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| Date April 11, 2007 |
Report No. RL30732 |
Title
Order Code RL30732 Trade Conflict and the U.S.-European Union Economic Relationship Updated April 11, 2007 Raymond J. Ahearn Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Trade Conflict and the U.S.-European Union Economic Relationship Summary The United States and the European Union (EU) share a huge, dynamic, and mutually beneficial economic ...
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| Date April 11, 2007 |
Report No. 98-473 |
Title
Order Code 98-473 Individual Capital Gains Income: Legislative History Updated April 11, 2007 Gregg A. Esenwein Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Individual Capital Gains Income: Legislative History Summary Since the enactment of the individual income tax in 1913, the appropriate taxation of capital gains income has been a perennial topic of debate in Congress. Almost ...
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| Date April 11, 2007 |
Report No. RS22642 |
Title
Order Code RS22642 April 11, 2007 Seafood Marketing: Combating Fraud and Deception Eugene H. Buck Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Media attention has focused on recent incidents of economic fraud relating to seafood. The extent of this fraud is not well documented and, in many cases, may not be intentional. In addition, some new treatment ...
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| Date April 11, 2007 |
Report No. RL30816 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Since the 1930s, depository institutions have been prohibited by federal statute from paying interest on checking account balances. The main rationale was to promote bank safety and soundness. Unpredictable movements of deposits among banking institutions in response to interest rate competition were thought to make some banks vulnerable to failure. ...
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| Date April 10, 2007 |
Report No. RS20851 |
Title
Order Code RS20851 Updated April 10, 2007 Naval Transformation: Background and Issues for Congress Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary The Department of the Navy (DON) has several efforts underway to transform U.S. naval forces to prepare them for future military challenges. Key elements of naval transformation include a focus on ...
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| Date April 10, 2007 |
Report No. RL33383 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The failed attempt by Dubai Ports World (DP World) to operate marine terminals at some U.S. ports raises the issue of whether foreign marine terminal operators pose a threat to U.S. homeland security. Notwithstanding the sale of U.S. terminal operations by DP World to a U.S. entity, the underlying issue remains because many U.S. marine terminals are ...
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| Date April 10, 2007 |
Report No. RL32017 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-76 provides guidance for federal agencies on how to conduct public-private competitions. The outcome of a competition determines who government agency or private business will perform commercial activities. (A commercial activity is a service that could be performed by the private sector.) OMB ...
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| Date April 10, 2007 |
Report No. RS22641 |
Title
Order Code RS22641 April 10, 2007 Taxation of Aviation Prior to 1970 Robert S. Kirk Specialist in Transportation Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Prior to the 1970 creation of the airport and airway trust fund and the aviation taxes that supported it, there were no aviation specific taxes (taxes levied on aviation use or users solely for the support of aviation infrastructure) in ...
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| Date April 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL33955 |
Title
Order Code RL33955 Navy Force Structure: Alternative Force Structure Studies of 2005 Background for Congress April 9, 2007 Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Navy Force Structure: Alternative Force Structure Studies of 2005 Background for Congress Summary This CRS report summarizes three studies submitted to Congress in 2005 on potential ...
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| Date April 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL33954 |
Title
Order Code RL33954 Pakistan: Significant Recent Events April 9, 2007 Susan Chesser Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Pakistan: Significant Recent Events Summary In recent months, militant attacks on government and civilian targets in Pakistan have escalated. This report documents major events that occur daily in the country of Pakistan and reflect on Pakistan s evolving ...
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| Date April 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL31102 |
Title
Order Code RL31102 Student Loan Repayment for Federal Employees Updated April 6, 2007 Barbara L. Schwemle and Lorraine H. Tong Analysts in American National Government Government and Finance Division Student Loan Repayment for Federal Employees Summary Under a law enacted in 1990 (P.L. 101-510) and amended in 2000 (P.L. 106398) and 2003 (P.L. 108-123 and P.L. 108-136), federal agencies may repay ...
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| Date April 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL33967 |
Title
Order Code RL33967 Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act: A Legal Analysis April 6, 2007 Charles Doyle Senior Specialist American Law Division Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act: A Legal Analysis Summary The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act, (P.L. 109-248, H.R. 4472), emerged from Congress following the passage of separate bills in the House and Senate (H.R. 3132 and S. 1086 ...
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| Date April 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL31024 |
Title
Order Code RL31024 The Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act and Circular A-76 Updated April 6, 2007 L. Elaine Halchin Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division The Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act and Circular A-76 Summary The Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act of 1998 (FAIR) (P.L. 105-270) and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-76 are ...
