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| Date Aug. 9, 2007 |
Report No. RL34125 |
Title
Order Code RL34125 Mortality of Americans Age 65 and Older: 1980 to 2004 August 9, 2007 Andrew R. Sommers Analyst in Public Health and Epidemiology Domestic Social Policy Division Mortality of Americans Age 65 and Older: 1980 to 2004 Summary Individuals age 65 and older have experienced remarkable declines in mortality during the past 20 years. In 1980, 14.2% of newborns could expect to live to ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2007 |
Report No. RS22531 |
Title
Order Code RS22531 Updated August 9, 2007 Iranian Nuclear Sites Hussein D. Hassan Information Research Specialist Knowledge Services Group Summary On April 9, 2007, Iran declared that it has now developed the capability to produce enriched uranium which is needed to make nuclear fuel on an industrial scale. This report describes Iran s known nuclear sites listed in official International Atomic ...
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| Date Aug. 8, 2007 |
Report No. RS21131 |
Title
Order Code RS21131 Updated August 8, 2007 Nuclear Power Plants: Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack Mark Holt and Anthony Andrews Specialists in Energy Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary Protection of nuclear power plants from land-based assaults, deliberate aircraft crashes, and other terrorist acts has been a heightened national priority since the attacks of September 11, ...
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| Date Aug. 7, 2007 |
Report No. RL34082 |
Title
Order Code RL34082 Exon-Florio Foreign Investment Provision: Comparison of H.R. 556 and S. 1610 Updated August 7, 2007 James K. Jackson Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Exon-Florio Foreign Investment Provision: Comparison of H.R. 556 and S. 1610 Summary During the First Session of the 110th Congress, several Members of Congress have ...
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| Date Aug. 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL34089 |
Title
Order Code RL34089 FDA Legislation in the 110th Congress: A Guide to S. 1082 and H.R. 2900 Updated August 6, 2007 Erin D. Williams, Susan Thaul, and Donna V. Porter Domestic Social Policy Division FDA Legislation in the 110th Congress: A Guide to S. 1082 and H.R. 2900 Summary Both the House and the Senate have passed comprehensive legislation to reauthorize existing Food and Drug Administration ( ...
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| Date Aug. 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL34028 |
Title
Order Code RL34028 Identity Theft Laws: State Penalties and Remedies and Pending Federal Bills Updated August 6, 2007 Tara Alexandra Rainson Law Librarian Knowledge Services Group Identity Theft Laws: State Penalties and Remedies and Pending Federal Bills Summary This report provides an overview of state laws on identity theft. It discusses state laws that penalize identity theft, as well as state ...
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| Date Aug. 6, 2007 |
Report No. RL34102 |
Title
Order Code RL34102 CRS Report for Congress FDA Legislation in the 1loth Congress: A Side-by-Side Comparison of S. 1082 and H.R. 2900 Updated August 6,2007 Erin D. Williams, Susan Thaul, Sarah A. Lister, Donna V. Porter, and C. Stephen Redhead Domestic Social Policy Division Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Congressional Research Service A FDA Legislation in the 11Oth Congress: Side- ...
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| Date Aug. 6, 2007 |
Report No. RS22486 |
Title
Order Code RS22486 Updated August 6, 2007 India-Iran Relations and U.S. Interests K. Alan Kronstadt (Coordinator) and Kenneth Katzman Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary India s growing energy needs and its relatively benign view of Iran s intentions will likely cause policy differences between New Delhi and Washington. India seeks positive ties with Iran and is unlikely to ...
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| Date Aug. 3, 2007 |
Report No. RL32917 |
Title
Order Code RL32917 Bioterrorism Countermeasure Development: Issues in Patents and Homeland Security Updated August 3, 2007 Wendy H. Schacht Specialist in Science and Technology Resources, Science, and Industry Division John R. Thomas Visiting Scholar Resources, Science, and Industry Division Bioterrorism Countermeasure Development: Issues in Patents and Homeland Security Summary Congressional ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2007 |
Report No. RL33646 |
Title
Order Code RL33646 Bangladesh: Background and U.S. Relations Updated August 2, 2007 Bruce Vaughn Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Bangladesh: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Bangladesh (the former East Pakistan) gained its independence in 1971, following India s intervention in a rebellion against West Pakistan (currently called Pakistan). Democratic ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2007 |
Report No. RL31242 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress States have primary responsibility for administering child welfare funds. However, the federal government provides substantial child welfare funding that is contingent on states meeting certain program requirements. The greatest part of federal assistance dedicated to child welfare is included in Title IV-B and Title IV-E of the Social Security Act. ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS22419 |
Title
Order Code RS22419 Updated August 2, 2007 U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement M. Angeles Villarreal Analyst in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary On November 22, 2006, Deputy U.S. Trade Representative John Veroneau and Colombian Minister of Trade, Industry, and Tourism, Jorge Humberto Botero, signed the Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (CTPA ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS22509 |
Title
Order Code RS22509 Updated August 2, 2007 Poland: Background and Policy Trends of the Kaczynski Government Carl Ek Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary Poland held presidential and parliamentary elections in the fall of 2005. After several months, a ruling coalition consisting of three populist-nationalist parties was formed; the presidency and ...
