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| Date April 1, 2021 |
Report No. R46743 |
Title
Climate Change Adaptation: Department of Commerce April 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46743 SUMMARY Climate Change Adaptation: Department of Commerce Climate change affects the mission and programs of the Department of Commerce (DOC) and its agencies, and these effects are likely to continue. DOC s wide-ranging responsibilities include trade enforcement, ...
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| Date April 1, 2021 |
Report No. R40523 |
Title
Tax Credit Bonds: Overview and Analysis Updated April 1, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40523 Tax Credit Bonds: Overview and Analysis Summary Nearly all state and local governments sell bonds to finance public projects and certain qualified private activities. The federal government subsidizes state and local bond issuances through a number of policies. One ...
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| Date April 1, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10561 |
Title
Legal Sidebari High Court to Review Tribal Police Search and Seizure Case Updated April 1, 2021 Update: On March 23, 2021, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the tribal police search and seizure case covered in this post, United States v. Cooley. The case challenges a tribal police officer s authority to make a traffic stop, detain, and investigate a non-Indian on non-tribal land within a ...
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| Date April 1, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10552 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Torres v. Madrid: Police Use of Force, Fourth Amendment Seizures, and Fleeing Suspects Updated April 1, 2021 UPDATE: On March 25, 2021 the Supreme Court held in a 5-to-3 decision in Torres v. Madrid that the application of physical force to the body of a person with intent to restrain is a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, even if the force does not succeed in ...
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| Date April 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11739 |
Title
Updated April 1, 2021 Payroll Tax Credit for COVID-19 Sick and Family Leave Beginning in April 2020, employers were entitled to payroll tax credits for paid leave required in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. For employers choosing to continue providing eligible paid leave, these tax credits have been extended through September 2021. The paid leave mandate, however, ...
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| Date April 1, 2021 |
Report No. IF11799 |
Title
April 1, 2021 Child Migrants at the Border: The Flores Settlement Agreement and Other Legal Developments Reports of child migrants arriving at the southern border have raised interest in the laws governing their custody and treatment by U.S. authorities. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) generally authorizes the detention of non-U.S. nationals ( aliens under governing law) placed in ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. R45956 |
Title
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress Updated March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45956 SUMMARY Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S.-China relations, particularly since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. In recent years, ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. R46741 |
Title
Drug Pricing and Intellectual Property: The Legislative Landscape for the 117th Congress March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46741 SUMMARY Drug Pricing and Intellectual Property: The Legislative Landscape for the 117th Congress Intellectual property (IP) rights play an important role in the development and pricing of pharmaceuticals, such as prescription ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. R45306 |
Title
The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview of Department of Energy Sites Updated March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45306 SUMMARY The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview of Department of Energy Sites Responsibility for U.S. nuclear weapons resides in both the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE). DOD develops, deploys, and ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. R46750 |
Title
Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46750 SUMMARY Human Rights in China and U.S. Policy: Issues for the 117th Congress U.S. concern over human rights in China has been a central issue in U.S.-China relations, particularly since the Tiananmen crackdown in 1989. In recent years, human ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. IN11640 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tabulating COVID-19-Related Fraud and Financial Loss March 31, 2021 Fraudsters have leveraged the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to take advantage of both individuals and organizations. Their schemes range from posing as representatives of a charitable organization or government agency and tricking individuals into providing money or personally identifiable information (PII ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. R46742 |
Title
The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Reauthorization: Issues for Congress March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46742 SUMMARY The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Reauthorization: Issues for Congress The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA; Title IV of P.L. 103-322) was originally enacted in 1994 and has been reauthorized three times. It was last ...
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| Date March 31, 2021 |
Report No. R40138 |
Title
Origins and Impact of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Provisions That Expired on March 15, 2020 Updated March 31, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40138 SUMMARY Origins and Impact of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Provisions That Expired on March 15, 2020 R40138 March 31, 2021 Edward C. Liu Legislative Attorney Congress enacted ...
