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| Date Jan. 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL33845 |
Title
Order Code RL33845 Retirement Savings: How Much Will Workers Have When They Retire? January 29, 2007 Patrick Purcell Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Debra B. Whitman Specialist in the Economics of Aging Domestic Social Policy Division Retirement Savings: How Much Will Workers Have When They Retire? Summary Over the past 25 years, an important change has occurred in ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL33841 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress This report presents detailed tables showing the distributional effects of 12 Social Security solvency options on Social Security beneficiaries in 2035 compared with current law. The 12 options presented fall into 6 categories of reform proposals. For some reform options, we present two or more variations on how they could be approached. They ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2007 |
Report No. RS20221 |
Title
Order Code RS20221 Updated January 29, 2007 Commemorative Postage Stamps: History, Selection Criteria, and Revenue Potential Kevin R. Kosar Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Summary More than 1,800 commemorative stamps have been issued since the first in 1893. In recent years they have been marketed to attract non-collectors and children. In 2007, the U.S. ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2007 |
Report No. RS21584 |
Title
Order Code RS21584 Updated January 29, 2007 Pakistan: Chronology of Events, November 2006 - February 2007 K. Alan Kronstadt Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary This report provides a chronology of recent events involving Pakistan and PakistanU.S. relations. Sources include, but are not limited to, major newswires, the U.S. Department of State, and ...
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| Date Jan. 29, 2007 |
Report No. RS22586 |
Title
Order Code RS22586 January 29, 2007 The Economic Substance Doctrine: Recent Significant Legal Decisions Erika Lunder Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The economic substance doctrine is a judicially developed doctrine that has become one of the IRS s primary tools in fighting abusive tax shelters. The doctrine permits transactions lacking in economic substance to be disregarded ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL32511 |
Title
Order Code RL32511 Importing Prescription Drugs: Objectives, Options, and Outlook Updated January 26, 2007 Susan Thaul Specialist in the Regulation of Prescription Drugs and Biologics Domestic Social Policy Division Importing Prescription Drugs: Objectives, Options, and Outlook Summary Can purchases from abroad lower the cost of prescription drugs to U.S. consumers? Current law allows pharmacists ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33839 |
Title
Order Code RL33839 Returns and Resubmissions of Nominees to the U.S. Courts of Appeals and District Courts, 1977-2006 January 26, 2007 Kevin M. Scott Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Returns and Resubmissions of Nominees to the U.S. Courts of Appeals and District Courts, 1977-2006 Summary This report provides basic data on all nominees to the courts of ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33836 |
Title
Order Code RL33836 Campaign Finance Legislation and Activity in the 109th Congress January 26, 2007 Joseph E. Cantor Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division R. Sam Garrett Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Campaign Finance Legislation and Activity in the 109th Congress Summary During the 109th Congress, 51 bills were ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL32746 |
Title
Order Code RL32746 Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Specialty Crops: A Primer on Government Programs Updated January 26, 2007 Jean M. Rawson Specialist in Agricultural Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Fruits, Vegetables, and Other Specialty Crops: A Primer on Government Programs Summary U.S. farmers grow more than 250 types of fruit, vegetable, tree nut, flower, ornamental nursery, ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33360 |
Title
Order Code RL33360 Navy Ship Propulsion Technologies: Options for Reducing Oil Use Background for Congress Updated December 11, 2006 Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Navy Ship Propulsion Technologies: Options for Reducing Oil Use Background for Congress Summary General strategies for reducing the Navy s dependence on oil for its ships ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33339 |
Title
Order Code RL33339 Judiciary Appropriations for FY2007 Updated January 26, 2007 Lorraine H. Tong Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Judiciary Appropriations for FY2007 Summary The federal Judiciary, like the executive and legislative branches, depends on appropriated funds for its operations. Those funds which comprise about twotenths of 1% (0.2%) of the entire ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33851 |
Title
Order Code RL33851 Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects January 26, 2007 Rhoda Margesson Specialist in Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Afghan Refugees: Current Status and Future Prospects Summary The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has helped 3.69 million Afghan refugees return to Afghanistan since March 2002, marking the largest ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33594 |
Title
