| Date May 24, 2021 |
Report No. IN11683 |
Title
INSIGHTi Critical Infrastructure Policy: Information Sharing and Disclosure Requirements After the Colonial Pipeline Attack May 24, 2021 The ransomware attack against the Colonial Pipeline Company spurred panic buying and fuel shortages along the Eastern Seaboard. Although the attack did not target pipeline control systems, it forced the temporary suspension of fuel shipments via a major pipeline ...
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| Date May 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46796 |
Title
Congress and the Middle East, 2011-2020: Selected Case Studies May 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46796 SUMMARY Congress and the Middle East, 2011-2020: Selected Case Studies Congress shaped U.S. national security policy toward several critical crises and contingencies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the decade from 2011 through 2020 a ...
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| Date May 21, 2021 |
Report No. R46631 |
Title
Section 307 and U.S. Imports of Products of Forced Labor: Overview and Issues for Congress Updated May 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46631 SUMMARY Section 307 and U.S. Imports of Products of Forced Labor: Overview and Issues for Congress The International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates that as of 2016, nearly 25 million adults and children worked in ...
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| Date May 21, 2021 |
Report No. 96-708 |
Title
Conference Committee and Related Procedures: An Introduction Updated May 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 96-708 SUMMARY Conference Committee and Related Procedures: An Introduction The House and Senate must pass the same bill or joint resolution in precisely the same form before it can be presented to the President. Once both houses have passed the same ...
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| Date May 21, 2021 |
Report No. IN11675 |
Title
INSIGHTi An Update on Military Funding for the Border Wall May 21, 2021 In a proclamation released on his first day in office, January 20, 2021, President Joseph Biden declared, Like every nation, the United States has a right and a duty to secure its borders and protect its people against threats. But building a massive wall that spans the entire southern border is not a serious policy solution ...
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| Date May 21, 2021 |
Report No. 98-381 |
Title
Instructing House Conferees Updated May 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-381 Instructing House Conferees The two houses must agree on the same final version of a bill before it can be presented to the President. The House and Senate often reach final agreement on major legislation through negotiations among conferees that the two houses appoint. Because a ...
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| Date May 21, 2021 |
Report No. R45962 |
Title
Broadband Data and Mapping: Background and Issues for the 117th Congress Updated May 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45962 SUMMARY Broadband Data and Mapping: Background and Issues for the 117th Congress Access to high-speed internet service, also known as broadband, is increasingly important in the 21st century, as more aspects of everyday life, such as ...
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| Date May 20, 2021 |
Report No. TE10063 |
Title
Statement of Chris Jaikaran Analyst in Cybersecurity Policy Before Committee on Veterans' Affairs Subcommittee on Technology Modernization U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Cybersecurity and Risk Management at VA: Addressing Ongoing Challenges and Moving Forward May 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10063 Congressional Research Service 1 Chair Mrvan, ...
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| Date May 20, 2021 |
Report No. IF11764 |
Title
Updated May 20, 2021 U.S. Agricultural Aid in Response to COVID-19 Introduction Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first confirmed in the United States in mid-January 2020. In addition to the catastrophic health crisis it created, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to substantial economic upheaval across the U.S. economy, including the agricultural sector. This In Focus summarizes the ...
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| Date May 20, 2021 |
Report No. RL31663 |
Title
Military Benefits for Former Spouses: Legislation and Policy Issues Updated May 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31663 Military Benefits for Former Spouses: Legislation and Policy Issues Summary In 1981, the Supreme Court ruled that the former spouse of a military member or retiree could not be awarded any share of that member s/retiree s retired pay as a ...
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| Date May 20, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10601 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Law of Foreign Missions and Media in U.S.-China Relations May 20, 2021 The United States and People s Republic of China (PRC or China) compete in a variety of legal regimes, ranging from multilateral trade bodies, to human rights law, to international maritime law in the South China Sea. In some contexts, such as supply chain controls and export restrictions, the United States ...
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| Date May 20, 2021 |
Report No. IN11678 |
Title
INSIGHTi House Passes the Comprehensive Debt Collection Improvement Act (H.R. 2547) May 20, 2021 On May 13, 2021, the House passed the Comprehensive Debt Collection Improvement Act (H.R. 2547; H.Rept. 117-23), which would amend laws relating to the debt collection market, including the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA; 15 U.S.C. 1692-1692f). Among other things, the bill would limit debt ...
