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| Date Dec. 30, 2022 |
Report No. IN11990 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2023 NDAA: Summary of Funding Authorizations Updated December 30, 2022 Of the $827.0 billion requested in the FY2023 President s budget for activities within the national defense budget function, $802.4 billion fell within the scope of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (NDAA; H.R. 7776; P.L. 117-263). While the NDAA generally does not provide funding (i.e., ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2022 |
Report No. IF12111 |
Title
Updated December 30, 2022 Bridging the Digital Divide: Broadband Workforce Considerations for the 118th Congress As classrooms, workplaces, and social activities migrated online during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the digital divide the gap between those who have access to broadband (i.e., high-speed internet) and those who do not highlighted the importance of broadband ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10890 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Back in Action, the U.S. Sentencing Commission to Resolve Circuit Splits on Controlled Substances and Sentencing Reductions December 30, 2022 In 1984, Congress revolutionized federal sentencing. That year, Congress established the U.S. Sentencing Commission (the Commission) as an independent agency within the judicial branch and directed it to promulgate the first-ever federal ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IN11985 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2023 NDAA: Status of Legislative Activity Updated December 29, 2022 By law (31 U.S.C. 1105(a)), the President is to send the federal budget request to Congress by the first Monday in February. In practice, Presidents sometimes send it later. On March 28, 2022, President Joseph R. Biden submitted the FY2023 budget request, including proposed funding for the Department of Defense (DOD), ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF10460 |
Title
Updated December 29, 2022 Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy Overview The United States and neighboring Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) maintain strong linkages based on geographic proximity and diverse U.S. interests, including economic, political, and security concerns. The United States is a major trading partner and source of foreign investment for many of the 33 countries in ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF10501 |
Title
Updated December 29, 2022 Introduction to U.S. Economy: Personal Income What Is Income? Income is a measure of resources accruing to an individual over a period of time. In general, individuals receive income from their labor, assets, and government transfers. In its broadest terms, income is a measure of the maximum amount of goods and services an individual can consume in a given period without ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF11253 |
Title
Updated December 29, 2022 Introduction to U.S. Economy: Fiscal Policy What Is Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy is the means by which the government adjusts its budget balance through spending and revenue changes to influence broader economic conditions. According to mainstream economics, the government can affect the level of economic activity generally measured by gross domestic product (GDP) in the ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IN12067 |
Title
INSIGHTi Banking Provisions in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 Updated December 29, 2022 The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (NDAA; P.L. 117-263 ) contains a few provisions relevant to the financial system. This Insight provides an overview of those provisions most pertinent to domestic banking regulation. Title LVII Financial ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF12299 |
Title
December 29, 2022 The OPEN Government Data Act: A Primer The Open, Public, Electronic, and Necessary Government Data Act also called the OPEN Government Data Act (Title II of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 [FEBPA], P.L. 115-435) seeks to change how government information is formatted, catalogued, and presented for public access and use. The law established agency roles ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2022 |
Report No. R46781 |
Title
Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy and Key Issues in the 117th Congress Updated December 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46781 SUMMARY Latin America and the Caribbean: U.S. Policy and Key Issues in the 117th Congress The United States maintains strong linkages with neighboring Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) based on geographic proximity and ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2022 |
Report No. R47246 |
Title
Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 117th Congress Updated December 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47246 SUMMARY Cuba: U.S. Policy in the 117th Congress R47246 December 28, 2022 Political and economic developments in Cuba, a one-party authoritarian state with a poor human rights record, frequently have been the subject of intense congressional concern since the 1959 ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10888 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Dec. 19-Dec. 27, 2022) December 28, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2022 |
Report No. R47354 |
Title
Poverty in the United States in 2021 December 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47354 SUMMARY Poverty in the United States in 2021 R47354 December 27, 2022 The federal government publishes poverty statistics using two measures: the official poverty measure and the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM). These two measures tell different stories Joseph Dalaker ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF12298 |
Title
December 27, 2022 FCC s National Broadband Map: Implications for the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program Access to high-speed internet (i.e., broadband) has been a focus of congressional interest for decades as a significant and growing number of daily activities are conducted online. Some areas of the United States particularly rural and tribal areas, but also some urban and ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF11915 |
Title
Updated December 27, 2022 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been deployed in the Lebanon-Israel-Syria triborder area since 1978. The mission was deployed following the 1978 Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon targeting the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which used Lebanon as a base to wage a guerilla war against ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2022 |
Report No. R43389 |
Title
The Debt Limit Since 2011 Updated December 23, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43389 The Debt Limit Since 2011 Summary The Constitution grants Congress the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States one part of Congress power of the purse and thus mandates congressional control over federal debt. Control of debt policy has at times provided ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. RL30240 |
Title
