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| Date Dec. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF12125 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2022 U.S.-China Phase One Trade Deal On January 15, 2020, then-President Donald J. Trump signed a trade agreement with Vice Premier Liu He of the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) that sought to resolve some long-standing U.S. government and business concerns about China s unfair trade, investment, and technology practices. The negotiations sought to address U.S. ...
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| Date Dec. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF11428 |
Title
Updated December 16, 2022 United States Central Command The Biden Administration s October 2022 national security strategy (NSS) and national defense strategy (NDS) emphasize competing with China and Russia. The NDS states that DOD continues to right-size its forward military presence in the Middle East following the mission transition in Afghanistan, and that continuing our by, with, and through ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. RL30725 |
Title
The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the House Floor Updated December 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30725 The First Day of a New Congress: A Guide to Proceedings on the House Floor Summary Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution sets a term of office of two years for all Members of the House. One House ends at the conclusion of ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. RL31139 |
Title
Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances Updated December 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31139 SUMMARY Cuba: U.S. Restrictions on Travel and Remittances RL31139 December 15, 2022 Mark P. Sullivan Restrictions on travel and remittances to Cuba have constituted a key and often contentious Specialist in Latin American Affairs component in U.S. ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R47336 |
Title
Content and Consideration of the Budget Resolution: In Brief December 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47336 SUMMARY Content and Consideration of the Budget Resolution: In Brief The concurrent resolution on the budget was established in the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Budget Act) to provide Congress with a means for adopting a fiscal framework for the ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF11636 |
Title
Updated December 15, 2022 The Great American Outdoors Act (P.L. 116-152) The Great American Outdoors Act (GAOA; P.L. 116-152) established a new fund with mandatory spending authority to address deferred maintenance (DM) needs of five federal agencies. The law also made the deposits to an existing fund the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) available as mandatory spending and made other ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R47338 |
Title
Budget Process Reform: In Brief December 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47338 SUMMARY Budget Process Reform: In Brief Many Members of Congress have expressed frustration with the budget process or with budgetary outcomes. No consensus has emerged, however, regarding specific problems to be addressed by possible reforms. Nevertheless, in recent years, a ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IN12063 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Excise Tax Credit for Wine and Flavor Content December 15, 2022 Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 5010 (26 U.S.C. 5010) provides a credit against excise tax for wine and flavors content in distilled spirits. Under current law, there is a federal excise tax levied on distilled spirits. The tax rate varies from $2.70 to $13.50 per proof gallon of distilled spirits depending upon the ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IN12062 |
Title
INSIGHTi Policing Drug Trafficking on Social Media December 15, 2022 The drug overdose epidemic has continued to worsen in the United States over the last several years as synthetic opioids, particularly illicit fentanyl, are currently driving drug overdose deaths. Of specific concern to law enforcement is a primary method through which many individuals, especially teenagers, unlawfully purchase ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IN12061 |
Title
INSIGHTi Protests in Iran: Issues for Congress December 15, 2022 Iran has been roiled by nationwide unrest since protests began after the September 2022 death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year old woman, who reportedly was beaten by security forces while in custody for allegedly violating Iran s mandatory hijab (head covering) law. Women have played a prominent role in the protests, which have been ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF12286 |
Title
December 15, 2022 Recent Cryptocurrency Developments: Energy and Environmental Implications Cryptocurrency mining ( cryptomining ) is the process of creating additional units of cryptocurrency a type of digital asset and validating cryptocurrency transactions on a blockchain ledger. According to some estimates, cryptomining consumes around 1% of annual global electricity usage and exceeds the ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF12285 |
Title
December 15, 2022 eDNA/eRNA: Scientific Value in What s Left Behind Environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) and environmental ribonucleic acid (eRNA) are trace amounts of genetic material collected from an environmental sample, such as from soil, terrestrial and aquatic sediments, freshwater, seawater, wastewater, or air. This genetic material can come from shed skin, hair, and other cells; ...
