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| Date July 12, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10791 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Addresses Major Questions Doctrine and EPA s Regulation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions July 12, 2022 On June 30, 2022, the Supreme Court decided West Virginia v. EPA, a case with significant implications for U.S. environmental policy and, more broadly, for Congress s ability to delegate authority over significant policy decisions to executive agencies. The Court held that ...
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| Date July 12, 2022 |
Report No. IF10443 |
Title
Updated July 12, 2022 Introduction to U.S. Economy: Unemployment This In Focus provides an introduction to the official unemployment rate and alternative measures of unemployment, briefly examines the reasons for unemployment, and places the unemployment rate in a broader economic context. How Is the Unemployment Rate Calculated? The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases the official ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. R47178 |
Title
DOD Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress July 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47178 SUMMARY DOD Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution (PPBE): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress R47178 July 11, 2022 Brendan W. McGarry Acting Section Research Manager The U.S. Department of Defense ( ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. R43083 |
Title
SBA Assistance to Small Business Startups: Client Experiences and Program Impact Updated July 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43083 SBA Assistance to Small Business Startups: Client Experiences and Program Impact Summary The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty and venture ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. R47175 |
Title
Setting Budgetary Levels: The House s FY2023 Deeming Resolution July 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47175 SUMMARY Setting Budgetary Levels: The House s FY2023 Deeming Resolution The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 directs Congress to adopt a budget resolution each spring, providing an agreement between the House and Senate on a budget plan for the ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. IN11969 |
Title
INSIGHTi Sri Lanka in Crisis July 11, 2022 Sri Lanka is in the midst of an economic and political crisis that may have far-reaching ramifications for the country s political development and regional relations. Flawed agricultural policies (see below), a tax cut, limited foreign exchange, declines in remittances and tourism, and the increasing costs of food and fuel in part due to the war in the ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. IF10944 |
Title
Updated July 11, 2022 Final Rules Changing Endangered Species Act Regulations On August 27, 2019, the Trump Administration published three final rules that change the implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et. seq.). The final rules concern Section 4 (listing of endangered and threatened species; effective September 26, 2019) and Section 7 (consultation with federal ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. IF11740 |
Title
Updated July 11, 2022 Final Rules Amending ESA Critical Habitat Regulations In December 2020, the Trump Administration published two final rules amending certain regulations that implement the Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) as it relates to critical habitat. The first rule defined habitat, and the second clarifies when the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) may exclude ...
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| Date July 11, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10788 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (July 4 July 10, 2022) July 11, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10786 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Abortion, Data Privacy, and Law Enforcement Access: A Legal Overview Updated July 8, 2022 In light of the U.S. Supreme Court s decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women s Health Organization, some Members of Congress and commentators have expressed concerns that law enforcement officials may seek to collect abortion-related personal data for prosecutions in states that have criminalized ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. R47009 |
Title
Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated July 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47009 SUMMARY Trade-Related Agencies: FY2022 Appropriations, Commerce, Science, Justice and Related Agencies (CJS) This report provides an overview of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 budget request and appropriations for ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. R46927 |
Title
Redefining Waters of the United States (WOTUS): Recent Developments Updated July 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46927 SUMMARY Redefining Waters of the United States (WOTUS): Recent Developments Congress established the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the Clean Water Act (CWA), to restore and protect the quality of the nation s surface ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10787 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Authority to Regulate Abortion July 6, 2022 On June 24, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women s Health Organization, which overruled Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey and held that there is no constitutional right to abortion. (For more detail on the Dobbs decision and its impact, see this CRS ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. R42037 |
Title
SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program Updated July 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42037 SBA Surety Bond Guarantee Program Summary The Small Business Administration s (SBA s) Surety Bond Guarantee Program is designed to increase small businesses access to federal, state, and local government contracting, as well as private-sector contracts, by guaranteeing bid, ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF12159 |
Title
July 8, 2022 The CASES Act: Implementation and Issues for Congress The CASES Act is intended to modernize and simplify what has been an inconsistent and variable process of obtaining an individual s written consent for information disclosure. The act would enable constituents to provide electronic authorization to additional parties, such as Members of Congress and their offices, to resolve ...
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| Date July 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF11356 |
Title
Updated July 8, 2022 Election Security: States Spending of FY2018 and FY2020 HAVA Payments Congress has provided funding in response to efforts to interfere with U.S. elections. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (P.L. 115-141) included $380 million for payments to the 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands under the Help ...
