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| Date Aug. 30, 2022 |
Report No. IF12205 |
Title
August 30, 2022 Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve In response to rising retail heating oil prices during the winter of 1999-2000 (see Figure 1), the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve (NEHHOR) was created and authorized by presidential directive and enacted legislation (P.L. 106-469). The reserve was formally established in March 2001. As defined in 42 USC 6250 et seq., Northeast states include ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2022 |
Report No. R47206 |
Title
Inflation Reduction Act Methane Emissions Charge: In Brief Updated August 29, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47206 SUMMARY Inflation Reduction Act Methane Emissions Charge: In Brief On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed H.R. 5376 (P.L. 117-169), a budget reconciliation measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). Among other ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2022 |
Report No. R47227 |
Title
Critical Minerals in Electric Vehicle Batteries August 29, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47227 SUMMARY Critical Minerals in Electric Vehicle Batteries R47227 August 29, 2022 Expected growth of electric vehicle (EV) sales has led to concern about securing mineral inputs used in EV batteries. Various countries and companies have stated policies to accelerate ...
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| Date Aug. 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10811 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (August 22 August 28, 2022) August 29, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2022 |
Report No. R47224 |
Title
The Metaverse: Concepts and Issues for Congress August 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47224 The Metaverse: Concepts and Issues for Congress The Metaverse: Concepts and Issues for Congress Congress has long paid attention to technologies for users to access computer-simulated environments and participate in virtual activities on the internet. These ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2022 |
Report No. IF12201 |
Title
August 26, 2022 Farm Bill Primer: Federal Crop Insurance Program The federal crop insurance program (FCIP) helps make insurance coverage available to farmers from private sector insurers to help mitigate potential financial consequences of adverse growing and market conditions. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) regulates the policies offered and subsidizes the premiums that farmers pay in ...
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| Date Aug. 26, 2022 |
Report No. R47244 |
Title
FEMA s Approach to Equity and Emergency Management: Disaster Declarations and Policy Considerations August 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47244 SUMMARY FEMA s Approach to Equity and Emergency Management: Disaster Declarations and Policy Considerations Some Members of Congress and other stakeholders have raised concerns regarding equity in the delivery of ...
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| Date Aug. 25, 2022 |
Report No. R47223 |
Title
U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad: In Brief August 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47223 U.S. Citizenship for Children Born Abroad: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Citizenship Acquired at Birth ...
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| Date Aug. 25, 2022 |
Report No. R47225 |
Title
Expanding Broadband: Potential Role of Municipal Networks to Address the Digital Divide August 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47225 SUMMARY Expanding Broadband: Potential Role of Municipal Networks to Address the Digital Divide R47225 August 25, 2022 Colby Leigh Rachfal Analyst in Telecommunications Policy In the United States, private sector providers ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2022 |
Report No. R47221 |
Title
India-Russia Relations and Implications for U.S. Interests August 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47221 SUMMARY India-Russia Relations and Implications for U.S. Interests R47221 August 24, 2022 K. Alan Kronstadt The emergence of the U.S.-India partnership has been among the notable shifts in global major Specialist in South Asian Affairs power politics in ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2022 |
Report No. IF12199 |
Title
August 24, 2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Appropriations: FY2023 President s Budget Request Since FY2006, Congress has funded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bills. For FY2023, the President requested $11.88 billion for EPA. The request was $2.32 billion (24.3%) greater than the $9.56 billion FY2022 ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2022 |
Report No. R46615 |
Title
Clean Water Act Section 401: Overview and Recent Developments Updated August 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46615 SUMMARY Clean Water Act Section 401: Overview and Recent Developments R46615 August 24, 2022 Laura Gatz Congress established the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the chemical, Analyst in Environmental Policy physical, and ...
