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| Date Sept. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF11595 |
Title
Updated September 29, 2022 Farmer Mac and Its Board Members Overview The Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac) is a secondary market for agricultural mortgages. It purchases loans from originating lenders and provides other risk management tools to facilitate the agricultural lending market. It was created by Congress as a privately funded government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) ...
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| Date Sept. 29, 2022 |
Report No. R46139 |
Title
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations Updated September 29, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46139 SUMMARY Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations R46139 September 29, 2022 Derek E. Mix Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, often referred to as the Baltic states, are democracies and close Specialist in ...
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| Date Sept. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF10908 |
Title
Updated September 29, 2022 Costa Rica: An Overview Costa Rica historically has been a bastion of political and economic stability in an often-turbulent region. The United States has worked closely with Costa Rica to address challenges in Central America and to advance shared values, such as democracy and human rights, worldwide. Figure 1. Costa Rica at a Glance Political Situation Costa Rica has ...
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| Date Sept. 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10833 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Religious Objections to Nondiscrimination Laws: Supreme Court October Term 2022 September 29, 2022 The Supreme Court has been presented recently with multiple appeals from religious institutions that object to laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. A baker who objects to making a cake for a same-sex wedding filed a petition for Supreme Court review at ...
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| Date Sept. 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF11440 |
Title
Updated September 29, 2022 U.S. Antipersonnel Landmine Use Policy Current United States Policy on AntiPersonnel Landmines (APLs) On June 21, 2022, National Security Council (NSC) Spokesperson Adrienne Watson announced the United States would align its policy concerning use of antipersonnel landmines (APLs) outside of the Korean Peninsula with key provisions of The Convention on the Prohibition of ...
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| Date Sept. 28, 2022 |
Report No. RL30862 |
Title
The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate s Byrd Rule Updated September 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30862 The Budget Reconciliation Process: The Senate s Byrd Rule Summary Reconciliation is a procedure under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 by which Congress implements budget resolution policies affecting mainly permanent spending and revenue ...
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| Date Sept. 28, 2022 |
Report No. RL33514 |
Title
Social Security: What Would Happen If the Trust Funds Ran Out? Updated September 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33514 Social Security: What Would Happen If the Trust Funds Ran Out? Summary Social Security s receipts and expenditures are accounted for through two federal trust funds: the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Trust Fund and the ...
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| Date Sept. 28, 2022 |
Report No. IF12033 |
Title
Updated September 28, 2022 The Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA): An Overview The Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA; P.L. 107252; 52 U.S.C. 20901-21145) is perhaps the closest thing in federal law to a general election administration statute. It is more wide-ranging in the topics it aims to address than other elections measures Congress has approved in the recent past, with a greater emphasis ...
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| Date Sept. 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10832 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Crypto Assets and Property of the Bankruptcy Estate: An Analysis September 28, 2022 As the effects of the recent sharp decline in cryptocurrency prices, or crypto winter, spread to the dockets of bankruptcy courts, those courts face a novel legal question: Are crypto account holders assets the property of the account holders themselves, or are they the property of a bankrupt crypto ...
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| Date Sept. 27, 2022 |
Report No. R47255 |
Title
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN): Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 Implementation and Beyond September 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47255 SUMMARY The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN): Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 Implementation and Beyond R47255 September 27, 2022 Liana W. Rosen Specialist in International Crime and ...
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| Date Sept. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF11179 |
Title
Updated September 27, 2022 Stewardship End Result Contracting: Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Stewardship end result contracting, often called stewardship contracting, is a Forest Service (FS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) contracting mechanism that allows these agencies to pursue land management goals by combining restoration services and forest product harvesting into a ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2022 |
Report No. R44252 |
Title
The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act and the One-Stop Delivery System Updated September 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44252 The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act and the One-Stop Delivery System Summary The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA; P.L. 113-128), which succeeded the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (P.L. 105-220) as ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2022 |
Report No. R43908 |
Title
The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Appropriations Overview Updated September 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43908 SUMMARY The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Appropriations Overview The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a laboratory of the Department of Commerce, is mandated to provide technical ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10831 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Sept. 19 Sept. 25, 2022) September 26, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2022 |
Report No. IF11974 |
Title
Updated September 26, 2022 Forest Service: FY2022 Appropriations The Forest Service (FS) is responsible for managing 193 million acres of land in the National Forest System (NFS); conducting forestry research; and providing assistance to state, local, private, and international forest owners. FS is an agency within the Department of Agriculture, but it receives discretionary appropriations through ...