Order Code RL33594 Nigeria: Background and U.S. Relations Updated January 26, 2007 Ted Dagne Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Lauren Ploch Analyst in African Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Nigeria: Background and U.S. Relations Summary In June 1998, General Sani Abacha, the military leader who took power in Nigeria in 1993, ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL31108 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The proposed deduction for charitable contributions for non-itemizers began in the 107th Congress with H.R. 7, passed by the House, which had eight new tax provisions designed to benefit charities and charitable giving. This deduction, which was subject to a phased-in cap of $100 ($200 for joint returns), was in the President s initial tax proposal, ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL32775 |
Title
Order Code RL32775 The Campus-Based Financial Aid Programs: A Review and Analysis of the Allocation of Funds to Institutions and the Distribution of Aid to Students Updated January 25, 2007 David P. Smole Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division The Campus-Based Financial Aid Programs: A Review and Analysis of the Allocation of Funds to Institutions and the Distribution of ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL33319 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress As Congress weighs comprehensive immigration reform legislation that would likely include additional border and interior enforcement, a significant expansion of guest workers, and perhaps include increased levels of permanent immigration, some question whether the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) can handle the increased immigration workload. ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL32621 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The United States has long held to the principle that it will not return a foreign national to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened. This principle is embodied in several provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), most notably in provisions defining refugees and asylees. Aliens seeking asylum must demonstrate a well- ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL32835 |
Title
Order Code RL32835 PAYGO Rules for Budget Enforcement in the House and Senate Updated January 25, 2007 Robert Keith Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Bill Heniff Jr. Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division PAYGO Rules for Budget Enforcement in the House and Senate Summary One of the most contentious issues in budget procedure ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL32982 |
Title
Order Code RL32982 Immigration Issues in Trade Agreements Updated January 25, 2007 Ruth Ellen Wasem Specialist in Immigration Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Immigration Issues in Trade Agreements Summary The connections between trade and migration are as longstanding as the historic movements of goods and people. The desire for commerce may often be the principal motivation, but the need ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL32167 |
Title
Order Code RL32167 Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U.S. Policy Updated January 25, 2007 Raphael F. Perl Specialist in International Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Drug Trafficking and North Korea: Issues for U.S. Policy Summary At least 50 documented incidents in more than 20 countries around the world, many involving arrest or detention of North Korean diplomats ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RL32989 |
Title
Order Code RL32989 Accreditation and the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act Updated January 25, 2007 Rebecca R. Skinner Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Jody Feder Legislative Attorney American Law Division Accreditation and the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act Summary Under the Higher Education Act (HEA), institutions of higher education (IHEs) ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22008 |
Title
Order Code RS22008 Updated January 25, 2007 Federal Spending for Older Americans April Grady Analyst in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division William Joseph Klunk Actuary Domestic Social Policy Division Summary The federal government currently spends more than one-third of its budget on benefits and programs for older Americans. For people age 65 and over, estimated FY2007 spending ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS21176 |
Title
Order Code RS21176 Updated January 25, 2007 Application of Campaign Finance Law to Indian Tribes L. Paige Whitaker Legislative Attorney American Law Division R. Sam Garrett Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Summary Under the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), Indian tribes are subject to contribution limits applicable to persons, as defined by the act. For ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22582 |
Title
Order Code RS22582 January 25, 2007 Polar Bears: Listing Under the Endangered Species Act Eugene H. Buck Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Polar bears depend on an Arctic sea ice habitat, which some believe is threatened by climate warming causing an earlier thaw and later freeze of coastal sea ice. The Fish and Wildlife Service has proposed ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22578 |
Title
Order Code RS22578 January 25, 2007 Medicaid Cost-Sharing Under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA) Elicia J. Herz Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Under traditional Medicaid, states may require certain beneficiaries to share in the cost of Medicaid services, although there are limits on the amounts that states can impose, the beneficiary groups that can ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22070 |
