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| Date Nov. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF11881 |
Title
Updated November 18, 2022 Management of Sleep and Fatigue in Military Aviation In recent years, Congress has expressed concern over the effects of sleep deprivation on servicemember health and military readiness, as well as its impact on military aviation safety. Aviators in all military services of the Department of Defense (DOD) with high operational, psychological, and physiological demands may ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF12253 |
Title
November 18, 2022 Introduction to Electricity Transmission The U.S. electricity transmission system connects the electricity generation system where electricity is made and the electricity distribution system where electricity is used. Figure 1. Electric Power Sector System Schematic Source: CRS, adapted from U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force, Final Report on the August 14, 2003, Blackout ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2022 |
Report No. R47312 |
Title
The Child Care and Development Block Grant: In Brief November 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47312 SUMMARY The Child Care and Development Block Grant: In Brief The Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990 (CCDBG Act, as amended) is the main federal law governing child care programs for low-income working families. The CCDBG Act authorizes ...
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| Date Nov. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF12251 |
Title
November 18, 2022 Defense Primer: Conventional Ammunition Production Industrial Base The conventional ammunition production industrial base is a collective term for the Department of Defense (DOD) industrial facilities that produce conventional ammunition, propellants, and explosives for use by the U.S. military. Such munitions include small (.50 caliber and below), medium (20 mm to 40 mm), and ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2022 |
Report No. R47310 |
Title
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (P.L. 117-159): Section-by-Section Summary November 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47310 SUMMARY -Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (P.L. 117-159): Section-by-Section Summary On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA, P.L. 117-159) was signed into law. The BSCA was enacted in the aftermath of mass ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2022 |
Report No. R46658 |
Title
Social Security: Benefit Calculation Updated November 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46658 SUMMARY Social Security: Benefit Calculation Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI), commonly referred to on a combined basis as OASDI, are social insurance programs that protect insured workers and their family members against loss of ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2022 |
Report No. R47309 |
Title
Money Market Mutual Funds: Policy Concerns and Reform Options November 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47309 SUMMARY Money Market Mutual Funds: Policy Concerns and Reform Options R47309 November 17, 2022 Eva Su A money market mutual fund (MMF) is a mutual fund that, under Securities and Exchange Analyst in Financial Economics Commission (SEC) Rule 2a-7, can ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10864 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Litigating the January 6 Committee s Subpoena to Former President Trump November 17, 2022 On October 21, 2022, the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol (Select Committee) issued a subpoena to former President Donald J. Trump as part of its continuing investigation into the events of January 6, 2020. The subpoena demanded that the former ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2022 |
Report No. IN12050 |
Title
INSIGHTi How Might the Internal Revenue Service Use $78.9 Billion in Mandatory Funding? November 17, 2022 The law commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA, P.L. 117-169) provides the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) a total of $79.6 billion in mandatory funds, most of which are available for obligation until September 30, 2031. These funds are in addition to the IRS s annual ...
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| Date Nov. 17, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10860 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Implications of the HHS Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Section 1557 and Medicare Part B November 17, 2022 On July 25, 2022, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NRPM) under Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). Section 1557 contains various antidiscrimination requirements that apply to certain ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. TE10082 |
Title
Statement of Mainon A. Schwartz Legislative Attorney Before Committee on Rules U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on Legal and Procedural Factors Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the U.S. House of Representatives November 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10082 Congressional Research Service C 1 hairman McGovern, Ranking Member Cole, and ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. R47308 |
Title
The Federal Assets Sale and Transfer Act: Background and Implementation November 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47308 SUMMARY Federal Assets Sale and Transfer Act: Background and Implementation R47308 November 16, 2022 Garrett Hatch In 2016, Congress took action to address long-standing obstacles to the timely disposal of Specialist in American National ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN12045 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Debt and the Debt Limit in 2022 November 16, 2022 Federal debt is again nearing its statutory limit. The policy questions raised by federal debt and its limit in 2022 are colored by the aftereffects of the 2007-2009 financial crisis and ensuing Great Recession, as well as COVID-19 and fiscal response to the pandemic. The persistent gap between federal revenues and outlays over the ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF12250 |
Title
November 16, 2022 Congressional Redistricting: Key Legal and Policy Issues Following each decennial census, the 435 seats in the House are apportioned or divided up among the 50 states (U.S. Const. amend. XIV, 2, cl. 1; 2 U.S.C. 2a(a)). Accordingly, to comport with the constitutional standard of population equality among districts, discussed below, at least once every 10 years, most states are ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN12048 |
Title
INSIGHTi Electric Power Transformers: Supply Issues November 16, 2022 Electric power transformers are fundamental components of the U.S. electric grid. They control the voltage of electricity so that it can be synchronized with other power supplies, transmitted long distances, and distributed to customers (Figure 1). Some utilities assert that they face transformer shortages due to a combination ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN12046 |
Title
INSIGHTi Migrant Arrivals at the Southwest Border: Challenges for Immigration Courts November 16, 2022 The United States has recently experienced record high levels of migration at the Southwest border, with border enforcement encounters exceeding 2.3 million in FY2022. In addition to the processing strain for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) components, this volume of migration has ...