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| Date Dec. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF12288 |
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December 15, 2022 Energy Transition: Affordability, Emissions, and Security Overview The United States is undergoing a transition in the energy sector, with a shift in energy supplies and production over relatively short periods of time. Over the last 20 years, natural gas has surpassed coal as the dominant fuel for electricity generation, and the proportion of renewable energy employed has ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R47333 |
Title
Reporting on Agency Budget Execution: Processes and Case Study Illustration December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47333 SUMMARY Reporting on Agency Budget Execution: Processes and Case Study Illustration Budget execution refers to agency action to allocate, re-allocate, obligate, and expend budget authority after it is provided in appropriations acts. ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R47017 |
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USDA s ReConnect Program: Expanding Rural Broadband Updated December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47017 SUMMARY USDA s ReConnect Program: Expanding Rural Broadband In 2018, Congress provided the Secretary of Agriculture authority to establish a new broadband loan and grant pilot program (the ReConnect Program) to help close the digital divide and expand ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R47342 |
Title
FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Data, and Issues for Congress December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47342 SUMMARY FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: History, Data, and Issues for Congress Following a disaster, as businesses may close, properties may be abandoned, and tourism may decline, and local governments may lose revenue needed ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R46705 |
Title
Membership of the 117th Congress: A Profile Updated December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46705 SUMMARY Membership of the 117th Congress: A Profile This report presents a profile of the membership of the 117 th Congress (2021-2022) as of December 13, 2022, or at the beginning of the 117th Congress (January 3, 2021), where noted. Statistical information ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF12284 |
Title
December 14, 2022 Voting Rights Act: Brief Policy Overview The Voting Rights Act (VRA) protects equal access to elections for all eligible Americans. In particular, in response to widespread disenfranchisement between the post-Civil War period and the 1960s, the VRA protects voters in racial and language minority groups. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) enforces the act. The statute also ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R47339 |
Title
Ensuring Electricity Infrastructure Resilience Against Deliberate Electromagnetic Threats December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47339 SUMMARY Ensuring Electricity Infrastructure Resilience Against Deliberate Electromagnetic Threats Detonation of a nuclear weapon in the Earth s upper atmosphere or near-Earth space may generate a series of electromagnetic ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF10539 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2022 Defense Primer: Legal Authorities for the Use of Military Forces By the Framers apparent design, to keep the nation s purse and the sword in separate hands and in other ways hinder the nation s embroilment in unnecessary wars, the Constitution divides war powers between Congress and the President. Congress is empowered to declare war, provide for and regulate the Armed ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. RS20067 |
Title
How Measures Are Brought to the House Floor: A Brief Introduction Updated December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20067 How Measures Are Brought to the House Floor: A Brief Introduction Summary This report presents a brief description of the five parliamentary methods that may be used to bring proposed legislation to the House floor for consideration. ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. 95-563 |
Title
The Legislative Process on the House Floor: An Introduction Updated December 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 95-563 The Legislative Process on the House Floor: An Introduction Summary The daily order of business on the floor of the House of Representatives is governed by standing rules that make certain matters and actions privileged for consideration. On a ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF10534 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2022 Defense Primer: President s Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.... Commander in Chief Early Supreme Court Cases The Constitution ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF10535 |
Title
Updated December 14, 2022 Defense Primer: Congress s Constitutional Authority with Regard to the Armed Forces Article I, Section 8, Clauses 11-14 The Congress shall have power *** ; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water. To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF12282 |
Title
December 14, 2022 Australia: Climate Change Issues On a per capita basis Australians have the world s 10th largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: according to the World Bank, Australians emitted 15.2 metric tons of CO2 on a per capita basis in 2019. In 2019, Australia was the 16th largest emitter of all CO2 by country, accounting for approximately 1.3% of the global total. Some experts note, ...
