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| Date Jan. 31, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10908 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 22 Jan. 29, 2023) January 31, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2023 |
Report No. IF11410 |
Title
Updated January 31, 2023 Immigration-Related Criminal Offenses The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) governs the admission, removal, and presence of individuals who are not citizens or nationals of the United States (i.e., aliens as defined in the INA). Congress has established criminal sanctions for certain conduct that undermines immigration rules. Immigration-related cases make up a ...
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| Date Jan. 30, 2023 |
Report No. IF11678 |
Title
Updated January 30, 2023 The Quad : Cooperation Among the United States, Japan, India, and Australia Overview The Biden Administration has boosted the profile of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, aka the Quad, as a centerpiece of its Indo-Pacific strategy aimed at strengthening the United States commitment to the region. The four-country coalition, comprised of the United States, Japan, India, ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12315 |
Title
January 27, 2023 An Introduction to Trade Secrets Law in the United States Trade secrets a form of intellectual property comprising many kinds of confidential information are widely considered to be important assets for U.S. companies and the U.S. economy as a whole, with examples as varied as search engine algorithms and soft drink formulas. Congress and the states have enacted laws to protect ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2023 |
Report No. IF12268 |
Title
Updated January 27, 2023 The Middle East, North Africa, and Afghanistan: Selected Issues for the 118th Congress U.S. interests and policy in an evolving Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are changing, as U.S. national security strategy prioritizes competition with China and Russia and as the United States has withdrawn some military forces from long-standing regional conflicts. The 118th ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2023 |
Report No. R45920 |
Title
Discharge Procedure in the House Updated January 26, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45920 Discharge Procedure in the House Contents Basic Discharge Procedure .............................................................................................................. 1 Consideration After Discharge ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2023 |
Report No. IN11861 |
Title
INSIGHTi Nonprofit Security Grant Program: Summary and Potential Issues for Congress Updated January 26, 2023 Introduction On November 30, 2022, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) issued a National Terrorism Advisory System bulletin warning of domestic and international terrorism threats. Specifically, the bulletin identified Domestic actors and foreign terrorist organizations continue to ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2023 |
Report No. IF12314 |
Title
January 26, 2023 Constitutional Authority Statements: A Quick Guide House Rule XII, clause 7(c), requires that all bills or joint resolutions introduced in the House include a Constitutional Authority Statement (CAS). No statement is required for simple or concurrent resolutions, neither of which can become law. A CAS identifies Congress s constitutional authority to enact the bill or joint ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2023 |
Report No. IF11448 |
Title
Updated January 26, 2023 How Consumer Data Affects Competition Through Digital Advertising Digital advertising allows advertisers to send targeted ads, meaning different users viewing the same website or app at the same moment might see different ads. By using targeted ads, websites and apps may have an advantage over other forms of media, such as magazines, radio, and television. Figure 1. U.S. ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2023 |
Report No. IN12083 |
Title
INSIGHTi FDA s Independent Evaluation of Its Food Safety Programs January 25, 2023 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has primary responsibility for the safety of about 78% of the U.S. food supply. The combined efforts of the food industry and government regulatory agencies often are credited with making the U.S. food supply among the safest in the world. In 2010, the 111th Congress ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2023 |
Report No. RL32254 |
Title
Small Business Tax Benefits: Current Law Updated January 25, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32254 SUMMARY Small Business Tax Benefits: Current Law The federal tax burden on small firms and its effects on their formation and growth have long been matters of concern for Congress. This abiding interest has contributed to the enactment of targeted tax relief for ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2023 |
Report No. IF11695 |
Title
Updated January 25, 2023 The SEC s Proxy Advisory Firm Disclosure Reforms The boards of directors of public companies provide strategic planning and oversight. The boards, in turn respond to the views of shareholders and may vote on proposed corporate changes if the proposals gain a majority of affirmative shareholder votes at annual and special shareholder meetings. Proposals may include issues ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2023 |
Report No. R46681 |
Title
USDA Nutrition Assistance Programs: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Updated January 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46681 SUMMARY USDA Nutrition Assistance Programs: Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) programs are often part of emergency response efforts, providing foods for ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2023 |
Report No. R47396 |
Title
Health Care Provisions of the Budget Reconciliation Measure P.L. 117-169 January 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47396 SUMMARY Health Care Provisions of the Budget Reconciliation Measure P.L. 117-169 On August 16, 2022, President Joe Biden signed into law a budget reconciliation measure often referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-169 ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2023 |
Report No. R42854 |
Title
Emergency Assistance for Agricultural Land Rehabilitation Updated January 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42854 SUMMARY Emergency Assistance for Agricultural Land Rehabilitation R42854 January 24, 2023 Megan Stubbs The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers several permanently authorized Specialist in Agricultural Conservation and Natural ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2023 |