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| Date Aug. 2, 2007 |
Report No. RS20589 |
Title
Order Code RS20589 Updated August 2, 2007 Manipulating Molecules: Federal Support for Nanotechnology Research Michael E. Davey Specialist in Science and Technology Resources, Science, and Industry Division Summary The Bush Administration requested $1.447 billion for nanotechnology research in FY2008, a $56 million increase over the estimated $1.391 billion for FY2007. (See Table 1.) Nanotechnology ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2007 |
Report No. RL33684 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The status of Taiwan is a key issue for U.S. foreign policy and a critical point of contention in U.S. relations with China, which claims sovereignty over Taiwan. The U.S. policy framework for Taiwan was laid down in 1979 when Washington severed official relations with the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan and instead recognized the People s ...
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| Date Aug. 1, 2007 |
Report No. RL33728 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress On August 24, 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the approval of an application to switch Plan B, an emergency contraceptive, from a prescription-only drug to an over-the-counter (OTC) drug for women 18 years of age and older. Plan B will only be sold in pharmacies or healthcare clinics. It will continue to be dispensed as a ...
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| Date July 31, 2007 |
Report No. RS21860 |
Title
Order Code RS21860 Updated July 31, 2007 The Child Tax Credit Gregg A. Esenwein Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Maxim Shvedov Analyst in Public Sector Economics Government and Finance Division Summary The child tax credit was enacted in 1997, as Congress addressed concerns that the income tax structure did not adequately reflect a family s reduced ability to pay taxes ...
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| Date July 31, 2007 |
Report No. RL33382 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The federal telephone excise tax generated $5.0 billion in revenue in fiscal year (FY) 2006. Beginning in 2004, however, many taxpayers, individual and corporate, challenged the legality of the telephone excise tax as it applied to toll (long distance) telephone services. Recent court rulings have supported the taxpayers position that long distance ...
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| Date July 31, 2007 |
Report No. RS22528 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In 2004 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a rule which resulted in requiring many hedge fund advisers to register as investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act. Because hedge fund advisers had for the most part before the rule been exempt from registration so long as they had fewer than fifteen clients, hedge fund ...
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| Date July 30, 2007 |
Report No. RL32022 |
Title
Order Code RL32022 Air Cargo Security Updated July 30, 2007 Bart Elias Specialist in Aviation Security, Safety, and Technology Resources, Science, and Industry Division Air Cargo Security Summary The air cargo system is a complex, multi-faceted network that handles a vast amount of freight, packages, and mail carried aboard passenger and all-cargo aircraft. The air cargo system is vulnerable to ...
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| Date July 30, 2007 |
Report No. 97-483 |
Title
Order Code 97-483 Medicaid Disproportionate Share Payments Updated July 30, 2007 Jean Hearne Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Medicaid Disproportionate Share Payments Summary The Medicaid statute requires that states make disproportionate share (DSH) adjustments to the payment rates of hospitals treating large numbers of low-income and Medicaid patients. This ...
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| Date July 30, 2007 |
Report No. RL31599 |
Title
Order Code RL31599 Nepal: Background and U.S. Relations Updated July 30, 2007 Bruce Vaughn Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Nepal: Background and U.S. Relations Summary The three-way contest for control of Nepal among King Gyanendra, a coalition of seven parties seeking democracy for the country, and the Maoists ended with the king relinquishing power to the ...
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| Date July 27, 2007 |
Report No. RL34110 |
Title
Order Code RL34110 Comparison of Wounded Warrior Legislation: H.R. 1538 as Passed in the House and Senate July 27, 2007 Sarah A. Lister and Sidath Viranga Panangala Domestic Social Policy Division Richard A. Best Jr. Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Comparison of Wounded Warrior Legislation: H.R. 1538 as Passed in the House and Senate Summary This report compares certain provisions in ...
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| Date July 27, 2007 |
Report No. RL31702 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress In the 1970s, many countries were plagued by persistently high inflation rates. Since persistent inflation is ultimately the result of monetary policy, many countries in the 1990s and 2000s sought institutional reforms to their central banks to prevent a return to the 1970s experience. A popular reform was to move from giving central banks multiple ...
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| Date July 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33541 |
Title
Order Code RL33541 Background on Sugar Policy Issues Updated July 26, 2007 Remy Jurenas Specialist in Agricultural Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Background on Sugar Policy Issues Summary The sugar program, authorized by the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171), is designed to protect the price received by growers of sugarcane and sugar beets, and by firms that process these crops into ...