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| Date Dec. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF12287 |
Title
December 14, 2022 Military Privatized Housing: Status of Legislative Reforms Background Congress enacted the Military Housing Privatization Initiative (MHPI) in 1996 (P.L. 104-106) to improve the quality of housing for servicemembers and their families. The MHPI program established new authorities that allowed the military services to issue 50-year leases to private-sector housing companies, ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF12092 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2022 The Economic Impact of Russia Sanctions In response to Russia s 2022 war on Ukraine, a broad, multilateral coalition, including the United States, the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Japan, and others, imposed sweeping new sanctions on Russia. The sanctions unprecedented in terms of scope, coordination, and speed target the overseas wealth and ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2022 |
Report No. R47332 |
Title
Ownership of the U.S. Rental Housing Stock by Investor Type: In Brief December 13, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47332 Ownership of the U.S. Rental Housing Stock by Investor Type: In Brief Contents Summary of the 2020 Rental Housing Ownership Data ................................................................. 1 Selected Key Data Observations and ...
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| Date Dec. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF10015 |
Title
Updated December 13, 2022 Congressional Oversight and Investigations Congress engages in oversight of the executive branch through the review, monitoring, and supervision of the implementation of public policy. The first Congresses inaugurated these oversight techniques through special investigations, reporting requirements, and the use of the appropriations process to review executive authority. ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2022 |
Report No. R47330 |
Title
Social Security: Potential Impacts of Changes in Computation Years December 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47330 SUMMARY Social Security: Potential Impacts of Changes in Computation Years Social Security is a social insurance program that protects insured workers and their family members against loss of income due to old age (i.e., retirement), disability, ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10875 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Dec. 5 Dec. 11, 2022) December 12, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes . This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2022 |
Report No. R45000 |
Title
Christian Holidays: Fact Sheet Updated December 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45000 Christian Holidays: Fact Sheet Introduction Christianity is one of the three major Abrahamic faiths, alongside Islam and Judaism. The Pew Research Center estimates that 63% of Americans self-identify as Christian.1 There are a large number of Christian traditions, with ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2022 |
Report No. IF12281 |
Title
December 12, 2022 Violent Crime Trends, 1990-2021 Since the 1930s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation s (FBI s) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program has collected data on reported crimes from federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies and published nationwide crime statistics using these data. UCR compiles and publishes the data and provides datasets and some trend analyses in a ...
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| Date Dec. 12, 2022 |
Report No. IN12060 |
Title
INSIGHTi How much did the temporary ARPA changes to the child credit reduce child poverty in 2021? December 12, 2022 In September 2022, the Census Bureau released its annual Poverty in the United States report for 2021. This report included analysis of the antipoverty impacts of various policies, including the child tax credit as temporarily expanded by the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2022 |
Report No. R44576 |
Title
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Budget: Fact Sheet Updated December 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44576 The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Budget: Fact Sheet Summary The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the safety of foods (including dietary supplements), cosmetics, and radiation-emitting products; the safety and effectiveness of ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10578 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Biden Administration s Immigration Enforcement Priorities: Background and Legal Considerations Updated December 9, 2022 Almost immediately after taking office, President Biden issued a series of directives on immigration matters. Some of these directives focused on altering the immigration enforcement priorities of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the agency primarily ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF12162 |
Title
Updated December 9, 2022 Federal Agency Rule Expands Asylum Officers Authority Under a Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Department of Justice (DOJ) interim final rule (IFR) issued in March 2022, asylum officers (AOs) within DHS s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) may determine whether non-U.S. nationals ( aliens under governing law) encountered at the border who show a ...
