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| Date March 27, 2018 |
Report No. IF10857 |
Title
March 27, 2018 Venezuela s Petroleum Sector and U.S. Sanctions In response to the ongoing political and economic crisis in Venezuela, the United States has imposed targeted sanctions on certain Venezuelan individuals as well as broader financial sanctions on the Venezuelan government and the state-owned oil company Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PdVSA). On February 4, 2018, then-Secretary of State ...
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| Date March 27, 2018 |
Report No. IF10172 |
Title
Updated March 27, 2018 Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Related Groups AQIM, a U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO), was formed when the Algerian-led Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat formally joined with Al Qaeda and renamed itself in 2006-2007. AQIM s leader reportedly remains in Algeria, but the group s center of gravity has moved southward into West Africa s ...
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| Date March 26, 2018 |
Report No. RS21977 |
Title
Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues Jim Monke Specialist in Agricultural Policy March 26, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS21977 Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues Summary The federal government provides credit assistance to farmers to help assure adequate and reliable lending in rural areas, particularly for farmers who cannot obtain loans elsewhere. ...
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| Date March 26, 2018 |
Report No. R45144 |
Title
Trends in Public Transportation Ridership: Implications for Federal Policy William J. Mallett Specialist in Transportation Policy March 26, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45144 Trends in Public Transportation Ridership: Implications for Federal Policy Summary Despite significant investments in public transportation at the federal, state, and local levels, transit ridership ...
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| Date March 26, 2018 |
Report No. IF10855 |
Title
March 26, 2018 Capital Access: IPO and IPO On-Ramp Raising capital through public offerings was traditionally viewed as a significant step for companies to achieve growth and create jobs. Its importance, however, has deteriorated over the last two decades, as measured by the decline in the number of initial public offerings (IPOs). In response to this market trend, Congress established a number of ...
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| Date March 23, 2018 |
Report No. R45128 |
Title
Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2018 Appropriations Jim Monke Specialist in Agricultural Policy March 23, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45128 Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2018 Appropriations Summary The Agriculture appropriations bill funds the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) except for the Forest Service. It also funds the Food and Drug Administration ( ...
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| Date March 23, 2018 |
Report No. R45140 |
Title
FY2018 Appropriations Overview: Census Bureau and Bureau of Economic Analysis Jennifer D. Williams Specialist in American National Government March 23, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45140 FY2018 Appropriations Overview: Census Bureau and Bureau of Economic Analysis Summary This report discusses FY2018 appropriations (discretionary budget authority) for the Bureau of ...
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| Date March 23, 2018 |
Report No. IF10854 |
Title
March 23, 2018 China s Communist Party Absorbs More of the State In March 2018, China s national legislature, the National People s Congress (NPC), approved amendments to China s state constitution, including the elimination of term limits for the positions of President and Vice President. The NPC also supported the creation of a new anti-graft agency, approved a reorganization of government ...
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| Date March 23, 2018 |
Report No. IF10852 |
Title
March 23, 2018 Defense Primer: Defense Working Capital Funds A Department of Defense (DOD) working capital fund (DWCF) is a type of revolving fund used to finance operations that function like commercial business activities, (e.g., equipment maintenance, supply and storage activities, and transporting equipment and people). According to the DOD Financial Management Regulation 7000.14-R, revolving ...
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| Date March 22, 2018 |
Report No. R45141 |
Title
Analysis of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I-A Allocation Formulas: Factors, Design Elements, and Allocation Patterns Updated March 22, 2018 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45141 Analysis of the ESEA Title I-A Allocation Formulas Summary The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) is the primary source of federal aid to elementary and ...
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| Date March 22, 2018 |
Report No. R45138 |
Title
Department of Health and Human Services: FY2019 Budget Request Karen E. Lynch Specialist in Social Policy Jessica Tollestrup Specialist in Social Policy March 22, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45138 Summary This report provides information about the FY2019 budget request for the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The report begins by reviewing the department s ...
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| Date March 22, 2018 |
Report No. R45139 |
Title
Unauthorized Childhood Arrivals: Legislative Activity in the 115th Congress Andorra Bruno Specialist in Immigration Policy March 22, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45139 Unauthorized Childhood Arrivals: Legislative Activity in the 115th Congress Summary Legislative activity in the 115th Congress on unauthorized childhood arrivals (foreign nationals who as children were ...
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| Date March 22, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10097 |
Title
Legal Sidebar UPDATE: Threats to National Security Foiled? A Wrap Up of New Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum Updated March 22, 2018 UPDATE: On March 19, 2018, the U.S. Department of Commerce ( Commerce ) issued an interim final rule concerning product-specific exclusions from the new tariffs on certain steel and aluminum imports. Because these requirements involve a military or foreign affairs ...
