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Title |
| Date July 11, 2007 |
Report No. RL34085 |
Title
Order Code RL34085 Election Year Restrictions on Mass Mailings by Members of Congress: How H.R. 1614 / S. 936 / S. 1285 Would Change Current Law July 11, 2007 Matthew E. Glassman Analyst in American National Government Government and Finance Division Election Year Restrictions on Mass Mailings by Members of Congress: How H.R. 1614 / S. 936 / S. 1285 Would Change Current Law Summary Current law ...
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| Date July 11, 2007 |
Report No. RS22692 |
Title
Order Code RS22692 July 11, 2007 Estonia: Current Issues and U.S. Policy Steven Woehrel Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary After restoration of its independence in 1991, following decades of Soviet rule, Estonia made rapid strides toward establishing a democratic political system and a dynamic, free market economy. It achieved two key foreign policy ...
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| Date July 10, 2007 |
Report No. RL34106 |
Title
Order Code RL34106 U.S. Clothing and Textile Trade with China and the World: Trends Since the End of Quotas July 10, 2007 Michael F. Martin Analyst in Asian Political Economics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade U.S. Clothing and Textile Trade with China and the World: Trends Since the End of Quotas Summary The elimination of the last set of quotas of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) ...
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| Date July 10, 2007 |
Report No. RL34083 |
Title
Order Code RL34083 The Dollar s Future as the World s Reserve Currency: The Challenge of the Euro July 10, 2007 Craig K. Elwell Specialist in Macroeconomics Government and Finance Division The Dollar s Future as the World s Reserve Currency: The Challenge of the Euro Summary Globally, central bank holdings of reserve currency assets have risen sharply in recent years. These official holdings have ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL34078 |
Title
Order Code RL34078 Retransmission Consent and Other Federal Rules Affecting Programmer-Distributor Negotiations: Issues for Congress July 9, 2007 Charles B. Goldfarb Specialist in Industrial Organization and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Retransmission Consent and Other Federal Rules Affecting Programmer-Distributor Negotiations: Issues for Congress Summary ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL32477 |
Title
Order Code RL32477 Social Security: The Public Servant Retirement Protection Act (H.R. 2772/S. 1647) Updated July 9, 2007 Laura Haltzel Specialist in Social Security Domestic Social Policy Division Social Security: The Public Servant Retirement Protection Act (H.R. 2772/S. 1647) Summary A worker is covered by Social Security if he or she pays into Social Security through the Old-Age, Survivors, ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL34055 |
Title
Order Code RL34055 Walter Reed Army Medical Center: Realignment Under BRAC 2005 and Options for Congress Updated July 9, 2007 Daniel H. Else Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade JoAnne O Bryant Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Walter Reed Army Medical Center: Realignment Under BRAC 2005 and Options for Congress Summary The 2005 Defense Base ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL34084 |
Title
Order Code RL34084 Reconfiguring the Federal Pell Grant Program: Effect of Selected Changes on Program Costs and on Students in Different Income Groups July 9, 2007 Charmaine Mercer Analyst in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Reconfiguring the Federal Pell Grant Program: Effect of Selected Changes on Program Costs and on Students in Different Income Groups Summary Every year ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL32123 |
Title
Order Code RL32123 Airborne Laser (ABL): Issues for Congress Updated July 9, 2007 Christopher Bolkcom Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Steven A. Hildreth Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Airborne Laser (ABL): Issues for Congress Summary The United States has pursued a variety of ballistic missile defense concepts ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL34079 |
Title
Order Code RL34079 A Condensed Review of Retransmission Consent and Other Federal Rules Affecting ProgrammerDistributor Negotiations July 9, 2007 Charles B. Goldfarb Specialist in Industrial Organization and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division A Condensed Review of Retransmission Consent and Other Federal Rules Affecting Programmer-Distributor Negotiations Summary ...
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| Date July 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL32759 |
Title
Order Code RL32759 Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology Updated July 9, 2007 Christopher M. Blanchard Analyst in Middle Eastern Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology Summary Al Qaeda leaders and affiliates have conducted sophisticated public relations and media campaigns since the mid-1990s. Terrorism analysts believe that these ...
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| Date July 7, 2007 |
Report No. RL30370 |
Title
Order Code RL30370 Members Who Have Served in the U.S. Congress 30 Years or More Updated July 7, 2007 Mildred Amer Specialist in American National Government Government and Finance Division Members Who Have Served in the U.S. Congress 30 Years or More Summary This report identifies those 234 Members of Congress whose service in the House or Senate, or both, has been 30 years or more. The ...
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| Date July 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL34086 |
Title
Order Code RL34086 The Southwest Pacific: U.S. Interests and China s Growing Influence July 6, 2007 Thomas Lum Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Bruce Vaughn Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The Southwest Pacific: U.S. Interests and China s Growing Influence Summary This report focuses on the 14 sovereign nations of the ...