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| Date Sept. 26, 2022 |
Report No. IF11978 |
Title
Updated September 26, 2022 Funding for Wildfire Management: FY2022 Appropriations for the Forest Service and the Department of the Interior The U.S. Department of Agriculture s Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across the federal lands within their respective jurisdictions. Both FS and DOI generally receive annual ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2022 |
Report No. R47252 |
Title
Expired and Expiring Temporary Tax Provisions (Including Tax Extenders ) September 23, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47252 SUMMARY Expired and Expiring Temporary Tax Provisions (Including Tax Extenders ) Numerous temporary tax provisions expired at the end of 2021, with other temporary tax provisions set to expire in 2022 or the coming years. Collectively, ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF11583 |
Title
Updated September 23, 2022 Iran s Nuclear Program and U.N. Sanctions Reimposition U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 (2015), which the council adopted on July 20, 2015, implements the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and contains other provisions concerning Iran s nuclear program, Tehran s development of missiles, and arms transfers to and from Iran. In August 2020, the United States ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF12220 |
Title
September 23, 2022 Homeownership: Tax Policy Options and Considerations This In Focus discusses three selected demand-side options and three selected supply-side options for potentially promoting homeownership. Pursuing any of the presented options would require careful consideration about the specific design of each. This In Focus does not address the economics or desirability of promoting ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10829 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Is Possession of Cash Evidence of a Crime? September 23, 2022 Although possession of a large sum of cash may suggest criminal activity, police discovery of a substantial amount of currency is not enough alone to justify the government s confiscation of the money. Thus, on August 10, 2022, a divided panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (Fourth Circuit) overturned ...
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| Date Sept. 23, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10830 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Education Department Proposes New Title IX Regulations: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity September 23, 2022 Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) bars discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs that receive federal financial assistance. As explained in a previous Sidebar, the Department of Education (ED) has issued a Notice of Proposed ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2022 |
Report No. R46192 |
Title
Injection and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Role and Issues for Congress Updated September 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46192 SUMMARY Injection and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Role and Issues for Congress R46192 September 22, 2022 Angela C. Jones Analyst in Environmental Policy For several decades, the federal ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IF12218 |
Title
September 22, 2022 Farm Bill Primer: Farm Safety Net Programs The so-called federal farm safety net is a collection of programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provide risk protection and income support to farmers in the United States who experience natural disasters, adverse growing conditions, and/or low market prices. Program payments are triggered automatically ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IF11670 |
Title
Updated September 22, 2022 The Army s Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model Why Is Army Readiness Important to Congress? The Army defines readiness as the capability of its forces to conduct the full range of military operations and defeat all enemies regardless of the threats they pose. Readiness is generally considered a function of how well units are manned, equipped, trained, ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IN12020 |
Title
INSIGHTi President Biden Nominates OIRA Administrator September 22, 2022 On September 2, 2022, President Biden announced his intention to nominate Richard Revesz as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OIRA is best known for its role in reviewing federal regulations. Since 1981, OIRA has reviewed most agencies ...
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| Date Sept. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10748 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Free Speech Challenges to Florida and Texas Social Media Laws Updated September 22, 2022 Two U.S. Courts of Appeals have recently taken different positions on the validity of state laws restricting internet services ability to moderate user content. In May, the Eleventh Circuit largely upheld a preliminary injunction ruling Florida s Senate Bill 7072 likely unconstitutional, ...
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| Date Sept. 21, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10823 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Removal Protections for Administrative Adjudicators: Constitutional Scrutiny and Considerations for Congress September 21, 2022 Since the passage of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in 1946, administrative law judges (ALJs) across all federal agencies have enjoyed statutory removal protection. The Constitution, however, places some limits on the appointment and removal of ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. R47254 |
Title
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: CRS Products September 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47254 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation: CRS Products Contents Selected CRS Products Relevant to GHG Mitigation ..................................................................... 2 Agriculture, Oceans, and ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. TE10079 |
Title
Statement of Laura Gatz Analyst in Environmental Policy Before Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on The Clean Water Act at Fifty: Highlights and Lessons Learned from a Half Century of Transformative Legislation September 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10079 ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. TE10080 |
Title
Statement of Baird Webel Specialist in Financial Economics Before Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Diversity and Inclusion U.S. House of Representatives Hearing on A Review of Diversity and Inclusion at America s Largest Insurance Companies September 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov TE10080 Congressional Research Service 1 Madam Chairwoman, ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. RS22022 |
Title
Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA) Updated September 20, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22022 Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA) Summary Disaster Unemployment Assistance (DUA) benefits are available only to those individuals who have become unemployed as a direct result of a declared major disaster and are not eligible for regular Unemployment ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. IN12019 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Technology Made in China: The Role of Federal Technology Licensing Policies September 20, 2022 A recent news report questioned why a potentially revolutionary battery technology discovered at a Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratory was licensed to a firm that manufactures the batteries in China. U.S. competitiveness and national security concerns often focus on Chinese ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10824 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Federal Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction Part 1: Introduction September 20, 2022 This Legal Sidebar post is the first in a five-part series that discusses the bases and scope of U.S. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Last year, a supply-chain bottleneck arose at the nation s ports with as many as 101 container ships waiting for berths at the nation s Los Angeles and Long Beach ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10825 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Federal Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction Part 2: Historical Background September 20, 2022 This Legal Sidebar post is the second in a five-part series that discusses the bases and scope of U.S. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Last year, a supply-chain bottleneck arose at the nation s ports with as many as 101 container ships waiting for berths at the nation s Los Angeles and ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10827 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Federal Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction Part 4: Torts and Maritime Contracts or Services September 20, 2022 This Legal Sidebar post is the fourth in a five-part series that discusses the bases and scope of U.S. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Last year, a supply-chain bottleneck arose at the nation s ports with as many as 101 container ships waiting for berths at the nation ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10828 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Federal Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction Part 5: Exclusivity of Federal Jurisdiction September 20, 2022 This Legal Sidebar post is the fifth in a five-part series that discusses the bases and scope of U.S. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Last year, a supply-chain bottleneck arose at the nation s ports with as many as 101 container ships waiting for berths at the nation s Los ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. IF11610 |
Title
Updated September 20, 2022 Federal Financial and Budgetary Reporting: A Primer Introduction To improve the transparency and integrity of the federal government and its activities, Congress has established in law an evolving framework for budgetary and financial reporting. This In Focus outlines several categories of reporting and related statutory requirements for executive branch entities. ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. IF12216 |
Title
September 20, 2022 Public Banks: History and Recent Proposals Overview of Public Banks Banks are generally private enterprises chartered by state or federal regulators for the purposes of accepting deposits and making credit available to the communities they serve. As profit-seeking businesses, banks motivations do not necessarily align with certain public policy goals. Policymakers use regulation ...