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| Date March 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46739 |
Title
Mergers and Acquisitions in Digital Markets March 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46739 SUMMARY Mergers and Acquisitions in Digital Markets Some Members of Congress have expressed concern about mergers and acquisitions in digital markets, specifically those involving Big Tech Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Microsoft. Mergers can be ...
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| Date March 30, 2021 |
Report No. R46601 |
Title
Searches and Seizures at the Border and the Fourth Amendment Updated March 30, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46601 SUMMARY Searches and Seizures at the Border and the Fourth Amendment Congress has broad authority to regulate persons or items entering the United States, an authority that is rooted in its power to regulate foreign commerce and to protect the ...
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| Date March 30, 2021 |
Report No. IF11795 |
Title
Updated March 30, 2021 COVID-19 Response: Broadband Funding for Tribes, Tribal Colleges and Universities, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Indian Education, and the Indian Health Service Three recent enacted laws that, in whole or in part, address the effects of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provided both direct and indirect broadband funding for American Indian ...
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| Date March 30, 2021 |
Report No. IN11516 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Eviction Moratoriums in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Updated March 30, 2021 On September 4, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) imposed a nationwide temporary federal moratorium on residential evictions for nonpayment of rent. The stated purpose of the order is preventing the further spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), specifically by ...
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| Date March 29, 2021 |
Report No. R46737 |
Title
Agricultural Biotechnology: Overview, Regulation, and Selected Policy Issues March 29, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46737 SUMMARY Agricultural Biotechnology: Overview, Regulation, and Selected Policy Issues R46737 March 29, 2021 Genevieve K. Croft Agricultural biotechnology refers to a range of tools including genetic engineering and some Analyst in ...
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| Date March 29, 2021 |
Report No. R46738 |
Title
Executive Orders: An Introduction March 29, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46738 SUMMARY Executive Orders: An Introduction Executive orders are written instruments through which a President can issue directives to shape policy. Although the U.S. Constitution does not address executive orders and no statute grants the President the general power to issue them, ...
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| Date March 29, 2021 |
Report No. IN11556 |
Title
INSIGHTi Domestic Funding for COVID-19 Vaccines: An Overview Updated March 29, 2021 To date, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized for emergency use three Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines; additional vaccines may become available within months. Federal efforts to develop, manufacture, regulate, purchase, and distribute vaccines have involved a number of agencies. ...
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| Date March 29, 2021 |
Report No. IF11798 |
Title
March 29, 2021 The Interim National Security Strategic Guidance On March 3, 2021, the White House released an Interim National Security Strategic Guidance (INSSG). This is the first time an administration has issued interim guidance; previous administrations refrained from issuing formal guidance that articulated strategic intent until producing the congressionally mandated National Security ...
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| Date March 26, 2021 |
Report No. R45010 |
Title
Public-Private Partnerships (P3s) in Transportation Updated March 26, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45010 Public-Private Partnerships (P3s) in Transportation Summary Public-private partnerships (P3s) in transportation are contractual relationships typically between a state or local government, which are the owners of most transportation infrastructure, and a ...
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| Date March 26, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10585 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Staying Nuclear ?: Legal Challenges to State Subsidies for Aging Nuclear Power Plants and Related FERC Actions March 26, 2021 Nuclear power plants can produce large amounts of electricity with relatively low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, potentially assisting the United States in reducing such emissions. But the U.S. nuclear power industry faces a number of challenges, including ...
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| Date March 26, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10587 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Decision Sheds Light on State Authority to Regulate Health Care Costs March 26, 2021 Alongside recent federal efforts to combat escalating prescription drug costs, state governments have sought to address these high costs within their borders. Many state efforts involve restrictions on pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs), companies that facilitate the purchase of drugs ...
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| Date March 26, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10586 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Scholl v. Mnuchin and Economic Impact Payments March 26, 2021 Congress established a new temporary refundable tax credit in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), Pub. L. No. 116-136, codified in Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 6428. The CARES Act credit for each eligible individual equals up to $1,200, plus an additional $500 per qualifying child. ...