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| Date Dec. 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF12280 |
Title
December 9, 2022 Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI) The Great Lakes ecosystem, the largest system of fresh surface water in the world, is an international resource altered by human activities and climate variability. Some alterations have degraded water quality, diminished habitat, led to smaller native fish and wildlife populations, increased invasive (i.e., non-native) species populations ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IN12059 |
Title
INSIGHTi Mauna Loa Eruption December 8, 2022 Mauna Loa, a volcano on the island of Hawaii, began erupting on November 27, 2022, with an outbreak of lava at the Mokoaweoweo summit caldera at an elevation of 13,681 feet within the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The eruption has caused aviation restrictions and some facilities and road closures; traffic congestion and illegal parking on the few ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IG10035 |
Title
Naturalization is the process of becoming a US. citizen. Expedited Typically. under immigration law, an individual may apply to naturalize after ve years in lawful permanent resident [LPR] status, or after three years if married to a U.S. citizen, in addition to meeting other requirements. Naturalization However. Congress has created expedited pathways to naturalization through qualifying ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IN12031 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Reserve: Master Accounts and the Payment System Updated December 8, 2022 Financial technology (fintech) has led to innovation in retail payments by both traditional banks and fintech firms. Although these fintech firms do not provide traditional banking services, some have sought and some have been granted state or federal bank charters. For payment firms, a major motivation for ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10873 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Constitutional Limits to Congress s Statutory Damages Authority: Takeaways from the Ninth Circuit in Wakefield v. ViSalus December 8, 2022 A central question any time Congress exercises its legislative power is what consequences may follow from violating the law. For laws that create private rights of action in other words, a law that permits an individual to bring a lawsuit ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF11037 |
Title
Updated December 8, 2022 Debt and Deficits: Spending, Revenue, and Economic Growth The Constitution provides Congress with the authority to manage the federal budget through its power of the purse. This In Focus summarizes federal budget and borrowing trends and discusses related issues with spending, revenues, and economic policy. made by previous generations while realizing little to no benefit ...
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| Date Dec. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF10559 |
Title
Updated December 8, 2022 Cybersecurity: A Primer Introduction The information technology that Americans use to chat with loved ones and make purchases are the same that can be turned against them to deny access to services, steal their information, or compromise the digital systems they trust. These tools exist in cyberspace, and the security of that environment is a large endeavor involving ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2022 |
Report No. R47327 |
Title
Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020) December 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47327 SUMMARY Suspension of the Rules: House Practice in the 116th Congress (2019-2020) Suspension of the rules is the most commonly used procedure to call up measures on the floor of the House of Representatives. As the name suggests, the ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF12273 |
Title
December 7, 2022 Ammonia s Potential Role in a Low-Carbon Economy Ammonia, composed of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3), is the second-most produced chemical in the world by mass, according to a 2022 publication from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Most ammonia is used to produce fertilizer. Ammonia production is energy intensive and emits greenhouse gases. In the same report, IRENA ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF11389 |
Title
Updated December 7, 2022 FDA Regulation of Laboratory-Developed Tests (LDTs) Laboratory-developed tests (LDTs) are a class of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) device that is designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory. LDTs are often used to test for conditions or diseases that are either rapidly changing (e.g., new strains of known infectious diseases) or that are the subject of ...
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| Date Dec. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF12271 |
Title
December 7, 2022 China and the World: Issues for Congress The Biden Administration has described the United States as engaged in a strategic competition to shape the future of the international order, with the United States main competitor being the People s Republic of China (PRC or China), led by the Communist Party of China (CPC). U.S. policymakers and analysts assess many CPC ambitions and PRC ...
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| Date Dec. 6, 2022 |
Report No. R47326 |
Title
Global Health Engagement in the Department of Defense December 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47326 SUMMARY Global Health Engagement in the Department of Defense R47326 December 6, 2022 Bryce H. P. Mendez Analyst in Defense Health Over the years, Congress has enacted legislation to establish requirements, authorize, Care Policy and fund programs that build ...
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| Date Dec. 6, 2022 |
Report No. R45791 |
Title
Poverty Among the Population Aged 65 and Older Updated December 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45791 SUMMARY Poverty Among the Population Aged 65 and Older Among the aged population (persons aged 65 and older) in the United States, the poverty rate (the percentage of individuals living in poverty, or economic hardship characterized by low income) has ...
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