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| Date March 22, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10104 |
Title
Legal Sidebari It Belongs in a Museum: Sovereign Immunity Shields Iranian Antiquities Even When It Does Not Protect Iran Stephen P. Mulligan Legislative Attorney March 22, 2018 Foreign sovereign immunity may protect property owned by nations designated as state sponsors of terrorism, even when it does not shield the nations themselves, the Supreme Court held in Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran. ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. R45084 |
Title
2017 Disaster Supplemental Appropriations: Overview William L. Painter Specialist in Homeland Security and Appropriations March 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45084 2017 Disaster Supplemental Appropriations: Overview Summary According to the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2017 was a historic year of weather and climate disasters for the ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. R45136 |
Title
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123): CHIP, Public Health, Home Visiting, and Medicaid Provisions in Division E Alison Mitchell, Coordinator Specialist in Health Care Financing Elayne J. Heisler, Coordinator Specialist in Health Services March 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45136 BBA 2018: CHIP, Public Health, Home Visiting, and Medicaid Provisions in Division ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. R44467 |
Title
Federal Support for Drug Courts: In Brief Lisa N. Sacco Analyst in Illicit Drugs and Crime Policy March 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44467 Federal Support for Drug Courts: In Brief Summary The United States has gradually shifted its formal drug policy from a punishment-focused model toward a more comprehensive approach one that focuses on prevention, treatment, and ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. IN10866 |
Title
INSIGHTi Joint Resolution Seeks to End U.S. Support for Saudi-led Coalition Military Operations in Yemen Updated March 20, 2018 In February 2018, Senators Sanders, Lee, and Murphy introduced S.J.Res. 54, a joint resolution that would direct the President to remove U.S. forces from hostilities in or affecting Yemen (except for those U.S. forces engaged in counterterrorism operations directed at al ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. R45134 |
Title
Germaneness of Debate in the Senate: The Pastore Rule Christopher M. Davis Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process Michael Greene Senior Research Librarian March 20, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45134 Germaneness of Debate in the Senate: The Pastore Rule Summary Paragraph 1(b) of Senate Rule XIX commonly known as the Pastore rule, after its author, former Rhode ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10102 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Net Neutrality: Will the FTC Have Authority Over Broadband Service Providers? March 20, 2018 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Ninth Circuit), sitting en banc, recently decided FTC v. AT&T Mobility, which may affect the ability of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to police certain broadband Internet access service (BIAS) providers in the near future. Specifically, ...
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| Date March 20, 2018 |
Report No. IF10851 |
Title
March 20, 2018 Housing Finance: Recent Policy Developments Several recent developments have affected the financial condition of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In February 2018, Fannie Mae announced that one-time tax adjustments due to the 2017 tax revisions (P.L. 115-97) would require it to request $3.7 billion in support from Treasury, and Freddie Mac requested $312 million from Treasury. This ...
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| Date March 19, 2018 |
Report No. R45135 |
Title
NERC Standards for Bulk Power Physical Security: Is the Grid More Secure? Paul W. Parfomak Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy March 19, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45135 NERC Standards for Bulk Power Physical Security: Is the Grid More Secure? Summary A 2013 rifle attack on a critical electric power substation in Metcalf, CA, marked a turning point for the ...
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| Date March 16, 2018 |
Report No. R44864 |
Title
Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA): 2017 Reauthorization as PDUFA VI Agata Dabrowska Analyst in Health Policy Susan Thaul Specialist in Drug Safety and Effectiveness March 16, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44864 Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA): 2017 Reauthorization as PDUFA VI Summary The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA, now called PDUFA I) was ...
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| Date March 16, 2018 |
Report No. R44810 |
Title
FDA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS): Description and Effect on Generic Drug Development Agata Dabrowska Analyst in Health Policy March 16, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44810 FDA Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) Summary The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) authorizes the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate the safety ...
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| Date March 16, 2018 |
Report No. 96-769 |
Title
Capital Gains Taxes: An Overview Jane G. Gravelle Senior Specialist in Economic Policy March 16, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov 96-769 Capital Gains Taxes: An Overview Summary Taxes on long term capital gains (on assets held for at least a year) are imposed at rates that correspond to pre-2018 brackets: a 0% rate for those whose income placed them in the regular 15% bracket ...
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| Date March 16, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10009 |
Title
Legal Sidebari UPDATE: All Eyes on Allergan: Drug Company s Unprecedented Move Raises Questions for Patent and Drug Law (Part I) Caitlain Devereaux Lewis Legislative Attorney March 16, 2018 UPDATE 2, 3/16/2018: On February 23, 2018, the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) denied the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe s motion to terminate the inter partes proceedings based on tribal sovereign immunity, ...