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| Date July 26, 2007 |
Report No. RS22699 |
Title
Order Code RS22699 July 26, 2007 Student Loans in Bankruptcy Duke Chen Law Clerk American Law Division Summary Currently, student loans cannot be discharged when the debtor declares bankruptcy, which means that, unlike most other unsecured debt, student loans will stay with the debtor post-bankruptcy. There are two bills pending before the 110th Congress that would amend the U.S. Bankruptcy Code ...
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| Date July 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL33744 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress That there are mutual gains from trade is the central premise of the economic case for free and open trade between countries. Typically, the gains from trade are rooted in differences in resource endowments (i.e., the relative abundances of land, labor, capital, and technology), leading to each trading economy having a relative efficiency advantage ...
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| Date July 26, 2007 |
Report No. RL31265 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress From January 2002 until July 31, 2002, the United States committed nearly 1,300 troops to the Philippines to assist Philippine armed forces (AFP) in operations against the Abu Sayyaf terrorist group in the southern Philippines, on the island of Basilan southwest of Mindanao. From 2005 into 2007, the U.S. committed up to 450 military personnel to ...
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| Date July 25, 2007 |
Report No. RS22010 |
Title
Order Code RS22010 Updated July 25, 2007 Social Security: Transition Costs Laura Haltzel Specialist in Social Security Domestic Social Policy Division Summary The chief actuary of the Social Security Administration (SSA) forecasts that under current law, the Social Security Trust Funds will be depleted in 2042.1 Many Members of Congress have expressed concern that restoring the program to long- ...
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| Date July 24, 2007 |
Report No. RL34105 |
Title
Order Code RL34105 The Financial Impact of Child Support on TANF Families: Simulation for Selected States July 24, 2007 Carmen Solomon-Fears and Gene Falk Specialists in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division The Financial Impact of Child Support on TANF Families: Simulation for Selected States Summary The Child Support Enforcement (CSE) program was enacted in 1975 as a federal-state- ...
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| Date July 24, 2007 |
Report No. RS21035 |
Title
Order Code RS21035 Updated July 24, 2007 Emergency Spending: Statutory and Congressional Rules James V. Saturno Specialist on the Congress Government and Finance Division Summary The designation of spending as emergency has had significance in both procedural and budgetary terms. The Budget Enforcement Act (BEA; 1990-2002) placed statutory limits (caps) on the level of federal discretionary ...
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| Date July 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL34095 |
Title
Order Code RL34095 Higher Education Act Reauthorization: A Comparison of Current Law and S. 1642 July 23, 2007 Charmaine Mercer and Blake Alan Naughton, Coordinators Analysts in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Rebecca R. Skinner, David P. Smole, Jeffrey J. Kuenzi, and Richard N. Apling Specialists in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Higher Education Act ...
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| Date July 23, 2007 |
Report No. RL34104 |
Title
Order Code RL34104 State E-Government Strategies: Identifying Best Practices and Applications July 23, 2007 Jeffrey W. Seifert Specialist in Information Science and Technoloy Policy Research, Science, and Industry Division Glenn J. McLoughlin Specialist in Technology and Telecommunications Policy Research, Science, and Industry Division State E-Government Strategies: Identifying Best Practices and ...
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| Date July 20, 2007 |
Report No. RL34100 |
Title
Order Code RL34100 Capital Punishment Overview: 2006-2007 Term of the Supreme Court July 20, 2007 Paul Starett Wallace, Jr. Specialist in American Public Law American Law Division Capital Punishment Overview: 2006-2007 Term of the Supreme Court Summary During its 2006-2007 term the Supreme Court announced decisions in eight capital cases. Three arose under a later abandoned Texas procedure that ...
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| Date July 20, 2007 |
Report No. RS22568 |
Title
Order Code RS22568 Updated July 20, 2007 Stafford Loan Interest Rate Reduction: Background and Issues David P. Smole Specialist in Social Legislation Domestic Social Policy Division Summary Subsidized and unsubsidized Stafford Loans are the primary sources of federal loan aid available to assist students finance the costs of a postsecondary education. These loans are made available under both the ...
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| Date July 20, 2007 |
Report No. RS20859 |
Title
Order Code RS20859 Updated July 20, 2007 Air Force Transformation Christopher Bolkcom Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary Many believe that the Department of Defense (DOD) including the Air Force must transform itself to ensure future U.S. military effectiveness. The Air Force has a transformation plan that includes advanced technologies, concept ...