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| Date Aug. 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11996 |
Title
INSIGHTi Clean Vehicle Tax Credits in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 August 24, 2022 P.L. 117-169, commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA 2022), as signed into law on August 16, 2022, modified tax credits for electric vehicles (EVs) and fuel cell vehicles. The law also enacted new tax credits for used and commercial clean vehicles. This Insight provides information ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2022 |
Report No. R45327 |
Title
Public Safety Officers Benefits (PSOB) and Public Safety Officers Educational Assistance (PSOEA) Programs Updated January 5, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45327 SUMMARY Public Safety Officers Benefits (PSOB) and Public Safety Officers Educational Assistance (PSOEA) Programs R45327 January 5, 2022 Scott D. Szymendera Analyst in Disability Policy The Public ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11993 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2023 NDAA: Military Construction Authorizations August 23, 2022 For the fiscal year 2023 National Defense Authorization Act (FY2023 NDAA), the President s budget requested $12.2 billion for Department of Defense (DOD) Military Construction (MILCON) accounts. As deliberation over the FY2023 NDAA (H.R. 7900; S. 4543) continues, Congress may debate additional funding authorizations for ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11995 |
Title
INSIGHTi Workplace Leave and Unemployment Insurance for Individuals Affected by Monkeypox August 23, 2022 This Insight discusses workplace leave that may be available to workers affected by the 2022 outbreak of the monkeypox virus, as well as unemployment insurance (UI) benefits. It also discusses leave and UI policy responses to COVID-19 that might inform the congressional response to monkeypox. ...
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| Date Aug. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11994 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2023 NDAA: Active Component EndStrength August 23, 2022 Background The term end-strength refers to either the authorized or actual personnel strength of a specified branch of the military on September 30 of a given year (i.e., the last day of the fiscal year). Each year, in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress sets an authorized end-strength for active component ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10809 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (August 15 August 21, 2022) August 22, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2022 |
Report No. R44045 |
Title
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Waiver Authority and Modification of Volumes Updated August 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44045 The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Waiver Authority and Modification of Volumes Summary The Clean Air Act requires that transportation fuels contain a minimum volume of renewable fuel. This Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) was ...
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| Date Aug. 22, 2022 |
Report No. IN11992 |
Title
INSIGHTi Prefilled Individual Income Tax Return Filing: What It Is and Policy Issues August 22, 2022 Filing federal income taxes imposes costs on taxpayers, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and employers and other payers. According to the IRS, the average individual taxpayer with business and nonbusiness income in 2021 spent a total of 13 hours to prepare and file their income tax return. For ...
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| Date Aug. 19, 2022 |
Report No. R47219 |
Title
Changes in Employment and EmployerSponsored Health Insurance Levels During the COVID-19 Pandemic August 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47219 SUMMARY Changes in Employment and EmployerSponsored Health Insurance Levels During the COVID-19 Pandemic The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and related recession led to massive job loss in early 2020, ...
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| Date Aug. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IN11987 |
Title
INSIGHTi Inflation Reduction Act of 2022: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Selected Other Environmental Provisions Updated August 18, 2022 On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed H.R. 5376 (P.L. 117-169), a budget reconciliation measure commonly referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). This Insight identifies IRA provisions that are to be implemented by the U.S. ...
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| Date Aug. 17, 2022 |
Report No. IF12195 |
Title
August 17, 2022 Farm Bill Primer: Support for Cotton Title I of the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 farm bill; P.L. 115-334) reauthorized commodity support for domestic producers of cotton for the 2019-2023 crop years. Titles I and XII of the 2018 farm bill reauthorized support for domestic users of cotton for various periods that do not align with crop years. Although U.S. farm policy ...