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| Date March 16, 2018 |
Report No. IF10849 |
Title
March 16, 2018 Flashpoints in Syria and Iraq Create Challenges for U.S. Policy Interconnected active and latent armed conflicts in Syria and Iraq involving a range of domestic groups and international actors could further destabilize the region and create evolving policy challenges for U.S. policymakers. Related instability gives Iran opportunities to expand its influence and could lead to ...
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| Date March 15, 2018 |
Report No. R44086 |
Title
Pass-Throughs, Corporations, and Small Businesses: A Look at Firm Size Mark P. Keightley Specialist in Economics Joseph S. Hughes Research Assistant March 15, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44086 Pass-Throughs, Corporations, and Small Businesses: A Look at Firm Size Summary In tax policy discussions it is not uncommon for the terms pass-through and small business to be ...
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| Date March 15, 2018 |
Report No. IF10847 |
Title
March 15, 2018 The Visa Waiver Program: Balancing Tourism and National Security The U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP) is intended to encourage travel to the United States by allowing citizens of more than three dozen countries to visit without obtaining visas from a U.S. consulate. The program was originally established in 1986. In recent years, some Members of Congress and the Trump Administration ...
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| Date March 15, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10100 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Jurisdiction Stripping: When May Congress Prohibit the Courts from Hearing a Case? Kevin M. Lewis Legislative Attorney March 15, 2018 The U.S. Supreme Court recently issued its decision in Patchak v. Zinke, a case implicating a host of difficult legal issues concerning the respective powers of Congress and the judiciary. Patchak ultimately upheld the Gun Lake Trust Land ...
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| Date March 15, 2018 |
Report No. IF10850 |
Title
March 15, 2018 DOD s Troops to Teachers Program (TTT) Background Over the past few decades, Congress has authorized dozens of programs to provide educational assistance, credentialing opportunities, and employment support to service members transitioning to civilian life. One of these programs, Troops to Teachers (TTT), has been a congressionally authorized program since 1993 (see 10 U.S.C. 1154), ...
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| Date March 15, 2018 |
Report No. R45129 |
Title
Modes of Constitutional Interpretation Brandon J. Murrill Legislative Attorney March 15, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45129 Modes of Constitutional Interpretation Summary When exercising its power to review the constitutionality of governmental action, the Supreme Court has relied on certain methods or modes of interpretation that is, ways of figuring out a particular ...
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| Date March 15, 2018 |
Report No. IF10848 |
Title
March 15, 2018 Capital Access: SEC Regulation A+ ( Mini-IPO ) Companies turn to a variety of sources to access the funding they need to grow and make new investments. Among them are capital markets, segments of the financial system in which capital is raised through equity (representing ownership of a firm) or debt (representing creditorship of a firm) securities. As the principal regulator of ...
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| Date March 14, 2018 |
Report No. R42639 |
Title
Organization of American States: Background and Issues for Congress Peter J. Meyer Specialist in Latin American Affairs March 14, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42639 Organization of American States: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The Organization of American States (OAS) is a regional multilateral organization that includes all 35 independent countries of the ...
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| Date March 14, 2018 |
Report No. IF10844 |
Title
March 14, 2018 New Residential Wood Heaters: Potential Impacts from Delaying Federal Emission Standards On March 7, 2018, the House passed H.R. 1917, which would, among other things, delay the effective date of federal emission standards for new residential wood heaters promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2015. House and Senate hearings in late 2017 highlighted ...
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| Date March 14, 2018 |
Report No. R44700 |
Title
The Every Student Succeeds Act: Accountability for Schools with Low Graduation Rates Jeffrey J. Kuenzi Specialist in Education Policy March 14, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44700 The Every Student Succeeds Act: Accountability for Schools with Low Graduation Rates Summary The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) comprehensively reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary ...
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| Date March 13, 2018 |
Report No. IN10872 |
Title
INSIGHTi The President Acts to Impose Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum Imports March 13, 2018 On March 8, 2018, President Trump issued proclamations imposing duties on U.S. imports of steel and aluminum, based on the Secretary of Commerce s finding that these articles are being imported into the United States in such quantities and under such circumstances as to threaten to impair the national ...
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| Date March 13, 2018 |
Report No. IN10870 |
Title
INSIGHTi Arming Teachers as a Response to School Shootings March 13, 2018 In the wake of the February 14, 2018, shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, FL, President Trump endorsed a proposal to arm teachers as a way to potentially thwart school shootings. The President s endorsement has generated debate about whether this policy option would make schools safer. Proponents argue that ...