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| Date July 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL34075 |
Title
Order Code RL34075 Pakistan: Significant Recent Events, March 26 - June 21, 2007 July 6, 2007 Susan G. Chesser Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Pakistan: Significant Recent Events, March 26 - June 21, 2007 Summary Many see Pakistani President General Pervez Musharraf as currently facing the most serious challenges to his authority since he wrested control of Pakistan s ...
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| Date July 6, 2007 |
Report No. RS22559 |
Title
Order Code RS22559 Updated July 6, 2007 Navy CG(X) Cruiser Design Options: Background and Oversight Issues for Congress Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary The Navy has stated that it would like to use the design of its new DDG-1000 destroyer as the basis for its planned CG(X) cruiser. Ships based on other hull designs are possible. ...
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| Date July 5, 2007 |
Report No. RL34072 |
Title
Order Code RL34072 Economic Growth and the Business Cycle: Characteristics, Causes, and Policy Implications July 5, 2007 Marc Labonte Specialist in Macroeconomics Government and Finance Division Economic Growth and the Business Cycle: Characteristics, Causes, and Policy Implications Summary Economic growth can be caused by random fluctuations, seasonal fluctuations, changes in the business cycle, ...
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| Date July 5, 2007 |
Report No. RL34073 |
Title
Order Code RL34073 Productivity and National Standards of Living July 5, 2007 Brian W. Cashell Specialist in Quantitative Economics Government and Finance Division Productivity and National Standards of Living Summary Among the goals of economic policy is a rising standard of living, and it is generally understood that the means to that end is rising productivity. Productivity relates the quantity ...
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| Date July 3, 2007 |
Report No. RS22688 |
Title
Order Code RS22688 July 3, 2007 Selected Small Business Statistics N. Eric Weiss Analyst in Financial Institutions Government & Finance Division Summary This report gathers selected statistics on the role of small businesses in the national economy that Congress has frequently asked the Congressional Research Service (CRS) to provide. Most of the statistics are calculated by CRS from Census data. ...
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| Date July 3, 2007 |
Report No. RS22210 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress This report provides an overview of a proposal to provide small-bank regulatory and tax relief via legislation, H.R. 1869/S. 1405, 110th Congress. The measure s official title is specified as either the Community Banks Serving Their Communities First Act, or the Communities First Act. Representative Velazquez introduced the legislation on April 17, ...
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| Date July 2, 2007 |
Report No. RL33900 |
Title
Order Code RL33900 FY2007 Supplemental Appropriations for Defense, Foreign Affairs, and Other Purposes Updated July 2, 2007 Stephen Daggett, Amy Belasco, Pat Towell, Susan B. Epstein, Connie Veillette, Curt Tarnoff, and Rhoda Margesson Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Bart Elias Resources, Science, and Industry Division FY2007 Supplemental Appropriations for Defense, Foreign Affairs, ...
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| Date July 2, 2007 |
Report No. RL34068 |
Title
Order Code RL34068 Civil Commitment of Sexually Dangerous Persons July 2, 2007 Nathan James Analyst in Social Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Kenneth R. Thomas Legislative Attorney American Law Division Cassandra Foley Law Librarian Knowledge Services Group Civil Commitment of Sexually Dangerous Persons Summary The 109th Congress passed legislation (P.L. 109-248) that allows the federal ...
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| Date July 1, 2007 |
Report No. IB91121 |
Title
Order Code IB91121 CRS Issue Brief for Congress Received through the CRS Web China-U.S. Trade Issues Updated July 1, 2005 Wayne M. Morrison Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service The Library of Congress CONTENTS SUMMARY MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS U.S. Trade with China Major U.S. Exports to China Major U.S. Imports from China Major U.S.- ...
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| Date June 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL34071 |
Title
Order Code RL34071 Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover June 29, 2007 Michael F. Martin Analyst in Asian Political Economics Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Hong Kong: Ten Years After the Handover Summary In the 10 years that have passed since the reversion of Hong Kong from British to Chinese sovereignty, much has changed and little has changed. On the political front, the Hong ...
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| Date June 29, 2007 |
Report No. RL34066 |
Title
Order Code RL34066 English Language Acquisition Grants Under the No Child Left Behind Act: Analysis of State Grant Formula and Data Options June 29, 2007 Rebecca R. Skinner Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division English Language Acquisition Grants Under the No Child Left Behind Act: Analysis of State Grant Formula and Data Options Summary The number of limited English ...