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| Date May 19, 2021 |
Report No. R46795 |
Title
Artificial Intelligence: Background, Selected Issues, and Policy Considerations May 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46795 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence: Background, Selected Issues, and Policy Considerations The field of artificial intelligence (AI) a term first used in the 1950s has gone through multiple waves of advancement over the subsequent decades. ...
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| Date May 19, 2021 |
Report No. IF11835 |
Title
May 19, 2021 International Monetary Fund: Special Drawing Rights Allocation Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are international reserve assets created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to supplement member countries official foreign exchange reserves. In response to the health and economic effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the G-20 finance ministers in April 2021 ...
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| Date May 18, 2021 |
Report No. R45249 |
Title
Section 232 Investigations: Overview and Issues for Congress Updated May 18, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45249 SUMMARY Section 232 Investigations: Overview and Issues for Congress Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (19 U.S.C. 1862) provides the President with the ability to impose restrictions on certain imports based on an affirmative ...
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| Date May 18, 2021 |
Report No. TE10067 |
Title
Statement of Susan V. Lawrence Specialist in Asian Affairs Before The Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission and the Congressional-Executive Commission on China Hearing on China, Genocide, and the Olympics May 18, 2021 - 1:00 p.m. Virtual, via WebEx Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10067 Congressional Research Service 1 Chairman Smith, Chairman McGovern, and Chairman ...
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| Date May 18, 2021 |
Report No. IN11674 |
Title
INSIGHTi Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Considerations for Congress May 18, 2021 On April 9, 2021, the Office of Budget and Management (OMB) submitted President Biden s FY2022 discretionary budget request to Congress. This skinny budget request proposed the creation of an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH), ...
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| Date May 18, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10600 |
Title
Legal Sidebari OLC: Congressional Notice Period Prior to Withdrawing from Treaty Unconstitutional May 18, 2021 On May 22, 2020, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced the United States intent to withdraw from the multilateral Treaty on Open Skies (Open Skies Treaty), an arms control treaty permitting parties to fly over each other s territories for security surveillance purposes, to the treaty s ...
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| Date May 18, 2021 |
Report No. IF11834 |
Title
May 18, 2021 Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains: Technical Background, Cost Estimates, and Recent Developments Since the 1990s, the U.S. Department of Transportation has provided funding to support development and construction of a train system operated by magnetic levitation (maglev). Maglev trains use magnetic forces to create a cushion of space between a vehicle and its guideway, reducing ...
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| Date May 17, 2021 |
Report No. IF11097 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2021 H.R. 1 and S. 1: Overview and Related CRS Products Brief Overview H.R. 1 and S. 1, the For the People Act, propose major amendments to federal law governing campaign finance and elections. The bills provisions, unless otherwise noted, would affect federal elections, although states would be responsible for implementing some provisions. The legislation also proposes amendments ...
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| Date May 17, 2021 |
Report No. IF11833 |
Title
May 17, 2021 Commemorative Works in the District of Columbia: Categorization of Proposed and Enacted Memorials, 1973-2020 In 1783, the Continental Congress authorized the nation s first memorial, an equestrian statute to honor General George Washington. Since that time, Members of Congress have introduced hundreds of measures to authorize new commemorative works, and Congress has authorized more ...
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| Date May 17, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10599 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Legal Framework for Waiving World Trade Organization (WTO) Obligations May 17, 2021 On May 6, 2021, the Biden Administration announced that it supported negotiating a waiver of certain obligations in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The announcement represents a shift in the U.S. ...
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| Date May 14, 2021 |
Report No. R46791 |
Title
U.S. Agricultural Trade with Cuba: Current Limitations and Future Prospects May 14, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46791 SUMMARY U.S. Agricultural Trade with Cuba: Current Limitations and Future Prospects R46791 May 14, 2021 Anita Regmi For most of the period since the early 1960s, the United States has imposed comprehensive Specialist in Agricultural economic ...
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| Date May 14, 2021 |
Report No. R46793 |
Title
USMCA: Legal Enforcement of the Labor and Environment Provisions May 14, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46793 SUMMARY USMCA: Legal Enforcement of the Labor and Environment Provisions R46793 May 14, 2021 Nina M. Hart Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about the effectiveness of dispute settlement Legislative Attorney mechanisms in the United States ...