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| Date April 5, 2007 |
Report No. RL33950 |
Title
Order Code RL33950 Land Conversion in the Northern Plains April 5, 2007 Megan Stubbs Presidential Management Fellow Resources, Science, and Industry Division Land Conversion in the Northern Plains Summary Land is being converted from native grass or rangeland into crop production in the Northern Plains region, especially in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana. Advocates of wildlife protection ...
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| Date April 4, 2007 |
Report No. RS20250 |
Title
Order Code RS20250 Updated April 4, 2007 Capital Gains Tax Rates and Revenues Gregg A. Esenwein Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Summary The taxation of individual capital gains income is a perennial topic of debate in Congress. Taxes on long-term capital gains income were reduced in 1997 and again in 2003. The holding period to qualify for long-term capital gains ...
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| Date April 4, 2007 |
Report No. RS22571 |
Title
Order Code RS22571 Updated April 4, 2007 The Strategic Energy Efficiency and Renewables Reserve in the CLEAN Energy Act of 2007 (H.R. 6) Fred Sissine Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary H.R. 6 would use revenue from certain oil and natural gas policy revisions to create an Energy Efficiency and Renewables Reserve. The actual uses of the Reserve would be ...
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| Date April 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS22175 |
Title
Order Code RS22175 Updated April 2, 2007 Satellite Television: Provisions in SHVERA Affecting Eligibility for Distant and Local Analog Network Signals Julie Jennings Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Summary In 2004, Congress passed the Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act, SHVERA, as part of the FY2005 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R. 4818, P.L. 108- ...
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| Date April 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS21499 |
Title
Order Code RS21499 Updated April 2, 2007 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act: Gaming on Newly Acquired Lands M. Maureen Murphy Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) (P.L. 100-497) generally prohibits gaming on lands acquired for Indians in trust by the Secretary of the Interior (SOI) after the date of enactment of IGRA, October 17, 1988. The exceptions ...
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| Date April 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS22636 |
Title
Order Code RS22636 April 2, 2007 Alcohol Use Among Youth Andrew R. Sommers Analyst in Chronic Care and Disability Domestic Social Policy Division Ramya Sundararaman Analyst in Public Health Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Alcohol use by persons under age 21 has been identified as a major public health problem. Studies note that it increases the risks for disability, and may be detrimental ...
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| Date April 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS22415 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Bush Administration has revived a proposal, made by every President since Ronald Reagan but never enacted by Congress, to impose a user fee on trading in the futures markets in order to help fund the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Fees paid by other financial market participants already provide funding for the Securities and ...
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| Date March 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL32818 |
Title
Order Code RL32818 Estate Tax Legislation in the 109th Congress Updated March 29, 2007 Nonna A. Noto Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Estate Tax Legislation in the 109th Congress Summary Under provisions of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA, P.L. 107-16), the estate tax and generation-skipping transfer tax are scheduled to be repealed ...
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| Date March 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL33942 |
Title
Order Code RL33942 H.R. 1 (Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007) and S. 4 (Improving America s Security Act of 2007): A Comparative Analysis March 29, 2007 Edward F. Bruner, Coordinator Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division H.R. 1 (Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Act of 2007) and S. 4 (Improving America s Security Act of 2007): A Comparative Analysis ...
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| Date March 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL33795 |
Title
Order Code RL33795 Avian Influenza in Poultry and Wild Birds Updated March 29, 2007 Jim Monke Analyst in Agricultural Policy Resources, Science and Industry Division M. Lynne Corn Specialist in Natural Resources Resources, Science, and Industry Division Avian Influenza in Poultry and Wild Birds Summary Avian influenza is a viral disease that primarily infects birds, both domestic and wild. Certain ...
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| Date March 29, 2007 |
Report No. RS22403 |
Title
Order Code RS22403 Updated March 29, 2007 The Group of Eight Summits: Evolution and Possible Reform Martin A. Weiss Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Summary The Group of Eight (G8) summit is a forum to informally discuss and create policies on major foreign policy issues among the heads of state of the United States, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, the ...
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| Date March 29, 2007 |
Report No. RS22366 |
Title
Order Code RS22366 Updated March 29, 2007 Military Support to the Severely Disabled: Overview of Service Programs Charles A. Henning Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Summary Ongoing military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have caused serious injuries to some military personnel. Many have been returned to medical facilities in the U.S., especially Walter Reed ...
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| Date March 28, 2007 |
Report No. RL33945 |
Title
Order Code RL33945 U.S. Trade with Developing Countries: Trends, Prospects, and Policy Implications March 28, 2007 William H. Cooper Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Trade with Developing Countries: Trends, Prospects, and Policy Implications Summary Developing countries, a heterogeneous group of low- and middle-income countries, have ...