Title
Order Code RS22070 Updated January 25, 2007 Juvenile Justice: Overview of Legislative History and Funding Trends Blas Nu ez-Neto Analyst in Domestic Intelligence and Criminal Justice Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Although juvenile justice has always been administered by the states, Congress has had significant influence in the area through grant funding and programs provided by the ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22580 |
Title
Order Code RS22580 January 25, 2007 Committee System Rules Changes in the House, 110th Congress Judy Schneider Specialist on the Congress Government and Finance Division Summary This fact sheet details changes in the committee system contained in H.Res. 6, the Rules of the House for the 110th Congress, agreed to by the House January 4, 2007. The fact sheet will not be updated unless further rules ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL33614 |
Title
Order Code RL33614 Exon-Florio Foreign Investment Provision: Comparison of H.R. 5337 and S. 3549 Updated January 24, 2007 James K. Jackson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Exon-Florio Foreign Investment Provision: Comparison of H.R. 5337 and S. 3549 Summary During the Second Session of the 109th Congress, Members of Congress introduced over ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL30472 |
Title
Order Code RL30472 Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, and Investigations Updated January 24, 2007 Christopher M. Blanchard Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, and Investigations Summary The oil-for-food ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL32797 |
Title
Order Code RL32797 Drug Safety and Effectiveness: Issues and Action Options After FDA Approval Updated January 24, 2007 Susan Thaul Specialist in the Regulation of Prescription Drugs and Biologics Domestic Social Policy Division Drug Safety and Effectiveness: Issues and Action Options After FDA Approval Summary COX-2 inhibitors and SSRIs the U.S. public has become more familiar with these ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL32839 |
Title
Order Code RL32839 Border Security: The Complexity of the Challenge Updated January 24, 2007 Jennifer E. Lake Analyst in Domestic Security Domestic Social Policy Division Border Security: The Complexity of the Challenge Summary Border security is a pivotal function in protecting the American people from terrorists and their instruments of destruction. This report uses a series of graphical ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL32954 |
Title
Order Code RL32954 527 Political Organizations: Legislation in the 109th Congress Updated January 24, 2007 Joseph E. Cantor Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Erika Lunder Legislative Attorney American Law Division 527 Political Organizations: Legislation in the 109th Congress Summary The 109th Congress examined the role of groups organized under section 527 ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL33735 |
Title
Order Code RL33735 Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Comparison of H.R. 5068 and S. 3938 Updated January 24, 2007 James K. Jackson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Export-Import Bank Reauthorization: Comparison of H.R. 5068 and S. 3938 Summary The Export-Import Bank is an independent U.S. government agency that serves as the chief U.S. ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL33857 |
Title
Order Code RL33857 Methamphetamine: Background, Prevalence, and Federal Drug Control Policies January 24, 2007 Celinda Franco Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Methamphetamine: Background, Prevalence and Federal Drug Control Policies Summary Methamphetamine has risen to the top of the American drug-policy agenda. For most of its history, it was regarded in law and ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL32476 |
Title
Order Code RL32476 U.S. Army s Modular Redesign: Issues for Congress Updated January 24, 2007 Andrew Feickert Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Army s Modular Redesign: Issues for Congress Summary In what the Army describes as the most significant Army restructuring in the past 50 years, it is redesigning its current active duty division force to a 48 ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL33352 |
Title
Order Code RL33352 Telework Centers and Federal Continuity of Operations Planning Updated January 24, 2007 Lorraine H. Tong Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Telework Centers and Federal Continuity of Operations Planning Summary Telework, the officially sanctioned practice of federal employees working some of the time away from their traditional offices, has ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RS21938 |
Title
Order Code RS21938 Updated January 24, 2007 Unauthorized Aliens in the United States: Estimates Since 1986 Ruth Ellen Wasem Specialist in Immigration Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Estimates derived from the March Supplement of the U.S. Census Bureau s Current Population Survey indicate that the unauthorized resident alien population (commonly referred to as illegal aliens) has ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL32354 |
Title