Report No. IF11977 |
Title
Updated January 24, 2023 Foreign Ownership and Holdings of U.S. Agricultural Land The 117th Congress introduced a range of proposals to restrict foreign investment and ownership in the U.S. food and agriculture sector and enacted certain new reporting requirements for the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) related to disclosure of foreign ownership of U.S. agricultural lands. The 118th Congress ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2023 |
Report No. R44342 |
Title
Consumption Taxes: An Overview Updated January 24, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44342 SUMMARY Consumption Taxes: An Overview Some argue that the current U.S. income tax code is overly complicated and unfair, restrains economic growth, and is in need of reform. One option for tax reform would be to tax consumption instead of income, which would represent a ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. R46462 |
Title
Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Housing Programs Updated January 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46462 SUMMARY Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Housing Programs Noncitizen eligibility for federal housing programs varies based on the programs in question, the laws and regulations that govern them, the agency that administers them, the immigration status ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. R47070 |
Title
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Updated January 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47070 SUMMARY Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2023 Budget and Appropriations Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. R44726 |
Title
Constituent Services: Overview and Resources Updated January 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44726 SUMMARY Constituent Services: Overview and Resources Constituent service encompasses a wide array of nonlegislative activities undertaken by Members of Congress or congressional staff, and it is commonly considered a representational responsibility. Member ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. R46273 |
Title
Consideration of Privileged Nominations in the Senate Updated January 23, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46273 SUMMARY Consideration of Privileged Nominations in the Senate Privileged nominations are a subset of presidentially appointed and Senate-confirmed positions that are eligible for consideration under procedures established by S.Res. 116 (112th Congress ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. IN12081 |
Title
INSIGHTi Why Is the Federal Reserve Operating at a Loss? January 23, 2023 The Federal Reserve (Fed) is self-funded and normally earns more income than needed to cover its expenses and capital transfers, remitting the difference to Treasury. For 2022, the Fed remitted $76 billion. However, since September 2022, the Fed s expenses exceeded its income by $18.8 billion, causing remittances to ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. IN12082 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tax Credits for Clean Electricity Projected Effects on CO2 Emissions and the Generation Mix January 23, 2023 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions was a key policy objective of recently enacted budget reconciliation legislation, commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169). Experts view decarbonization of the electric power sector as necessary to achieve ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10906 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 17 Jan. 22, 2023) January 23, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Jan. 23, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10905 |
Title
Legal Sidebar The FTC s Proposed Non-Compete Rule January 23, 2023 On January 5, 2023, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed a rule that would ban non-compete clauses in employment contracts. The proposal relies on the FTC s putative authority to issue rules defining unfair methods of competition (UMC) under Sections 5 and 6(g) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTC Act). A final rule ...
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| Date Jan. 20, 2023 |
Report No. R47393 |
Title
Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 117th Congress, Second Session January 20, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47393 SUMMARY Unemployment Insurance: Legislative Issues in the 117th Congress, Second Session R47393 January 20, 2023 Katelin P. Isaacs The Unemployment Insurance (UI) system is a joint federal-state partnership that consists of two ...
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| Date Jan. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IN12080 |
Title
INSIGHTi Discretionary Appropriations Enacted by Congress for the Federal Judiciary (FY2023) January 20, 2023 This Insight provides information related to FY2023 appropriations for the federal judiciary. Funds for the judicial branch are included annually in the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill. The bill provides funding for the U.S. Supreme Court and other ...
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| Date Jan. 20, 2023 |
Report No. R47399 |
Title
U.S. Refugee Admissions Program January 20, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47399 U.S. Refugee Admissions Program U.S. Refugee Admissions Program The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), as amended by the Refugee Act of 1980, authorizes the United States to admit refugees. The INA defines a refugee as a person who is outside his or her country and unable or ...
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| Date Jan. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF12313 |
Title
January 20, 2023 Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (HKETOs) are the official representative offices of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) of the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China). Following the PRC s 2020 imposition of a national security law (NSL) on Hong Kong, some Members of Congress have questioned whether Hong ...
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| Date Jan. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF10605 |
Title
Updated January 20, 2023 Buying American: The Berry and Kissell Amendments Two U.S. laws known as the Berry and Kissell Amendments require that certain products purchased by the Department of Defense (DOD) and some agencies of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) be manufactured and wholly produced within the United States. Congress typically debates the Berry Amendment in the context of ...