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| Date July 19, 2007 |
Report No. RL34090 |
Title
Order Code RL34090 Expiration of the 2001 Through 2006 Tax Cuts July 19, 2007 Gregg A. Esenwein Specialist in Public Finance Government and Finance Division Maxim Shvedov Analyst in Public Sector Economics Government and Finance Division Expiration of the 2001 Through 2006 Tax Cuts Summary The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-16) reduced marginal income tax rates ...
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| Date July 19, 2007 |
Report No. RL32891 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The mission of the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) is to understand current and future biological threats; assess vulnerabilities and determine potential consequences; and provide a national capability for conducting forensic analysis of evidence from bio-crimes and bio-terrorism. The NBACC is operational, with a ...
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| Date July 18, 2007 |
Report No. RL33435 |
Title
Order Code RL33435 The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) Updated July 18, 2007 William H. Cooper Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Mark E. Manyin Specialist in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The Proposed South Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) Summary On June 30, 2007, trade ...
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| Date July 18, 2007 |
Report No. RL34094 |
Title
Order Code RL34094 Requiring Disclosure of Gifts and Payments to Physicians: State Efforts and a Legal Analysis of Potential Federal Action July 18, 2007 Anna Henning Law Clerk American Law Division Requiring Disclosure of Gifts and Payments to Physicians: State Efforts and a Legal Analysis of Potential Federal Action Summary A recent Senate hearing, state efforts, and media attention have brought ...
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| Date July 18, 2007 |
Report No. RS22232 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress One reason that Social Security reform is on the congressional agenda is the large projected longterm fiscal shortfall facing Social Security, estimated at an average of 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) between now and 2080. But relatively little attention has been given to the potential long-term shortfall faced by the rest of the government, ...
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| Date July 18, 2007 |
Report No. RS22696 |
Title
Order Code RS22696 July 18, 2007 A & CRS Report for Congress "Clear Incompatibility" Between Antitrust and Securities Laws Implies Antitrust Immunity: Credit Suisse Securities v. Billing Janice E. Rubin and Michael V. Seitzinger Legislative Attorneys American Law Division Summary In Credit SuisseSecuritiesv. Billing, the Supreme Court examined whether entities in a heavily regulated industry are ...
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| Date July 17, 2007 |
Report No. RL32561 |
Title
Order Code RL32561 Risk Management and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Assessing, Integrating, and Managing Threats, Vulnerabilities and Consequences Updated July 17, 2007 John Moteff Specialist in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Risk Management and Critical Infrastructure Protection: Assessing, Integrating, and Managing Threats, Vulnerabilities, and ...
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| Date July 17, 2007 |
Report No. RS22634 |
Title
Order Code RS22634 Updated July 17, 2007 Securities Fraud: Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd. Michael V. Seitzinger Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary The United States Supreme Court granted the petition for certiorari in the case Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd. The case was appealed from a decision by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. It ...
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| Date July 16, 2007 |
Report No. RS22609 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides broad nondiscrimination protection for individuals with disabilities. However, to be covered under the statute, an individual must first meet the definition of an individual with a disability. Questions have been raised as to whether and to what extent obesity is a disability under the ADA and ...
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| Date July 15, 2007 |
Report No. RL31701 |
Title
Order Code RL31701 Iraq: U.S. Military Operations Updated July 15, 2007 Steve Bowman Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Iraq: U.S. Military Operations Summary Iraq s chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs, together with Iraqi long-range missile development and support for Al Qaeda terrorism, were the primary justifications put forward for ...
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| Date July 12, 2007 |
Report No. RL32832 |
Title
Order Code RL32832 Clinical Trials Reporting and Publication Updated July 12, 2007 Erin D. Williams Specialist in Bioethical Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Clinical Trials Reporting and Publication Summary The central issue before Congress with respect to clinical trials reporting and publication is how to balance the potential beneficial public health effects of requiring that clinical ...
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| Date July 12, 2007 |
Report No. RL33981 |
Title
Order Code RL33981 Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (MDUFMA) Reauthorization Updated July 12, 2007 Erin D. Williams Specialist in Bioethical Policy Domestic Social Policy Division Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act (MDUFMA) Reauthorization Summary Unless Congress acts to reauthorize it, the Food and Drug Administration s (FDA s) authority to collect user fees under the ...
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| Date July 12, 2007 |
Report No. RS22577 |
Title
Order Code RS22577 Updated July 12, 2007 Romania: Background and Current Issues Carl Ek Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Summary On January 1, 2007, Romania was formally admitted into the European Union. The accession marked a major milestone for the country, which has been struggling through a difficult, lengthy transition from communism and the ...
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| Date July 12, 2007 |
Report No. RL33965 |
Title
Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The diversity rationale for affirmative action in public education has long been a topic of political and legal controversy. Many colleges and universities have established affirmative action policies not only to remedy past discrimination, but also to achieve a racially and ethnically diverse student body or faculty. Although the Supreme Court has ...
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