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| Date July 7, 2022 |
Report No. R47173 |
Title
Information Access for Congressional Advisory Commissions July 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47173 SUMMARY Information Access for Congressional Advisory Commissions Advisory commissions assist Congress with the development of public policy. Congressional advisory commissions are formal groups, usually composed of policy experts, that provide independent ...
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| Date July 7, 2022 |
Report No. R47172 |
Title
Geoengineering: Ocean Iron Fertilization July 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47172 SUMMARY Geoengineering: Ocean Iron Fertilization R47172 July 7, 2022 Congress has shown growing interest in and support for geoengineering techniques as a means to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Geoengineering is a field of study that Caitlin Keating-Bitonti ...
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| Date July 7, 2022 |
Report No. R47171 |
Title
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): In Brief July 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47171 Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): In Brief Introduction Within the last year, multiple commercial airlines have announced sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) purchase agreements.1 Airlines report they are purchasing SAF, in part, to address the climate crisis and to comply with ...
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| Date July 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF12146 |
Title
Updated July 7, 2022 Taxpayer Advocate Service: Purpose, History, Performance, and Resources The Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS) is intended to play a significant role in protecting taxpayer rights and fostering taxpayer confidence in the accountability and integrity of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). TAS does this by receiving and seeking to resolve taxpayer problems in working with the IRS. ...
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| Date July 6, 2022 |
Report No. R44670 |
Title
The Social Security Retirement Age Updated July 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44670 The Social Security Retirement Age Summary The Social Security full retirement age (FRA) is the age at which workers can first claim full (i.e., unreduced) Social Security retired-worker benefits. Among other factors, a worker s monthly benefit amount is affected by the age ...
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| Date July 6, 2022 |
Report No. IF12157 |
Title
July 6, 2022 Education Provisions in the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act On June 25, 2022, the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act (BSCA; P.L. 117-159) was signed into law. In addition to provisions addressing mental health services, firearms, and Medicare, the act requires the establishment of a Federal Clearinghouse on School Safety Evidence-based Practices, provides additional appropriations for ...
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| Date July 6, 2022 |
Report No. IF11952 |
Title
Updated July 6, 2022 Youth Employment and Training Programs Authorized by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act The Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA, P.L. 113-128) is the primary federal statute centrally focused on workforce development. It authorizes a group of programs to assist workers and employers in the labor market, with an emphasis on individuals with barriers to ...
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| Date July 6, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10785 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Carson v. Makin: Using Government Funds for Religious Activity July 6, 2022 When the government decides whether to give public funds to religious entities, that decision can raise constitutional questions under both of the First Amendment s Religion Clauses. For many years, Supreme Court precedent focused primarily on whether federal, state, or local governments violated the ...
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| Date July 5, 2022 |
Report No. R46689 |
Title
SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG) Updated July 5, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46689 SUMMARY SBA Shuttered Venue Operators Grant Program (SVOG) The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several types of programs to support small businesses, including direct disaster loan programs to assist their recovery from natural disasters; ...
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| Date July 5, 2022 |
Report No. R44589 |
Title
SBA s Office of Inspector General: Overview, Impact, and Relationship with Congress Updated July 5, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44589 SBA s Office of Inspector General: Overview, Impact, and Relationship with Congress Summary Congress created offices of inspector general (OIGs) to assist in its oversight of the executive branch. OIGs provide independent, ...
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| Date July 5, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10784 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 27 July 3, 2022), Part 2 July 5, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date July 5, 2022 |
Report No. R41326 |
Title
Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentences: The Safety Valve and Substantial Assistance Exceptions Updated July 5, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41326 SUMMARY Federal Mandatory Minimum Sentences: The Safety Valve and Substantial Assistance Exceptions R41326 July 5, 2022 Charles Doyle Senior Specialist in American Public Law Federal law requires a sentencing judge to ...
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| Date July 5, 2022 |
Report No. IF11864 |
Title
Updated July 5, 2022 Insurgency in Northern Mozambique: Nature and Responses An armed Islamic State-linked insurgency in Mozambique s far north launched in 2017 with an attack on several police posts in Cabo Delgado province remains highly active and poses challenges to U.S. peace, security, and development goals in the country. The insurgency and state security responses to it have resulted in ...