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| Date June 29, 2007 |
Report No. RS22618 |
Title
Order Code RS22618 Updated June 29, 2007 The Supreme Court Decides Five Environmental Cases in Its 2006-2007 Term Robert Meltz Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The Supreme Court decided five environmental cases during its 2006-2007 term, a significant proportion of the 72 cases it heard. Two decisions involve the Clean Air Act: one ruling that the act allows the Environmental ...
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| Date June 28, 2007 |
Report No. RL33174 |
Title
Order Code RL33174 FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: Action in the 109th Congress Updated June 28, 2007 Nonna A. Noto Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Steven Maguire Analyst in Public Finance Government and Finance Division FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: Action in the 109th Congress Summary Areas struck by disaster often experience a destruction of ...
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| Date June 27, 2007 |
Report No. RL32806 |
Title
Order Code RL32806 Journalists Privilege to Withhold Information in Judicial and Other Proceedings: State Shield Statutes Updated June 27, 2007 Henry Cohen Legislative Attorney American Law Division Journalists Privilege to Withhold Information in Judicial and Other Proceedings: State Shield Statutes Summary Absent a statutory or constitutional recognition of journalistic privilege, a reporter may ...
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| Date June 27, 2007 |
Report No. RL34065 |
Title
Order Code RL34065 FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: Action in the 110th Congress June 27, 2007 Nonna A. Noto Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: Action in the 110th Congress Summary The emergency supplemental appropriations act for FY2007 (P.L. 110-28), enacted on May 25, 2007, included provisions permitting the cancellation ...
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| Date June 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL34061 |
Title
Order Code RL34061 Intelligence and Information-Sharing Elements of S. 4 and H.R. 1 June 26, 2007 Todd Masse Specialist in Domestic Intelligence and Counterterrorism Domestic Social Policy Division Intelligence and Information-Sharing Elements of S. 4 and H.R. 1 Summary Title I of S. 4 and Title VII of H.R. 1 include corresponding measures related to enhancing information and intelligence sharing, ...
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| Date June 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22026 |
Title
Order Code RS22026 Updated June 25, 2007 Border Security: The San Diego Fence Blas Nu ez-Neto Analyst in Domestic Security Domestic Social Policy Division Michael John Garcia Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary This report outlines the issues involved with DHS s construction of the San Diego border fence and highlights some of the major legislative and administrative developments ...
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| Date June 20, 2007 |
Report No. RL30545 |
Title
Order Code RL30545 Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress Updated June 20, 2007 Clare M. Ribando Analyst in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for Congress Summary Trafficking in people for prostitution and forced labor is one of the most prolific areas of international criminal activity and is of ...
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| Date June 20, 2007 |
Report No. RL33212 |
Title
Order Code RL33212 Russian Oil and Gas Challenges Updated June 20, 2007 Robert Pirog Specialist in Energy Economics and Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Russian Oil and Gas Challenges Summary Russia is a major player in world energy markets. It has more proven natural gas reserves than any other country, is among the top ten in proven oil reserves, is the largest exporter of ...
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| Date June 20, 2007 |
Report No. RL33957 |
Title
Order Code RL33957 Elections in France, 2007 Updated June 20, 2007 Paul Gallis Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Elections in France, 2007 Summary On May 6, 2007, the Gaullist Nicolas Sarkozy defeated the Socialist candidate S gol ne Royal in the second round of the French elections to become President of France. He will serve a five-year term. His party ...
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| Date June 20, 2007 |
Report No. RL33140 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The U.S. trade deficit is equal to net foreign capital inflows. Because U.S. investment rates exceed U.S. saving rates, the gap must be financed by foreign borrowing. Net capital inflows have grown over recent years to a record 6.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2006. Economists have long argued that the low U.S. saving rate, which is much ...
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| Date June 20, 2007 |
Report No. RS22682 |
Title
Order Code RS22682 June 20, 2007 Ozone Air Quality Standards: EPA s Proposed Changes James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary EPA is expected to propose changes to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone on June 20, 2007. The proposal follows a multi-year review of the science regarding ozone s effects on public health and ...
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| Date June 19, 2007 |
Report No. RS22598 |
Title
Order Code RS22598 Updated June 19, 2007 Iraq: Milestones Since the Ouster of Saddam Hussein Hussein D. Hassan Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Summary On May 1, 2003, President George W. Bush declared an end to major combat in Iraq. Since then, hostilities and death tolls continue to rise. Tensions between the once dominant Sunni minority and Shia majority also continue to ...
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| Date June 19, 2007 |
Report No. RS22680 |
Title
Order Code RS22680 June 19, 2007 The New Markets Tax Credit: An Introduction Donald J. Marples Specialist in Public Sector Economics Government and Finance Division Summary The New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) is a non-refundable tax credit intended to encourage private capital investment in eligible low-income communities. NMTCs are allocated by the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund ...