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| Date Nov. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN12049 |
Title
INSIGHTi Public Access to Scientific Publications Resulting from Federally Funded R&D November 16, 2022 The federal government invests approximately $160 billion each year in research and development (R&D) to address a broad range of national interests from advancing public health and protecting the environment to strengthening U.S. competitiveness. The dissemination of data and results from R&D ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R47303 |
Title
Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, Second Session November 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47303 SUMMARY Health Care-Related Expiring Provisions of the 117th Congress, Second Session This report provides information on selected health care-related provisions that have expired or are scheduled to expire during the second session ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R46855 |
Title
Housing Issues in the 117th Congress Updated November 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46855 SUMMARY Housing Issues in the 117th Congress As the 117th Congress began, housing challenges presented by the COVID-19 pandemic continued to be a primary concern. In March 2021, Congress passed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-2), a wide-ranging ...
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| Date Nov. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF12248 |
Title
November 15, 2022 Social Security: The Trust Funds and Interest Income Background The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, or Social Security, is a self-financing social insurance program that protects workers and their families against loss of income due to old age, death, or disability. Workers become eligible for future benefits by working in Social Security covered ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF10547 |
Title
Updated November 14, 2022 Defense Primer: The United States Air Force When it was established as a separate service in 1947, the U.S. Air Force (USAF) was to be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations ... necessary for the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise assigned. That statutory language remains almost identical ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IN12044 |
Title
INSIGHTi Hurricane Fiona Recovery: Context and Challenges November 14, 2022 Fiona s Landfall Amid Multiple Recovery Efforts Hurricane Fiona made landfall on the southwestern coast of Puerto Rico on September 18, 2022, as a Category 1 hurricane, unleashing 85mph winds and significant flooding. On September 21, President Joseph R. Biden declared a major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF11805 |
Title
Updated November 14, 2022 Defense Primer: What Is Command and Control? The Department of Defense (DOD) defines command and control (C2) as [t]he exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. At its most fundamental level, C2 represents how DOD makes operational decisions. One can view C2 through the context of five ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF10546 |
Title
Updated November 14, 2022 Defense Primer: United States Airpower Almost since the invention of heavier-than-air flight, control of the air has been seen as a military advantage. Over time, the United States has come to treat air superiority as a necessity, and built such capable air forces that no enemy aircraft has killed U.S. ground troops since 1953. reconnaissance assets give joint commanders ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF12249 |
Title
November 14, 2022 Lost Wages Assistance: Benefits and Program Integrity In response to unemployment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress created several temporary Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits through legislation. One of these temporary COVID-19 UI benefits Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation (FPUC) supplemented weekly UI benefits by $600 a week from March 29, 2020, through July ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF11118 |
Title
Updated November 14, 2022 Defense Primer: Electronic Warfare Electronic warfare (EW), as defined by the Department of Defense (DOD), are military activities that use electromagnetic energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum ( the spectrum ) and attack an enemy. The spectrum is a range of frequencies for electromagnetic energy. EW supports command and control (C2) by allowing military ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10858 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Nov. 7 Nov. 13, 2022) November 14, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF11049 |
Title
Updated November 14, 2022 Defense Primer: Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) Congress authorizes programs and appropriated funds for servicemember and family benefits, including services to improve quality of life or attenuate military-specific challenges. Military families face frequent moves around the globe, often causing disruptions to spousal employment, school or child care ...
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| Date Nov. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF11155 |
Title
Updated November 14, 2022 Defense Primer: Military Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum Since the introduction of the two-way radio in the early 1900s, militaries have been interested in the electromagnetic spectrum ( the spectrum ). The proliferation of spectrum-dependent systems in all military domains air, land, sea, space, and cyberspace along with Department of Defense (DOD) concepts, such as ...
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| Date Nov. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47204 |
Title
Federal Role in Preventing Evictions Updated November 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47204 SUMMARY Federal Role in Preventing Evictions Concerns related to the economic and public health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated what was already a growing interest among federal policymakers in evictions. In March 2020, Congress passed legislation ...
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| Date Nov. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47302 |
Title
Public Transportation Ridership: Implications of Recent Trends for Federal Policy November 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47302 SUMMARY Public Transportation Ridership: Implications of Recent Trends for Federal Policy R47302 November 10, 2022 William J. Mallett The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had an unprecedented effect on public ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10848 |
Title
Legal Sidebari National Security Review Bodies: Legal Context and Comparison Updated November 9, 2022 Federal law creates several frameworks that allow the United States to review the national security risks posed by some private commercial transactions. These legal frameworks give the United States authority to review, prohibit, and, in some cases, unwind a wide range of commercial dealings, but ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF10961 |
Title
Updated November 9, 2022 U.S.-Turkey Trade Relations Turkey is a NATO ally straddling Europe and the Middle East. With a large consumer class, skilled and youthful labor force, and geostrategic location, Turkey has been attractive to U.S. companies for business and investment. Yet, U.S.-Turkish trade and investment ties are relatively weak overall, accounting for a fraction of U.S. international ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2022 |
Report No. R46614 |
Title
Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer Updated November 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46614 SUMMARY Federal Scientific Integrity Policies: A Primer R46614 November 9, 2022 The results of research and development (R&D) help inform the decisions that policymakers and the public reach on a wide range of issues, including human health and safety, the ...