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| Date March 28, 2007 |
Report No. RL33716 |
Title
Order Code RL33716 Alaska Natural Gas Pipelines: Interaction of the Natural Gas and Steel Markets Updated March 28, 2007 Stephen Cooney Industry Specialist Resources, Science, and Industry Division Robert Pirog Specialist in Energy Economics and Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Alaska Natural Gas Pipelines: Interaction of the Natural Gas and Steel Markets Summary In 1976 Congress ...
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| Date March 27, 2007 |
Report No. RL33503 |
Title
Order Code RL33503 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web U.S. and Coalition Military Operations in Afghanistan: Issues for Congress Updated March 27, 2007 Andrew Feickert Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress U.S. and Coalition Military Operations in Afghanistan: Issues for Congress Summary ...
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| Date March 27, 2007 |
Report No. RS22632 |
Title
Order Code RS22632 March 27, 2007 Pakistan and Terrorism: A Summary K. Alan Kronstadt Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary This report provides a summary review of issues related to Pakistan and terrorism, especially in the context of U.S. interests, policy goals, and relevant assistance.1 The outcomes of U.S. policies toward Pakistan since 9/11, while ...
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| Date March 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL32731 |
Title
Order Code RL32731 Navy Aircraft Carriers: Retirement of USS John F. Kennedy Issues and Options for Congress Updated March 26, 2007 Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Navy Aircraft Carriers: Retirement of USS John F. Kennedy Issues and Options for Congress Summary The conventionally powered aircraft carrier John F. Kennedy (CV-67) was ...
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| Date March 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL33937 |
Title
Order Code RL33937 The Financial Health of the Pension Guaranty Benefit Corporation (PBGC) March 23, 2007 William J. Klunk Actuary Domestic Social Policy Division The Financial Health of the Pension Guaranty Benefit Corporation (PBGC) Summary The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is a federal government agency created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to ...
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| Date March 23, 2007 |
Report No. RS22630 |
Title
Order Code RS22630 March 23, 2007 Statutory Royalty Rates for Small Webcasters: Decision of the Copyright Royalty Board Robin Jeweler Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The Copyright Royalty Board (CRB) recently announced new statutory royalty rates for certain digital transmissions of sound recordings for the period January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2010. Implementation of ...
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| Date March 22, 2007 |
Report No. RL32969 |
Title
Order Code RL32969 Presidential Succession: An Overview with Analysis of Legislation Proposed in the 109th Congress Updated March 22, 2007 Thomas H. Neale Government and Finance Division Presidential Succession: An Overview with Analysis of Legislation Proposed in the 109th Congress Summary When the office of President of the United States becomes vacant due to removal ... death or resignation of ...
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| Date March 22, 2007 |
Report No. RL33337 |
Title
Order Code RL33337 Article 98 Agreements and Sanctions on U.S. Foreign Aid to Latin America Updated March 22, 2007 Clare M. Ribando Analyst in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Article 98 Agreements and Sanctions on U.S. Foreign Aid to Latin America Summary During 2006, the Administration and Congress began to reassess some aspects of U.S. policy towards the ...
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| Date March 21, 2007 |
Report No. RL33576 |
Title
Order Code RL33576 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2007 Appropriations Updated March 21, 2007 Paul M. Irwin Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division The annual consideration of appropriations bills (regular, continuing, and supplemental) by Congress is part of a complex set of budget processes that also encompasses the consideration of budget resolutions, ...
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| Date March 21, 2007 |
Report No. RL32902 |
Title
Order Code RL32902 Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit: Low-Income Provisions Updated March 21, 2007 Jennifer O Sullivan Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit: Low-Income Provisions Summary The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA, P.L. 108-173) established a new voluntary prescription drug benefit ...
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| Date March 21, 2007 |
Report No. RL33856 |
Title
Order Code RL33856 Exon-Florio Foreign Investment Provision: Overview of H.R. 556 Updated March 21, 2007 James K. Jackson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Exon-Florio Foreign Investment Provision: Overview of H.R. 556 Summary During the Second Session of the 109th Congress, Members of Congress introduced over two dozen measures to address ...
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| Date March 21, 2007 |
Report No. RL33933 |
Title
Order Code RL33933 U.S. Foreign Aid to Lebanon: Issues for Congress March 21, 2007 Jeremy M. Sharp Middle East Policy Analyst Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S. Foreign Aid to Lebanon: Issues for Congress Summary In Lebanon today, there is a battle for political primacy between the anti-Syrian, pro-Western government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora and the opposition, led by the ...