Order Code RL32354 European Union United States: Financial Services Action Plan s Regulatory Reform Issues Updated January 24, 2007 Walter W. Eubanks Specialist in Economic Policy Government and Finance Division European Union United States: Financial Services Action Plan s Regulatory Reform Issues Summary The Financial Services Action Plan (FSAP) is the European Union s (EU) blueprint, approved ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RS22184 |
Title
Order Code RS22184 Updated January 24, 2007 Military Base Closures: Redevelopment Assistance Programs Baird Webel Analyst in Economics Government and Finance Division Summary On September 15, 2005, President Bush approved the list1 of military facilities that the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission recommended be closed or realigned in the current round of base closures, known ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL31184 |
Title
Order Code RL31184 Public Charter School Accountability Updated January 24, 2007 David P. Smole Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Public Charter School Accountability Summary A public charter school is a publicly funded elementary or secondary school that is operated according to the terms of a charter or contract granted by a public chartering agency. Charter ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL33833 |
Title
Order Code RL33833 The U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review: An Overview January 24, 2007 Elizabeth B. Bazan Legislative Attorney American Law Division The U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and the U.S. Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review: An Overview Summary The national debate regarding the National ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL32928 |
Title
Order Code RL32928 Breastfeeding and Jury Duty: State Laws, Court Rules, and Related Issues Updated January 24, 2007 Douglas Reid Weimer Legislative Attorney American Law Division Breastfeeding and Jury Duty: State Laws, Court Rules, and Related Issues Summary The increasing popularity of breastfeeding has focused attention on how the law facilitates or discourages the practice. One issue that has ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. RS21550 |
Title
Order Code RS21550 Updated January 24, 2007 The Unborn Victims of Violence Act Jon O. Shimabukuro Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The Unborn Victims of Violence Act (P.L. 108-212) establishes a separate offense for harming or killing an unborn child in utero during the commission of specified violent crimes. This report examines the act s provisions, and reviews similar state ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. 97-1040 |
Title
Order Code 97-1040 GOV Updated January 24, 2007 Campaign Financing: Highlights and Chronology of Current Federal Law Joseph E. Cantor Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Summary Current law governing financial activity of federal election campaigns is based on two principal statutes: the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971, as amended in 1974, 1976, ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2007 |
Report No. 95-307SPR |
Title
Order Code 95-307 SPR Updated January 24, 2007 U.S. National Science Foundation: An Overview Christine M. Matthews Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The National Science Foundation (NSF) was created by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (P.L. 81-507). The NSF has the broad mission of supporting science and engineering ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL31367 |
Title
Order Code RL31367 Treatment of Battlefield Detainees in the War on Terrorism Updated January 23, 2007 Jennifer K. Elsea Legislative Attorney American Law Division Treatment of Battlefield Detainees in the War on Terrorism Summary In June 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Rasul v. Bush that U.S. courts have jurisdiction to hear challenges on behalf of persons detained at the U.S. Naval Station ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL33604 |
Title
Order Code RL33604 Is China a Threat to the U.S. Economy? Updated January 23, 2007 Craig K. Elwell and Marc Labonte Specialists in Macroeconomics Government and Finance Division Wayne M. Morrison Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Is China a Threat to the U.S. Economy? Summary The rise of China from a poor, stagnant country to a major ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL33823 |
Title
Order Code RL33823 Congressional Resources in CRS Research Centers and the La Follette Congressional Reading Room January 23, 2007 Audrey Celeste Crane-Hirsch Knowledge Services Group Congressional Resources in CRS Research Centers and the La Follette Congressional Reading Room Summary Congressional staff and interns seeking quick facts, legislative information, Congressional Research Service (CRS ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL32730 |
Title
Order Code RL33819 Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress Updated January 23, 2007 Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Cuba: Issues for the 110th Congress Summary Since the early 1960s, U.S. policy toward Cuba under Fidel Castro has consisted largely of isolating the communist nation through comprehensive economic sanctions, which have ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL33643 |
Title
Order Code RL33643 Undisclosed U.S. Detention Sites Overseas: Background and Legal Issues Updated January 23, 2007 Jennifer K. Elsea Legislative Attorney American Law Division Julie Kim Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Undisclosed U.S. Detention Sites Overseas: Background and Legal Issues Summary President Bush s announcement on September 6, 2006, ...
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