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| Date Aug. 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF12196 |
Title
August 16, 2022 The Davis-Bacon Act: 2022 Proposed Rule Introduction Beginning in the 1930s, Congress has enacted multiple statutes that establish minimum labor standards for various classes of workers. Some of these standards (e.g., the Fair Labor Standards Act and the National Labor Relations Act) apply broadly to most employers, while others apply more narrowly to private employers that enter ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2022 |
Report No. R47215 |
Title
Hazard-Resilient Buildings: Sustaining Occupancy and Function After a Natural Disaster August 15, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47215 SUMMARY Hazard-Resilient Buildings: Sustaining Occupancy and Function After a Natural Disaster R47215 August 15, 2022 Linda R. Rowan Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Natural disasters contributed to more than $2.2 trillion ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10806 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (August 8 August 14, 2022) August 15, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF12192 |
Title
August 15, 2022 Defense Primer: Military Physical Fitness Testing and Body Composition Program Under Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress has broad authority over the Armed Forces and, as such, has a duty to maintain physically capable forces to conduct a range of military operations. Various statutes authorize the Department of Defense (DOD) to determine physical fitness and body ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10808 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Constitutional Limits on States Power over Foreign Affairs August 15, 2022 The Constitution gives the federal government the primary power to manage the United States foreign relations. Article I, Section 10 prohibits states from engaging in a set of activities that implicate international affairs, while the Supremacy Clause, Foreign Commerce Clause, and other constitutional ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IN11988 |
Title
INSIGHTi FEMA IHP Assistance for Extreme Heat: Considerations and Limitations August 15, 2022 In the summer of 2022, heat waves affecting areas throughout the United States prompted congressional questions regarding what if any assistance the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may provide to affected individuals. As detailed below, in limited circumstances, FEMA may provide funding to ...
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| Date Aug. 15, 2022 |
Report No. IF11819 |
Title
Updated August 15, 2022 SBA Restaurant Revitalization Fund Grants The Small Business Administration s (SBA s) $28.6 billion Restaurant Revitalization Fund Program (RRF) was authorized by P.L. 117-2, the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. The RRF provided grants of up to $5 million per permanent physical business location (not to exceed $10 million per applicant and any affiliated businesses) to ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2022 |
Report No. R47074 |
Title
Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Congressional Action and Selected Policy Issues Updated August 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47074 SUMMARY Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H): Congressional Action and Selected Policy Issues Through FY2022 appropriations (P.L. 117-103), Congress provided $1 billion to the Department ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2022 |
Report No. IN11986 |
Title
INSIGHTi Campaign Finance Policy and Email Spam Filtering: The Google Advisory Opinion Request Updated August 12, 2022 Political campaigns rely heavily on email and the internet to raise money and court voters. On August 11, 2022, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) approved an advisory opinion request (AOR) from Google permitting the company to establish a pilot program enabling Gmail users to ...
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| Date Aug. 12, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10805 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Climate Liability Suits: Is There a Path to Federal Court? August 12, 2022 Many of the most prominent court cases related to climate change in recent years have been decided by federal courts, including the Supreme Court, based on federal law. A growing number of cases, however, allege state-law claims against fossil fuel companies in state courts. A key issue that has emerged early ...
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| Date Aug. 11, 2022 |
Report No. IN11937 |
Title
INSIGHTi Biden Administration s Cuba Policy Changes Updated August 11, 2022 In May 2022, the Biden Administration announced several changes to U.S. policy toward Cuba, with the overarching goal of increasing support for the Cuban people. The changes, which emanated from a policy review begun in 2021, fall into four broad areas facilitating family reunification, expanding authorized travel, easing ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47202 |
Title
Tax Provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (H.R. 5376) Updated August 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47202 Tax Provisions in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (H.R. 5376) Contents Tables Table 1. Subtitle A Deficit Reduction........................................................................................... 2 Table 2. Subtitle B ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47218 |
Title
Unauthorized Immigrants: Frequently Asked Questions August 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47218 SUMMARY Unauthorized Immigrants: Frequently Asked Questions Unauthorized immigrants are noncitizens who generally have entered the United States without inspection, overstayed a period of lawful admission, or violated the terms of their admission. Congress has a ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R45986 |
Title