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| Date March 13, 2018 |
Report No. IN10871 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s 2018 Presidential Election March 13, 2018 Russia s next presidential election is scheduled for March 18, 2018, the fourth anniversary of Russia s illegal annexation of Ukraine s Crimea region. Russian President Vladimir Putin, who has served as president or prime minister of Russia for over 18 years, is widely expected to secure reelection easily against seven other candidates, ...
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| Date March 13, 2018 |
Report No. IN10873 |
Title
Changing FERC Policies for Gas Pipelines? March 13, 2018 Introduction On December 21, 2017, the newly appointed chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) announced that the commission would undertake a review of its permitting policies and procedures for interstate natural gas pipelines. The U.S. natural gas pipeline network has expanded rapidly to accommodate new supplies of ...
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| Date March 13, 2018 |
Report No. R42809 |
Title
Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to Coverdells Margot L. Crandall-Hollick Specialist in Public Finance March 13, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42809 Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to Coverdells Summary A Coverdell ESA often referred to simply as a Coverdell is a tax-advantaged investment account that can be used to pay for both ...
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| Date March 13, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10098 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Can the Government Prohibit 18-Year-Olds from Purchasing Firearms? March 13, 2018 On March 9, 2018, Florida enacted new gun control legislation in the wake of a mass shooting at a Parkland high school by a 19-year-old former student. Shortly after the Florida measure was signed into law, the National Rifle Association (NRA) filed suit in federal court seeking to enjoin a provision ...
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| Date March 12, 2018 |
Report No. IN10869 |
Title
INSIGHTi Northern Ireland, Brexit, and the Irish Border ,na,e redacted, Specialist in European Affairs ,na,e redacted, Analyst in European Affairs March 12, 2018 As the 20th anniversary of the April 1998 peace accord for Northern Ireland (known as the Good Friday Agreement or the Belfast Agreement) approaches, concerns are increasing about how the expected exit of the United Kingdom (UK) from the ...
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| Date March 12, 2018 |
Report No. IF10798 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2018 U.S.-Vietnam Economic and Trade Relations: Issues in 2018 Over the past decade, U.S.-Vietnam economic relations have expanded rapidly, and Vietnam has become a significant U.S. trade partner. In 2017, the Trump Administration focused on the nearly $32 billion U.S. merchandise trade deficit in 2016 with Vietnam, while the Vietnamese government emphasized its desire to further ...
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| Date March 12, 2018 |
Report No. LSB10096 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Constitutionality of Censuring the President March 12, 2018 House Democrats have introduced a resolution that, if approved by the House, would formally censure and condemn President Trump for disparaging comments on immigration issues he allegedly made during a meeting with Members of Congress. This is the second presidential censure resolution introduced in the House this ...
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| Date March 9, 2018 |
Report No. R45126 |
Title
Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-123): Brief Summary of Division E The Advancing Chronic Care, Extenders, and Social Services (ACCESS) Act Paulette C. Morgan, Coordinator Specialist in Health Care Financing March 9, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45126 BBA 2018: Brief Summary of Division E, the ACCESS Act Summary On February 9, 2018, President Donald Trump signed ...
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| Date March 9, 2018 |
Report No. R45127 |
Title
Cybersecurity: Selected Issues for the 115th Congress March 9, 2018 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45127 Cybersecurity: Selected Issues for the 115th Congress Summary Cybersecurity has been gaining attention as a national issue for the past decade. During this time, the country has witnessed cyber incidents affecting both public and private sector systems and data. ...
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| Date March 9, 2018 |
Report No. R45047 |
Title
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2018 Appropriations (name redacted) Specialist in Veterans Policy March 9, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R45047 Department of Veterans Affairs FY2018 Appropriations Summary The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a range of benefits and services to veterans and eligible dependents who meet certain criteria as authorized by law. ...
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| Date March 9, 2018 |
Report No. IN10822 |
Title
INSIGHTi TPP Countries Sign New CPTPP Agreement without U.S. Participation Updated March 9, 2018 On March 8, 2018, the 11 remaining signatories of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, excluding the United States, signed the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The CPTPP parties announced the outlines of the agreement in November 2017 and ...
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| Date March 9, 2018 |
Report No. IF10000 |
Title
Updated March 9, 2018 TPP: Overview and Current Status What is it? The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was a proposed free trade agreement (FTA), signed by 12 AsiaPacific countries on February 4, 2016, after 8 years of negotiation. In January 2017, the United States notified the other TPP signatories that it would not ratify the agreement, effectively ending TPP s potential entry into force as ...
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