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| Date March 26, 2021 |
Report No. IN11639 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recommendation for New U.S. Circuit and District Court Judgeships by the Judicial Conference of the United States (117th Congress) March 26, 2021 Congress determines, through legislative action, both the size and structure of the federal judiciary. Consequently, the creation of any new permanent or temporary U.S. circuit and district court judgeships must be authorized by Congress. ...
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| Date March 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46384 |
Title
Energy and Water Development: FY2021 Appropriations Updated March 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46384 SUMMARY R46384 Energy and Water Development: FY2021 Appropriations March 25, 2021 The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill provides funding for civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the ...
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| Date March 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46732 |
Title
EU Digital Policy and International Trade March 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46732 SUMMARY EU Digital Policy and International Trade A Europe fit for the digital age is a top European Union (EU) priority and a key part of EU economic recovery efforts from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Under the European Commission s digital policy ...
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| Date March 25, 2021 |
Report No. R46734 |
Title
Housing for Former Foster Youth: Federal Support March 25, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46734 SUMMARY Housing for Former Foster Youth: Federal Support This report focuses on federal efforts to meet the housing needs of former foster youth as they transition to adulthood. This includes youth who have reached the age of majority in their state and are in ...
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| Date March 25, 2021 |
Report No. IN11604 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Direct Payments: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About the Third Round of Stimulus Checks in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Updated March 25, 2021 Congress included a third round of direct payments in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) to address the continued economic fallout from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...
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| Date March 25, 2021 |
Report No. IN11635 |
Title
INSIGHTi Mexico: Challenges for U.S. Policymakers in 2021 Updated March 25, 2021 Mexico, a top U.S. trade partner and neighbor, could play a key role in addressing several challenges facing U.S. policymakers in 2021. During a virtual meeting on March 1, President Andr s Manuel L pez Obrador and President Biden committed to collaborate on bilateral and regional migration issues and on Coronavirus ...
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| Date March 25, 2021 |
Report No. IN11605 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 and Direct Payments: Comparison of First and Second Round of Stimulus Checks to the Third Round in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) Updated March 25, 2021 The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) includes a third round of direct payments (often referred to as stimulus checks ). A first round of direct payments was included in the CARES Act ( ...
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| Date March 24, 2021 |
Report No. R46733 |
Title
Community Development Block Grants: Funding and Allocation Processes March 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46733 SUMMARY Community Development Block Grants: Funding and Allocation Processes The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development s (HUD s) Community Development Block Grant program (CDBG) is a long-standing program providing flexible federal ...
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| Date March 24, 2021 |
Report No. R46730 |
Title
Brexit: Overview, Trade, and Northern Ireland March 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46730 SUMMARY Brexit: Overview, Trade, and Northern Ireland The United Kingdom (UK) withdrew from the European Union (EU) on January 31, 2020. Under the withdrawal agreement negotiated by the two sides, the UK continued to apply EU rules during a transition period lasting to ...
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| Date March 24, 2021 |
Report No. TE10061 |
Title
Statement of Charles V. Stern Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Before Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water and Power U.S. Senate Hearing on Water Infrastructure for the 21st Century: The Viability of Incorporating Natural Infrastructure in Bureau of Reclamation Water Management Systems March 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov ...
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| Date March 24, 2021 |
Report No. IF11462 |
Title
Updated March 24, 2021 Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements ...
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| Date March 24, 2021 |
Report No. R46731 |
Title
Proposals to Modify Supreme Court Justices Tenure: Legal Considerations March 24, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46731 SUMMARY Proposals to Modify Supreme Court Justices Tenure: Legal Considerations To insulate the federal judiciary from political influence, the Constitution specifies that Supreme Court Justices shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour. ...
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| Date March 23, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10574 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Recent White House Actions on Immigration Updated March 23, 2021 In the past several weeks, the Biden Administration has engaged in a series of executive actions on a range of issues. Some concern the administration and enforcement of federal immigration laws. These immigration-related initiatives purport to revise substantially Trump Administration policies that generally ...