Congressional Oversight Manual Updated December 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30240 SUMMARY Congressional Oversight Manual Congress s lawmaking role does not end when it passes legislation. Oversight is fundamental to make sure that laws are working as intended and are being administered in an effective, efficient, and economical manner. The information ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10887 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 5: The Bar on Reexamining a Jury s Findings of Fact December 22, 2022 This Legal Sidebar is the fifth in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Constitution s ratification, the Anti-Federalist, known by the ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IF12296 |
Title
December 22, 2022 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces: A Brief Introduction The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) provides the exclusive forum for those convicted at courtsmartial under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) to appeal the decisions of the Army, Navy-Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard Courts of Criminal Appeals (CCAs), the military service branches ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IN11733 |
Title
INSIGHTi Recent Funding Increases for FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance Updated December 22, 2022 Introduction Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Hazard Mitigation Assistance programs all received additional funding in the 117th Congress, particularly through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA). Over the years, post-disaster mitigation has received significantly more funding ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10884 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 2: Identifying Civil Cases with a Right to a Jury Trial December 22, 2022 This Legal Sidebar is the second in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Constitution s ratification, the Anti-Federalist, known by the ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10885 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 3: Legal and Equitable Claims and Combined Cases Updated December 22, 2022 This Legal Sidebar is the third in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Constitution s ratification, the Anti-Federalist, known by the ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10886 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 4: The Roles of Judges and Juries in Civil Cases December 22, 2022 This Legal Sidebar is the fourth in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Constitution s ratification, the Anti-Federalist, known by the pseudonym ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IF12171 |
Title
Updated December 22, 2022 Benefit Reductions to Participants in Delphi Pension Plans Introduction Delphi Technologies is a parts and components supplier to auto makers that was spun off from General Motors (GM) in 1999. In May 2009, Delphi s pension plans were terminated and responsibility for the payment of plan participants benefits was turned over to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ( ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10882 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Debate over Venting and Flaring on Federal Lands December 22, 2022 On November 30, 2022, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) published a proposed rule intended to address the venting and flaring of natural gas by energy production operations on federal and tribal lands. Past agency attempts to promulgate a lasting rule on this issue have been affected by litigation (described ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10883 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases Part 1: Introduction and Historical Background December 22, 2022 This Legal Sidebar is the first in a five-part series that discusses a unique feature of the American legal system the constitutional right to a jury trial in federal civil cases at law. During the Constitution s ratification, the Anti-Federalist, known by the pseudonym the ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. R47351 |
Title
Immigrants Access to Health Care December 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47351 SUMMARY Immigrants Access to Health Care This report discusses the eligibility criteria for noncitizen populations for various federal health care coverage programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, and Affordable Care Act subsidies for private health insurance. Noncitizen ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. R46195 |
Title
Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (GOMESA): Background and Current Issues Updated December 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46195 SUMMARY Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (GOMESA): Background and Current Issues Almost all offshore oil and natural gas production on the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS) occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Federal oil and gas ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. R41967 |
Title
Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects Updated December 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41967 SUMMARY Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects The federal government provides financial assistance to individuals for higher education expenses in two major ways: tax benefits and traditional student aid ( ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. IN12066 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Tax Return and Correspondence Backlogs at the IRS December 21, 2022 The IRS has faced exceptional backlogs of paper tax returns and correspondence awaiting processing since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 1). Paper returns include roughly 8% of individual tax returns, as well as many amended individual tax returns and business returns. Figure 1. Return Backlogs at the End ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10880 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Ex-Crypto CEO Arrested on the Eve of Congressional Hearing December 21, 2022 Introduction Samuel Bankman-Fried, the former chief executive of FTX, a global cryptocurrency exchange, was arrested by Bahamian authorities under an extradition warrant on the eve of his scheduled testimony before the House Financial Services Committee. A federal grand jury indictment in the Southern ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10881 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Behavioral Health Benefit Coverage and Wit v. United Behavioral Health December 21, 2022 The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that nearly 53 million American adults live with a mental illness, and about 24 million (46.2%) received treatment in 2020. The demand for behavioral health services, including mental health and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment, also ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF12294 |
Title
December 21, 2022 Justice Department s Evolving Efforts on Ransomware Ransomware attacks, such as the one carried out by the cybercrime group DarkSide against Colonial Pipeline in May 2021 that disrupted pipeline operations, have highlighted federal law enforcement efforts to counter cybercriminals and their use of malicious technology. Ransomware Conceptualized Ransomware is malware that targets ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. R47344 |
Title