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| Date May 14, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10598 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Justices Consider Whether Treasury May Distribute CARES Act Funds for Indian Tribes to Alaska Native Corporations May 14, 2021 On April 19, 2021, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Indian Reservation (Chehalis). The case asks whether Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs) are Indian tribes eligible to receive approximately $530 million ...
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| Date May 14, 2021 |
Report No. IF11832 |
Title
May 14, 2021 State Sales and Use Tax Nexus After South Dakota v. Wayfair In its 2018 decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., the Supreme Court upheld a South Dakota law requiring out-ofstate sellers, or remote sellers, to collect and remit sales taxes on goods and services delivered into South Dakota. For decades prior to Wayfair, the Court had construed the Commerce Clause s substantial nexus ...
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| Date May 13, 2021 |
Report No. R46790 |
Title
House Rules Changes Affecting Floor Proceedings in the 117th Congress (2021-2022) May 13, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46790 SUMMARY House Rules Changes Affecting Floor Proceedings in the 117th Congress (2021-2022) In January 2021, the House agreed to H.Res. 8, a resolution adopting the rules of the House of Representatives for the 117th Congress (2021-2022 ...
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| Date May 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11296 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tax Treatment of Net Operating Losses (NOLs) in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Updated May 13, 2021 Increased benefits from net operating losses (NOLs) had been discussed as part of the response to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act (P.L. 116-136) included a provision increasing tax ...
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| Date May 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11641 |
Title
INSIGHTi Housing Funding in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 Updated May 13, 2021 According to Census data from late February 2021, nearly 19% of renters and more than 10% of homeowners with a mortgage reported having fallen behind in their housing payments during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In response, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2), enacted in ...
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| Date May 13, 2021 |
Report No. IN11603 |
Title
INSIGHTi Central America s Northern Triangle: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 Updated May 13, 2021 El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras, located in the Northern Triangle region of Central America (see Figure 1), have long struggled with high levels of poverty and inequality, widespread insecurity, and fragile democratic institutions. Already-difficult living conditions have worsened over ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. RS21513 |
Title
Kuwait: Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy Updated May 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21513 Kuwait: Governance, Security, and U.S. Policy Summary Kuwait has been pivotal to the decades-long U.S. effort to secure the Persian Gulf region because of its consistent cooperation with U.S. military operations in the region and its key location in the northern ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. R44552 |
Title
New Zealand: Background and Relations with the United States Updated May 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44552 New Zealand: Background and Relations with the United States Summary New Zealand is a close partner of the United States and welcomes a U.S. presence in the AsiaPacific region. U.S.-New Zealand ties are bolstered by shared cultural traditions, ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. IF11828 |
Title
May 12, 2021 Platte River Restoration Efforts Background The Platte River system, located in the states of Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming, supports 15 major dams and reservoirs, which provide water, hydroelectric power, irrigation, flood control, and recreation for about 3.5 million people, as well as habitat for fish and wildlife. compliance with Section 7 under the ESA for certain existing and ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. IF11829 |
Title
May 12, 2021 Blockchain Technology and Agriculture Some stakeholders in the technology, agriculture, and food sector have advocated for the use of blockchain technology to trace agricultural products as they move through the supply chain and to verify their authenticity. Many expect use of blockchain technology to increase in this sector. Congress may consider federal investments in blockchain ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. IN11613 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Child Tax Credit: Temporary Expansion for 2021 Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Updated May 12, 2021 In recent years, there has been increased interest in providing direct benefits to families with children to reduce child poverty in the United States, sometimes in the form of tax benefits. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) included a child allowance ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. IN11668 |
Title
INSIGHTi VA, HHS to Vaccinate NARA National Personnel Records Center Staff May 12, 2021 The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) reached an agreement with the Department of V eterans Affairs (V and the Department of Health and Human Services for supply and administration A) of coronavirus vaccine to protect NARA employees involved in the processing of military personnel records. ...