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| Date March 23, 2021 |
Report No. IF11618 |
Title
Updated March 23, 2021 United Nations Issues: Cabinet Rank of the U.S. Permanent Representative The U.S. Permanent Representative is the chief representative of the United States to the United Nations. The President appoints the Permanent Representative with the advice and consent of the Senate. Of the 31 individuals who have served since 1946, about two-thirds have been accorded Cabinet rank by ...
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| Date March 23, 2021 |
Report No. R46729 |
Title
Federal Deficits, Growing Debt, and the Economy in the Wake of COVID-19 March 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46729 SUMMARY Federal Deficits, Growing Debt, and the Economy in the Wake of COVID-19 R46729 March 23, 2021 Lida R. Weinstock The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused a swift and deep economic Analyst in Macroeconomic downturn from ...
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| Date March 22, 2021 |
Report No. TE10081 |
Title
Statement of Mainon A. Schwartz Legislative Attorney Before Committee on Oversight and Reform U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on H.R. 51, the Washington, D.C. Admission Act March 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10081 Congressional Research Service 1 hairwoman Maloney, Ranking Member Comer, and distinguished Members of the Committee on Oversight and ...
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| Date March 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46318 |
Title
Federal Data on Hate Crimes in the United States Updated March 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46318 SUMMARY Federal Data on Hate Crimes in the United States A number of recent and high-profile crimes where the offenders actions appeared to be motivated by their bias or animosity towards a particular race, ethnicity, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or ...
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| Date March 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF10208 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2021 The Liquidity Coverage Ratio and the Net Stable Funding Ratio Issue Overview Federal bank regulators have issued final rules implementing the liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and the net stable funding ratio (NSFR) for large banks. This In Focus explains the rationale behind these liquidity rules and how they work. Liquidity What Is Liquidity? Liquidity is a term that can ...
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| Date March 22, 2021 |
Report No. IF11794 |
Title
March 22, 2021 Federal Resources for State and Local Economic Development Congress has authorized over 130 economic development programs, which are administered by over 20 departments and agencies. Federal resources for economic development are often delivered to state and local stakeholders through technical assistance and financial assistance programs. This In Focus provides an overview of major ...
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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. IF10003 |
Title
Updated March 19, 2021 An Overview of Federal Regulations and the Rulemaking Process Overview of Rulemaking What Is Federal Rulemaking? Congress often grants rulemaking authority to federal agencies to implement statutory programs. The regulations issued pursuant to this authority carry the force and effect of law and can have substantial implications for policy implementation. When issuing these ...
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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. R46727 |
Title
Defining a Socially Disadvantaged Farmer or Rancher (SDFR): In Brief March 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46727 Defining a Socially Disadvantaged Farmer or Rancher (SDFR): In Brief Contents Alternative SDFR Definitions ........................................................................................... 3 Brief History of SDFR Programs and Policies ...
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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. IN11423 |
Title
INSIGHTi Selected Grant Resources for Workforce Development and Jobs Training in Response to COVID-19 Updated March 19, 2021 The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic significantly affected U.S. employment patterns. The federal government has responded with new initiatives and flexibilities to improve the capacity of workforce development and job training assistance programs to address ...
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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. R46728 |
Title
FY2021 Appropriations for Agricultural Conservation March 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46728 SUMMARY FY2021 Appropriations for Agricultural Conservation The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the Forest Service. The FY2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 116-260, Division A) includes funding ...
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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10582 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Asylum Processing at the Border: Legal Basics March 19, 2021 Recent statistics and reports from the southern border show a sharp increase in the arrival of non-U.S. nationals (called aliens under governing law) who lack visas or other valid entry documents. (This Sidebar generally refers to such aliens encountered at the cusp of entry into the United States as undocumented migrants ...
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| Date March 19, 2021 |
Report No. IN11637 |
Title
INSIGHTi Sunshine Week: OPEN Government Data Act March 19, 2021 Sunshine Week recognizes developments in transparency in government operations, as well as the records, data, and Freedom of Information Act (FOIA; 5 U.S.C. 552) professionals involved in processing government information. Recognition of the people s right to know what their government is doing through access to government information ...
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