U.S. Sanctions: Legislation in the 117th Congress December 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47344 SUMMARY U.S. Sanctions: Legislation in the 117th Congress Members of the 117th Congress have introduced more than 350 bills related to the use of sanctions as a foreign policy and national security tool. Of these bills, committees have considered more than 60, ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. R44383 |
Title
Deficits, Debt, and the Economy: An Introduction Updated December 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44383 SUMMARY Deficits, Debt, and the Economy: An Introduction The federal government incurs a budget deficit when its total outgoing payments (outlays) exceed the total money it collects (revenues). If instead federal revenues are greater than outlays, then ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. IF12292 |
Title
December 20, 2022 Recurring Constitutional Issues in Federal Legislation The Constitution both empowers and limits Congress in its lawmaking function. Each piece of federal legislation potentially raises two questions: (1) has Congress acted within the bounds of its enumerated powers; and (2) does the legislation implicate any other constitutional constraints, such as federalism, the separation of ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10878 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Dec. 12-Dec. 18, 2022) December 20, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. IF12293 |
Title
December 20, 2022 Penny: History and Current Status The Secretary of the Treasury, through the U.S. Mint, is statutorily authorized to issue specific denominations of circulating coins (31 U.S.C. 5112). Currently, the United States has six circulating coin denominations dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar, dime, nickel, and penny. Unlike today s circulating coins, initial coin designs did not ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10877 |
Title
Legal Sidebari What Is Aggravated Identity Theft? December 20, 2022 On November 11, 2022, the Supreme Court agreed in Dubin v. United States to consider a question that has perplexed the lower federal courts: whether a person commits aggravated identity theft any time he mentions or otherwise recites someone else s name while committing a predicate offense. Congress captioned 18 U.S.C. 1028A, the ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. IF11793 |
Title
Updated December 20, 2022 Indian Energy Programs at the Department of Energy Indian energy programs at the Department of Energy (DOE) are primarily carried out by the Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs (IE) and the Loan Programs Office (LPO). IE funds various activities that assist Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages with energy development, energy-related capacity building, ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10879 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Introduction to Criminal Referrals by Congress December 20, 2022 Earlier this week, the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (Select Committee) unanimously reported its final investigative report to the House of Representatives. Although the full report is not yet available, the Select Committee has released introductory material that ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. IN12065 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Electoral Count Act and Presidential Elections December 19, 2022 Every four years in November, citizens vote for presidential and vice presidential electors known collectively as the electoral college who meet in their respective states in December to vote for the U.S. President and Vice President. On the following January 6, a joint session of Congress convenes to count and announce ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. R47343 |
Title
U.S. Border Patrol Apprehensions and Title 42 Expulsions at the Southwest Border: Fact Sheet December 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47343 U.S. Border Patrol Apprehensions and Title 42 Expulsions at the Southwest Border Introduction In FY2022, U.S. Border Patrol (USBP) apprehended more than 2.2 million foreign nationals (aliens)1 crossing into the United ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. R47099 |
Title
Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2022 (H.R. 7309) Updated December 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47099 SUMMARY Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2022 (H.R. 7309) Workforce development programs support interventions to improve participants prospects in the labor market. These interventions can include job training, career services ( ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. IF12289 |
Title
December 19, 2022 Unemployment Insurance and Millionaires : Recent Data and Policy Considerations Under the federal-state Unemployment Insurance (UI) system, unemployed workers including high-income workers who meet program requirements are eligible to receive UI benefits. States, which determine many of the eligibility requirements for UI benefits, may not restrict eligibility based on individual ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. IN12064 |
Title
INSIGHTi Pursuing Peace in Ethiopia: Issues for Congress December 19, 2022 On November 2, 2022, authorities from Ethiopia s Tigray region and its federal government signed a permanent cessation of hostilities agreement, announcing their intent to end the war in northern Ethiopia on the eve of its second anniversary. Peace talks had begun the week prior, under African Union (AU) auspices in ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. IN11887 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tax Treatment of Research Expenses: Current Law and Policy Issues Updated December 19, 2022 Companies are allowed to deduct the ordinary and necessary expenses they pay or incur in determining their taxable income. Under Section 162(a) of the federal tax code, current expenses (e.g., wages and salaries) are written off in full in the year when they are paid or incurred; capitalized ...
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| Date Dec. 19, 2022 |
Report No. IF12290 |
Title
December 19, 2022 The U.N. Climate Conference 2022 (COP27): Outcomes The 27th Conference of the Parties (COP27) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) met November 6-20, 2022, in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Over the course of two weeks, Parties to each of the three primary international treaties and agreements on climate change (the 1992 UNFCCC, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2022 |
Report No. R47341 |
Title
Income for the Population Aged 65 and Older: Evidence from the Health Retirement Study (HRS) December 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47341 SUMMARY Income for the Population Aged 65 and Older: Evidence from the Health Retirement Study (HRS) Congress has expressed interest in improving retirement income security for older Americans. Median household income ( ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10876 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Student Loan Cancellation Reaches the Supreme Court December 16, 2022 Nearly all litigants who successfully petition the Supreme Court to hear their claims do so after losing appeals in another court, such as in a state supreme court or a federal circuit court of appeals. There is, however, a category of federal appeals of such imperative public importance as to justify deviation ...
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