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| Date March 20, 2007 |
Report No. RS20941 |
Title
Order Code RS20941 Updated March 20, 2007 Air Force Aerial Refueling Christopher Bolkcom Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary Aerial refueling aircraft are key to air operations. The U.S. tanker fleet is large and effective, but old. Modernizing or replacing the current fleet of tankers presents the Department of Defense (DOD) with difficult choices ...
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| Date March 19, 2007 |
Report No. RL33930 |
Title
Order Code RL33930 Subprime Mortgages: Primer on Current Lending and Foreclosure Issues March 19, 2007 Edward Vincent Murphy Analyst in Financial Institutions Government and Finance Division Subprime Mortgages: Primer on Current Lending and Foreclosure Issues Summary Subprime mortgages are loans extended to borrowers with weak credit profiles. Subprime mortgages entail higher risk of delinquency ...
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| Date March 19, 2007 |
Report No. RS20975 |
Title
Order Code RS20975 Updated March 19, 2007 Food Labeling: Allergy Information Donna V. Porter Specialist in Life Sciences Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Media attention to food allergies is the result of the recent tracking of food allergy sufferers and a clear rise in the number of affected individuals. Several efforts are underway to improve the ability of individuals who have a food ...
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| Date March 16, 2007 |
Report No. RL33399 |
Title
Order Code RL33399 Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2007 Appropriations Updated March 7, 2007 Carol Hardy Vincent, Coordinator, David M. Bearden, M. Lynne Corn, Ross W. Gorte, Marc Humphries, Pervaze A. Sheikh, and David L. Whiteman Resources, Science, and Industry Division Susan Boren and Roger Walke Domestic Social Policy Division Keith Bea Government and Finance Division The ...
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| Date March 16, 2007 |
Report No. RL33928 |
Title
Order Code RL33928 Ethanol and Biofuels: Agriculture, Infrastructure, and Market Constraints Related to Expanded Production March 16, 2007 Brent D. Yacobucci Specialist in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Randy Schnepf Specialist in Agricultural Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Ethanol and Biofuels: Agriculture, Infrastructure, and Market Constraints Related ...
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| Date March 16, 2007 |
Report No. RS20915 |
Title
Order Code RS20915 Updated March 16, 2007 Strategic Airlift Modernization Christopher Bolkcom Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary There is a consensus among policy makers that the Department of Defense (DOD) must maintain a robust and effective airlift fleet. There is disagreement, however, over how many aircraft are required, and of what type. DOD s ...
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| Date March 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL32411 |
Title
Order Code RL32411 Network Centric Operations: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress Updated March 15, 2007 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Network Centric Operations: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress Summary Network Centric Operations (also known as Network Centric Warfare) is a key component of DOD ...
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| Date March 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL33919 |
Title
Order Code RL33919 Long-Term Care: Consumers, Providers, Payers, and Programs March 15, 2007 Carol O Shaughnessy, Julie Stone, and Thomas Gabe Specialists in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Laura B. Shrestha Specialist in Demography Domestic Social Policy Division Long-Term Care: Consumers, Providers, Payers, and Programs Summary Long-term care refers to a broad range of health ...
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| Date March 15, 2007 |
Report No. RS22526 |
Title
Order Code RS22526 Updated January 3, 2007 Animal Agriculture: Selected Issues for Congress Geoffrey S. Becker Specialist in Agricultural Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The value of animal production on the 1.3 million U.S. dairy, livestock, and poultry farms (2002 Census of Agriculture) averages about $124 billion annually, more than half the total value of all U.S. ...
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| Date March 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL32244 |
Title
Order Code RL32244 Grazing Regulations: Changes by the Bureau of Land Management Updated March 15, 2007 Carol Hardy Vincent Specialist in Natural Resources Resources, Science, and Industry Division Grazing Regulations: Changes by the Bureau of Land Management Summary The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) issued changes to grazing regulations (43 C.F.R. Part 4100) on August 11, 2006, after a three ...
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| Date March 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL33922 |
Title
Order Code RL33922 Platform Equality and Remedies for Rights Holders in Music Act of 2007 (S. 256): Section-by-Section Analysis March 15, 2007 Kate M. Manuel Law Clerk American Law Division Brian T. Yeh Legislative Attorney American Law Division Platform Equality and Remedies for Rights Holders in Music Act of 2007 (S. 256): Section-by-Section Analysis Summary As new technologies have changed the ...
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| Date March 15, 2007 |
Report No. RS21921 |
Title
Order Code RS21921 Updated March 15, 2007 Cruise Missile Defense Christopher Bolkcom Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary Congress has expressed interest in cruise missile defense for years. Cruise missiles (CMs) are essentially unmanned attack aircraft vehicles composed of an airframe, propulsion system, guidance system, and weapons payload. They may ...
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