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| Date Nov. 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF11419 |
Title
Updated November 9, 2022 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the first international financial institution of postCold War Europe, was founded in 1991 to ease the path of the former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the former Soviet Union from planned to free-market economies. Its geographic ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2022 |
Report No. RL33487 |
Title
Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response Updated November 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33487 SUMMARY Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response In March 2022, the Syria conflict marked its 11th year. Analysts estimate that the conflict has killed over half a million people (including combatants) and displaced half of Syria s prewar ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2022 |
Report No. R46748 |
Title
The Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions Updated November 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46748 SUMMARY The Buy American Act and Other Federal Procurement Domestic Content Restrictions R46748 November 8, 2022 David H. Carpenter Federal law imposes a number of restrictions requiring federal agencies to acquire items ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF11747 |
Title
Updated November 8, 2022 Social Security: Benefit Calculation Overview Background Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) and Disability Insurance (DI), referred to on a combined basis as OASDI, are social insurance programs that protect workers and their family members against a loss of income due to old age, disability, or death. These programs are often referred to as Social Security. Most ...
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| Date Nov. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IN11681 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Budget Reconciliation Process and the Statutory Limit on the Debt Updated November 8, 2022 The budget reconciliation process is an optional, expedited legislative process provided under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974, as amended (P.L. 93-344; the Budget Act). It consists of several different stages, beginning with the adoption of the budget resolution. The purpose of the ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10855 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Oct. 31 Nov. 6, 2022) November 7, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10857 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Speech or Debate Clause Protections for Informal Member Oversight and Investigations November 7, 2022 The Supreme Court recently cleared the way for a state grand jury to question Senator Lindsey Graham about his role in the 2020 presidential election in Georgia, including with respect to aspects of alleged phone calls the Senator placed to Georgia election officials. The dispute ...
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| Date Nov. 7, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10854 |
Title
Legal Sidebari SCOTUS Considers Federal Court Jurisdiction Over Constitutional Challenges to Pending Agency Actions November 7, 2022 On November 7, 2022, the Supreme Court is scheduled to hear oral arguments in two cases with potentially far-reaching consequences for agency adjudications: Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) v. Cochran and Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission (FTC ...
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| Date Nov. 4, 2022 |
Report No. R40486 |
Title
Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies Updated November 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40486 Block Grants: Perspectives and Controversies Summary Block grants provide state and local governments funding to assist them in addressing broad purposes, such as community development, social services, public health, or law enforcement, and generally provide ...
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| Date Nov. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF12244 |
Title
November 4, 2022 Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (UDAP) Enforcement Authority Under the Federal Trade Commission Act The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is the principal agency responsible for enforcing federal consumer protection laws. In addition to enforcing several specific laws, the agency enforces Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45) against all U.S. persons, ...
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| Date Nov. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN12042 |
Title
INSIGHTi Iran s Transfer of Weaponry to Russia for Use in Ukraine November 4, 2022 Since August 2022, according to the Biden Administration, Iran has transferred armed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or drones) to Russia, which has used them against a range of targets in Ukraine. U.S. officials express concern that Russia may seek to procure missiles from Iran. These transfers (and potential ...
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| Date Nov. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF12246 |
Title
November 4, 2022 What Hides in the Shadows: Deceptive Design of Dark Patterns Many consumers have encountered dark patterns online, but may not recognize their name or harmful impacts. A Federal Trade Commission (FTC) staff report describes dark patterns as design practices that trick or manipulate users into making choices they would not otherwise have made and that may cause harm. Examples ...
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| Date Nov. 3, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10853 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Health & Hospital Corporation of Marion County v. Talevski: Determining When A Statute Creates a Federal Right Actionable Under 42 U.S.C. 1983 November 3, 2022 Not every right under the Constitution or federal statute is explicitly associated with a private remedy. One federal law that provides a remedy when state or local governments violate rights protected by the Constitution or ...
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| Date Nov. 2, 2022 |
Report No. R40480 |
Title
Budget Reconciliation Measures Enacted into Law Since 1980 Updated November 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40480 Budget Reconciliation Measures Enacted into Law Since 1980 Summary The budget reconciliation process is an optional procedure that operates as an adjunct to the budget resolution process established by the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The ...
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| Date Nov. 2, 2022 |
Report No. R47299 |
Title
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: Who Is a Veteran? November 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47299 SUMMARY U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: Who Is a Veteran? The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a broad range of benefits to uniformed services veterans and certain family members. Among these benefits are monthly, tax-free payments to ...
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| Date Nov. 2, 2022 |
Report No. IF12242 |
Title
November 2, 2022 Veteran Status Based on Service with Certain Civilian Groups Throughout history, civilians have played a role in supporting U.S. Armed Forces both at home and abroad. In some circumstances, civilians have deployed to a theater of combat as government employees or defense contractors in support of military operations. In these circumstances there may be questions regarding whether ...
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