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| Date May 12, 2021 |
Report No. R46792 |
Title
Coup in Burma: Implications for Congress May 12, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46792 Burma s Coup and Crisis: Implications for Congress Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. R46606 |
Title
COVID-19 and the U.S. Economy Updated May 11, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46606 SUMMARY COVID-19 and the U.S. Economy On June 8, 2020, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) announced that the United States entered into a recession in March 2020, a result of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11446 |
Title
Updated May 11, 2021 Weather and Climate Change: What s the Difference? Weather is day-to-day temperature, precipitation, and other conditions. Climate is weather observed over multidecadal periods for a defined location. For example, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) measures a climate normal over specific 30-year periods for locations in the United States. Climate ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. IF11827 |
Title
May 11, 2021 Climate Change: Defining Adaptation and Resilience, with Implications for Policy Congress has increased its attention to risks that climate variability and change pose to communities, the economy, and other dimensions of society. Legislative provisions related to climate change have referenced resilience or adaptation. Federal, state, and local agencies, and other stakeholders, often ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11664 |
Title
INSIGHTi The American Rescue Plan Act, Section 9901 The Coronavirus Local Fiscal Recovery Fund May 11, 2021 Section 9901 of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) provides a total of $362 billion in general federal payments to state, local, tribal, and territorial governments, $130 billion of which is directed to the Coronavirus Local Fiscal Recovery Fund (CLFRF). Similar ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11665 |
Title
INSIGHTi The American Rescue Plan Act, Section 9901 The Coronavirus State Fiscal Recovery Fund May 11, 2021 Section 9901 of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) provides a total of $362 billion in general federal payments to state, local, tribal, and territorial governments, $220 billion of which is directed to the Coronavirus State Fiscal Recovery Fund (CSFRF). Similar ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11667 |
Title
INSIGHTi Colonial Pipeline: The DarkSide Strikes May 11, 2021 On May 8, 2021, the Colonial Pipeline Company announced that it had halted its pipeline operations due to a ransomware attack, disrupting critical supplies of gasoline and other refined products throughout the East Coast. This attack was similar to an earlier pipeline ransomware attack in 2020, which also resulted in a pipeline ...
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| Date May 11, 2021 |
Report No. IN11669 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2021 Refugee Ceiling Increase May 11, 2021 On May 3, 2021, President Joe Biden issued an emergency presidential determination (PD) to raise the FY2021 refugee ceiling to 62,500. It followed an earlier emergency PD on FY2021 refugee admissions signed by President Biden on April 16, 2021. The first emergency PD revised the allocations in the original FY2021 PD issued by President Donald ...
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| Date May 10, 2021 |
Report No. RL34627 |
Title
Veterans Benefits: The Veteran Readiness and Employment Program Updated May 10, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34627 Veterans Benefits: The Veteran Readiness and Employment Program Summary The V eteran Readiness and Employment program (VR&E; formerly V ocational Rehabilitation and Employment) is an entitlement program that provides job training and other ...
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| Date May 10, 2021 |
Report No. IN11588 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Biden Administration s Initial Presidential Directives in Context Updated May 10, 2021 In its first 100 days, the Biden Administration issued a number of presidential directives that have drawn significant public attention for their speed and range of purposes. A review of the pace with which recent presidential Administrations issued executive orders shows the Biden Administration ...
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| Date May 10, 2021 |
Report No. IN11645 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC): Temporary Expansion for 2021 Under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Updated May 10, 2021 The child and dependent care tax credit (CDCTC) can help to partially offset working families child care expenses. The American Rescue Plan Act (P.L. 117-2; ARPA) provided a temporary expansion of the CDCTC for 2021. This Insight ...
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| Date May 10, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10597 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Google v. Oracle: Supreme Court Rules for Google in Landmark Software Copyright Case May 10, 2021 On April 5, 2021, the Supreme Court issued its highly anticipated decision in Google LLC v. Oracle America Inc., the culmination of a decade-long software copyright dispute between the two tech giants. Resolving what observers have hailed as the copyright case of the century, the Court ...
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| Date May 6, 2021 |
Report No. R44832 |
Title
Frequently Asked Questions About Prescription Drug Pricing and Policy Updated May 6, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44832 SUMMARY Frequently Asked Questions About Prescription Drug Pricing and Policy Prescription drugs play an important role in the U.S. health care system. Innovative, breakthrough drugs are providing cures for diseases such as hepatitis C and ...
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| Date May 6, 2021 |
Report No. R46578 |
Title
COVID-19: Household Debt During the Pandemic Updated May 6, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46578 SUMMARY COVID-19: Household Debt During the Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large and persistent economic impact across the United States. Fear of infection, social distancing, and stay-at-home orders prompted business closures and a severe decline in ...
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