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| Date Sept. 20, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10826 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Federal Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction Part 3: Territorial Scope September 20, 2022 This Legal Sidebar post is the third in a five-part series that discusses the bases and scope of U.S. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Last year, a supply-chain bottleneck arose at the nation s ports with as many as 101 container ships waiting for berths at the nation s Los Angeles and Long ...
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| Date Sept. 19, 2022 |
Report No. R46881 |
Title
The Bioeconomy: A Primer Updated September 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46881 SUMMARY The Bioeconomy: A Primer R46881 September 19, 2022 The term bioeconomy refers to the share of the economy based on products, services, and processes derived from biological resources (e.g., plants and microorganisms). The bioeconomy Marcy E. Gallo is crosscutting, ...
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| Date Sept. 19, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10822 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Sept. 12 Sept. 18, 2022) September 19, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN12004 |
Title
INSIGHTi Phone Service at the Internal Revenue Service During the 2022 Filing Season Updated September 16, 2022 Some policymakers have grown frustrated with shortcomings in the Internal Revenue Service s (IRS) customer service during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the independent National Taxpayer Advocate, IRS Customer Service Representatives (CSRs) answered 18% of taxpayers calls routed to ...
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| Date Sept. 16, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10821 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Supreme Court Overturns HHS Regulation Reducing the Medicare Outpatient Drug Reimbursement Rate for 340B Hospitals September 16, 2022 On June 15, 2022, the Supreme Court unanimously decided American Hospital Association (AHA) v. Becerra, holding that the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) lacked discretion to cut Medicare s reimbursement to selected hospitals for certain ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R43328 |
Title
Medicaid Coverage of Long-Term Services and Supports Updated September 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43328 SUMMARY Medicaid Coverage of Long-Term Services and Supports R43328 September 15, 2022 Kirsten J. Colello Specialist in Health and Long-term services and supports (LTSS) refer to a broad range of health and healthAging Policy related services and ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF12214 |
Title
September 15, 2022 The USDA Healthy Food Financing Initiative According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service (ERS), approximately 13.8 million households in the United States were food-insecure in 2020. ERS defines food-insecure households as households that had difficulty at some time during the year providing food for all of their members because of a lack of ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF11707 |
Title
Updated September 15, 2022 The U.S. Dollar as the World s Dominant Reserve Currency The U.S. dollar is the world s dominant reserve currency, among other such currencies including the euro, the yen, the pound, the renminbi (RMB), the Canadian dollar, the Swiss franc, and the Australian dollar. A reserve currency is a currency held by central banks in significant quantities. It is widely used to ...
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| Date Sept. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R47242 |
Title
North Korea: September 2022 Update September 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47242 SUMMARY North Korea: September 2022 Update Summary For more than 30 years, 16 Congresses and 6 presidential administrations have struggled with North Korea s (officially the Democratic People s Republic of North Korea, or DPRK) advancing nuclear weapons and missile programs, ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R44283 |
Title
Global Research and Development Expenditures: Fact Sheet Updated September 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44283 Global Research and Development Expenditures: Fact Sheet esearch and development (R&D) plays a central role in advanced economies in areas such as economic growth and job creation, industrial competitiveness, national security, energy, ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2022 |
Report No. R47055 |
Title
The Philippines: Background and U.S. Relations Updated September 14, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47055 SUMMARY The Philippines: Background and U.S. Relations The United States and the Republic of the Philippines have a deep relationship that includes a bilateral security alliance, extensive military cooperation, close people-to-people ties, and many shared ...
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| Date Sept. 14, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10820 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Privacy Rights Under the Constitution: Procreation, Child Rearing, Contraception, Marriage, and Sexual Activity September 14, 2022 A line of Supreme Court cases establishes that the U.S. Constitution guarantees a person s ability to make certain decisions in matters related to procreation, child rearing, contraception, marriage (including interracial marriage and same-sex marriage), ...
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