Federal Role in Responding to Potential Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Updated August 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45986 SUMMARY Federal Role in Responding to Potential Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of fluorinated compounds that have been used for various ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47213 |
Title
Ownership of Retirement Assets: Data in Brief August 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47213 Ownership of Retirement Assets: Data in Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Household Ownership of Retirement Assets ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47214 |
Title
The Carbon Cycle: Key Component of the Climate System, with Implications for Policy August 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47214 SUMMARY The Carbon Cycle: Key Component of the Climate System, with Implications for Policy Large quantities of carbon are actively exchanged between the atmosphere and the other carbon storage pools, including the oceans, ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47211 |
Title
Criminal Justice Data: Human Trafficking August 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47211 SUMMARY Criminal Justice Data: Human Trafficking Human traffickers exploit vulnerable individuals for commercial sex and forced labor in a variety of legal and illegal industries, both across the United States and around the world. While some estimates of the incidence of ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF11960 |
Title
Updated August 10, 2022 An Excise Tax on Stock Repurchases and Tax Advantages of Buybacks over Dividends The Build Back Better Act (H.R. 5376), as reported by the Committee on the Budget, includes a provision to impose a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases by publicly traded corporations. Stock repurchases are another way to distribute income to shareholders and, compared to dividends, have ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF12189 |
Title
August 10, 2022 Federal Crop Insurance Program (FCIP): Limits on Administrative and Operating Subsidies The federal crop insurance program (FCIP) offers farmers the opportunity to purchase insurance coverage against financial losses caused by a wide variety of perils, including certain adverse growing and market conditions. The federal government regulates the policies offered and subsidizes the ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF12179 |
Title
Updated August 10, 2022 The Corporate Minimum Tax Proposal The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (H.R. 5376), which passed the Senate on August 7, 2022, would impose a minimum tax of 15% on the adjusted financial statement income of large corporations. Corporations would pay the larger of the minimum tax or the regular tax. This tax would apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022. ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IN11978 |
Title
INSIGHTi Inflation Reduction Act: Agricultural Conservation and Credit, Renewable Energy, and Forestry Updated August 10, 2022 Overview On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed what is often referred to as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, a substitute to the House-passed Build Back Better Act (BBBA, H.R. 5376). Both bills are budget reconciliation measures, which allow for an increase in spending ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10804 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Education Department Proposes New Title IX Regulations: Responding to Sex Discrimination and Harassment at School August 10, 2022 The Department of Education (ED) recently issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) to amend its current regulations that implement Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX). Title IX prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF10719 |
Title
Updated August 10, 2022 Forecasting Tropical Cyclones: NOAA s Role Timely and accurate forecasts of tropical cyclones, including tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes (hereinafter TCs or storms), can provide lifeand property-saving warnings to parts of the U.S. coastline vulnerable to a storm s impacts. The National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center (NHC), part ...
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| Date Aug. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF12191 |
Title
August 10, 2022 2022 Multicountry Outbreak of Monkeypox Introduction Global Control Efforts In May 2022, the International Health Regulations (IHR) Focal Point for the United Kingdom notified the World Health Organization (WHO) that an individual who travelled from the United Kingdom to Nigeria had a confirmed case of monkeypox. The disease has since spread to more than 75 countries and ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2022 |
Report No. R45897 |
Title
The U.S. Land-Grant University System: Overview and Role in Agricultural Research Updated August 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45897 SUMMARY The U.S. Land-Grant University System: Overview and Role in Agricultural Research R45897 August 9, 2022 Genevieve K. Croft With the passage of the first Morrill Act in 1862, the United States began a novel policy of ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF12056 |
Title
Updated August 9, 2022 Presidential Records Management: Preservation and Disposal Presidential records provide an essential window into many of the most consequential actions and decisions of the American government. The Presidential Records Act (PRA; 44 U.S.C. 2201-2209) sets forth requirements regarding the maintenance, access, and preservation of presidential and vice presidential information ...
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| Date Aug. 9, 2022 |
Report No. IN11941 |
Title
INSIGHTi 2022 Hurricane Outlooks and 2021 Hurricane Season Review Updated August 9, 2022 Many in Congress have expressed interest in increasing scientific understanding of tropical cyclones and improving forecasts to help their constituents prepare for the yearly hurricane season and potentially decrease a storm s impact on an individual or community. The Department of Commerce s National Oceanic ...
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