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| Date Jan. 20, 2023 |
Report No. IF10609 |
Title
Updated January 20, 2023 Defense Primer: The Berry and Kissell Amendments Two U.S. laws known as the Berry and Kissell Amendments require that certain products purchased by the Department of Defense (DOD) and some agencies of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) be manufactured and wholly produced within the United States. Congress typically debates the Berry Amendment in the context of ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. R45948 |
Title
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 118th Congress Updated January 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45948 SUMMARY The Controlled Substances Act (CSA): A Legal Overview for the 118th Congress R45948 January 19, 2023 Joanna R. Lampe The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) establishes a unified legal framework to regulate certain ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. R47328 |
Title
The 15% Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax Updated January 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47328 SUMMARY The 15% Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (P.L. 117-169) imposes a corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) of 15% on the adjusted financial statement income of large corporations. Corporations would pay the larger of ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IN12007 |
Title
INSIGHTi Electronic Records Management and U.S. Secret Service Updated January 19, 2023 As part of its inquiry, the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the U.S. Capitol (Select Committee) issued subpoenas to the multiple federal agencies that responded on January 6, including the U.S. Secret Service (USSS). The USSS responded to the Select Committee s July 15, 2022, subpoena ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IN12078 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Aviation Administration s (FAA s) Troubled NOTAM System Has Been on Congress s Radar for Years Updated January 19, 2023 In the early morning of January 11, 2023, the Federal Aviation Administration s (FAA s) Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) system failed. The messages or NOTAMs disseminated by the system frequently are referred to as Notices to Airmen. They convey critical flight ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IN12079 |
Title
INSIGHTi The 2022 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS): Results and Issues for Congress January 19, 2023 Background The publication of the results of the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) in the 2022 Office of Personnel Management Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey Results: Governmentwide Management Report marks the 20th anniversary of the FEVS, an organizational climate survey ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. R47391 |
Title
Legal and Procedural Matters Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the House of Representatives January 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47391 SUMMARY Legal and Procedural Matters Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the House of Representatives On August 22, 2019, Cherokee Nation Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin Jr. announced his tribe s ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IF12312 |
Title
January 19, 2023 Foreign Ownership of U.S. Agriculture: Selected Policy Options Congress continues to debate the role of foreign investment in the U.S. food and agriculture sector. Recently enacted appropriations directed the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to expand public access to available data related to foreign holdings of U.S. agricultural land including crop, grazing, and forest land ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. R47389 |
Title
Cybersecurity: Bureau of Cyber Statistics January 19, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47389 SUMMARY Cybersecurity: Bureau of Cyber Statistics The scope and scale of cyberattacks against the United States have been difficult to catalog and quantify. Most observers recognize the frequency, severity, and diversity of such attacks as increasing. A lack of uniform ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IN11515 |
Title
INSIGHTi FEMA Pre-Disaster Mitigation: The Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) Program Updated January 19, 2023 Changes to Pre-Disaster Mitigation Funding The federal government has historically provided resources to assist in post-disaster recovery and to reduce future risk. Funding for pre-disaster mitigation changed significantly with the passage of the Disaster Recovery ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2023 |
Report No. IF12311 |
Title
January 19, 2023 Listed Chemicals and Federal Regulation of Controlled Substance Precursors The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) regulates pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical drugs and other substances that pose a risk of abuse and dependence. The CSA authorizes the manufacture, distribution, and possession of controlled substances for legitimate medical and scientific purposes, subject to ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R40089 |
Title
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations Updated January 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40089 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961: Authorizations and Corresponding Appropriations Summary The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-195; 22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.) serves as the cornerstone for the United States foreign ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R46950 |
Title
Afghan Eligibility for Selected Benefits Based on Immigration Status: In Brief Updated January 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46950 Afghan Eligibility for Selected Benefits Based on Immigration Status: In Brief Contents Tables Table 1. Eligibility for Selected Public Benefit Programs, Work Authorization, and Path to LPR Status for Selected Immigration ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47388 |
Title
Enforceable Spending Allocations in the Congressional Budget Process: 302(a)s and 302(b)s January 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47388 SUMMARY Enforceable Spending Allocations in the Congressional Budget Process: 302(a)s and 302(b)s R47388 January 18, 2023 Drew C. Aherne Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 ( ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. IF12297 |
Title
Updated January 18, 2023 PATRIOT Air and Missile Defense System for Ukraine The PATRIOT air and missile defense (AMD) system is an integral component of U.S. air and missile defense. The system and its interceptors are both expensive and limited in supply. On December 21, 2022, the Department of Defense (DOD) announced the United States would provide a PATRIOT battery to Ukraine as part of a ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10903 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 9 Jan. 16, 2023) January 18, 2023 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. LSB10904 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fifth Circuit Considers Constitutionality of the Universal Service Fund January 18, 2023 In the case Consumers Research v. FCC, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit is considering whether the funding mechanisms for the Federal Communications Commission s (FCC s) Universal Service Fund (USF) are unconstitutional. The court, in particular, is assessing challengers arguments ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. R47340 |
Title
Temporary Judgeships: Frequently Asked Questions Updated January 18, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47340 SUMMARY Temporary Judgeships: Frequently Asked Questions R47340 January 18, 2023 Barry J. McMillion This report provides data and analysis related to temporary judgeships authorized for the federal Analyst in American National Government judiciary. A ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2023 |
Report No. IF12257 |
Title
Updated January 18, 2023 U.S. Air Force Pilot Training Transformation (PTT) U.S. military leaders have made the case to Congress that the U.S. Air Force is not producing enough pilots to meet its authorized personnel requirements (i.e., end strength). In July 2022, Air Force Vice Chief of Staff General David Allvin testified to the House Armed Services Committee that the national pilot shortage we ...
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| Date Jan. 17, 2023 |
Report No. R41545 |
Title
Congressional Careers: Service Tenure and Patterns of Member Service, 1789-2023 Updated January 17, 2023 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41545 SUMMARY Congressional Careers: Service Tenure and Patterns of Member Service, 1789-2023 The average service tenure of Members of the Senate and House of Representatives has varied substantially since 1789. This report ...
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