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| Date June 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL31404 |
Title
Order Code RL31404 Defense Procurement: Full Funding Policy Background, Issues, and Options for Congress Updated June 15, 2007 Ronald O Rourke Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Stephen Daggett Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Defense Procurement: Full Funding Policy Background, Issues, and Options for Congress ...
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| Date June 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL34062 |
Title
Order Code RL34062 The Department of Defense: Reducing Its Reliance on Fossil-Based Aviation Fuel Issues for Congress June 15, 2007 Kristine E. Blackwell National Defense Fellow Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The Department of Defense: Reducing Its Reliance on Fossil-Based Aviation Fuel Issues for Congress Summary The Department of Defense (DOD) is a factor in the nation s discussion ...
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| Date June 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL32776 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Some observers have proposed procuring Navy ships using incremental funding or advance appropriations rather than the traditional full funding approach that has been used to procure most Navy ships. Supporters believe these alternative funding approaches could increase stability in Navy shipbuilding plans and perhaps increase the number of Navy ...
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| Date June 15, 2007 |
Report No. RS22679 |
Title
Order Code RS22679 June 15, 2007 Pension Funds Investing in Hedge Funds William Klunk Actuary Domestic Social Policy Division Summary The proportion of U.S. corporate-defined benefit pension funds investing in hedge funds has increased to 24% in 2006, up from 19% in 2004 and 12% in 2000. Although statistics vary, total corporate pension fund assets allocated to hedge funds in 2006 was 2.1%. ...
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| Date June 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL30534 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The U.S. trade deficit has risen significantly in recent years. Over the economic expansion of 1991-2001, it grew from 0.2% of GDP in 1991 to a record high of 3.9% of GDP in 2000, which exceeded the previous high of 2.8% reached in 1986. This growth was particularly rapid over the period 1998-2000. During 1997, the trade deficit was a modest 1.2% of ...
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| Date June 14, 2007 |
Report No. RL33974 |
Title
Order Code RL33974 Legal Issues Raised by Provision in House Energy Bill (H.R. 6) Creating Incentives for Certain OCS Leaseholders to Accept Price Thresholds Updated June 14, 2007 Robert Meltz Legislative Attorney American Law Division Adam Vann Legislative Attorney American Law Division Legal Issues Raised by Provision in House Energy Bill (H.R. 6) Creating Incentives for Certain OCS Leaseholders ...
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| Date June 13, 2007 |
Report No. RL34043 |
Title
Order Code RL34043 Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2007 Update June 13, 2007 James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2007 Update Summary This report, which replaces a 2004 report on the same subject (CRS Report RL32570), provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal ...
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| Date June 13, 2007 |
Report No. RL33236 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Following the destruction wrought on the Gulf Coast by Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita in 2005, the initial federal response to providing education-related disaster relief was primarily in the form of waivers issued by the Secretary of Education. With the passage of the Department of Defense, Emergency Supplemental Appropriations to Address ...
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| Date June 13, 2007 |
Report No. RS22608 |
Title
Order Code RS22608 Updated June 13, 2007 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal: Core Labor Standards Issues: A Brief Overview Mary Jane Bolle Specialist in International Trade Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary This report is a brief overview of key issues addressed in CRS Report RL33864, Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) Renewal: Core Labor Standards Issues. Trade promotion ...
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| Date June 11, 2007 |
Report No. RL30120 |
Title
Order Code RL30120 The Marine Mammal Protection Act: Reauthorization Issues Updated June 11, 2007 Eugene H. Buck Specialist in Natural Resources Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division The Marine Mammal Protection Act: Reauthorization Issues Summary The Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was last reauthorized in 1994. The MMPA s authorization of appropriations expired at the end of ...
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| Date June 11, 2007 |
Report No. RL33907 |
Title
Order Code RL33907 Project BioShield: Appropriations, Acquisitions, and Policy Implementation Issues for Congress Updated June 11, 2007 Frank Gottron Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Project BioShield: Appropriations, Acquisitions, and Policy Implementation Issues for Congress Summary The Project BioShield Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-276) established ...
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| Date June 8, 2007 |
Report No. RS22675 |
Title
Order Code RS22675 June 8, 2007 Armenia s Legislative Election: Outcome and Implications for U.S. Interests Jim Nichol Specialist in Russian and Eurasian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary This report discusses the campaign and results of Armenia s May 12, 2007, legislative election and examines implications for Armenian and U.S. interests. Many observers viewed the ...
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| Date June 7, 2007 |
Report No. RL33034 |
Title
Order Code RL33034 Telecommunications Act: Competition, Innovation, and Reform Updated June 7, 2007 Charles B. Goldfarb Specialist in Industrial Organization and Telecommunications Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Telecommunications Act: Competition, Innovation, and Reform Summary In 1996, Congress enacted comprehensive reform of the nation s statutory and regulatory framework for ...
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