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| Date July 5, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10783 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 27 July 3, 2022), Part 1 July 5, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date July 1, 2022 |
Report No. RL33476 |
Title
Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Updated July 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33476 SUMMARY Israel: Background and U.S. Relations Since Israel s founding in 1948, successive U.S. Presidents and many Members of Congress have demonstrated a commitment to Israel s security and to close U.S.-Israel cooperation. Strong bilateral ties influence U.S. policy ...
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| Date July 1, 2022 |
Report No. R47169 |
Title
Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund: Overview and Programs July 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47169 SUMMARY Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund: Overview and Programs As communities face a variety of economic challenges, some may look to local banks and financial institutions for solutions that address the specific ...
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| Date July 1, 2022 |
Report No. IF12153 |
Title
July 1, 2022 Cryptocurrency in 401(k) Retirement Plans Digital assets, which include cryptocurrencies, cryptoassets, or digital tokens, among others, are digital representations of value and are issued and transferred using distributed ledger or blockchain technology. Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Dogecoin are among the most well-known cryptocurrencies. A November 2021 Pew Research Center and a March ...
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| Date July 1, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10778 |
Title
Legal Sidebari SCOTUS Bolsters State Criminal Jurisdiction on Tribal Lands July 1, 2022 Rejecting the view that states lack criminal jurisdiction on tribal reservations unless Congress specifically grants such jurisdiction, on June 29, 2022, the Supreme Court announced in Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta that the default is that States have criminal jurisdiction in Indian country unless that jurisdiction ...
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| Date July 1, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10782 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Siegel v. Fitzgerald: Supreme Court Makes Rare Comment on the Bankruptcy Clause s Uniformity Requirement July 1, 2022 On June 6, 2022, the Supreme Court decided Siegel v. Fitzgerald, holding that the Bankruptcy Judgeship Act of 2017 (the 2017 Act ) violated the uniformity requirement of the U.S. Constitution s Bankruptcy Clause. The 2017 Act increased quarterly administrative fees ...
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| Date June 30, 2022 |
Report No. R46993 |
Title
Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) FY2022 Appropriations: Overview Updated June 30, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46993 SUMMARY Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) FY2022 Appropriations: Overview The Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill includes funding for the Department of the Treasury, the ...
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| Date June 30, 2022 |
Report No. R46854 |
Title
Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2022 Updated June 30, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46854 SUMMARY Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD) Appropriations for FY2022 The respective House and Senate Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related ...
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| Date June 30, 2022 |
Report No. R41146 |
Title
Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program Updated June 30, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41146 Small Business Administration 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program Summary The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty programs designed to encourage lenders to provide loans to small ...
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| Date June 30, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10777 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court s Decision in Boechler, P.C. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue May Save Some Late-Filed Tax Petitions June 30, 2022 On April 21, 2022, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision in Boechler, P.C. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, providing insight on when a tax statute s filing deadline becomes a jurisdictional requirement. If a deadline is a jurisdictional ...
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| Date June 30, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10780 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Kennedy v. Bremerton School District: School Prayer and the Establishment Clause June 30, 2022 On June 27, 2022, the Supreme Court released a 6-3 decision in Kennedy v. Bremerton School District that significantly altered Establishment Clause jurisprudence. In ruling in favor of a high school football coach who wanted to pray on the 50-yard line of the football field after games, ...
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| Date June 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF11272 |
Title
Updated June 29, 2022 Freedom of Information Act Fees for Government Information The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) establishes a presumption that information in the possession of executive branch agencies and departments of the U.S. federal government is accessible to the public. Under FOIA, the burden of proof to access government information shifted from a requester s need to know to a right ...
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| Date June 29, 2022 |
Report No. IN11964 |
Title
INSIGHTi Summer 2022 Weather Challenges and Risks to Electric Power June 29, 2022 The 2022 summer season has arrived, and with warmer weather, the demand for electricity to cool residences and buildings generally increases across the country. According to the U.S. Climate Extremes Index (CEI), during summer months (June-August) there has been an increasing trend in the percentage of the contiguous ...
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| Date June 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10773 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Second Amendment at the Supreme Court: New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass n v. Bruen June 29, 2022 On June 23, 2022, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen, a case challenging the constitutionality of a portion of New York s firearms licensing scheme that restricts the carrying of certain licensed firearms outside the home under ...
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| Date June 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10774 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court To Address Foreign Account Reporting Penalties June 29, 2022 Federal law requires U.S. persons with a financial interest in or signature or other authority over foreign financial accounts totaling more than $10,000 to report these accounts by filing a Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, commonly known as an FBAR, each year. The IRS may levy civil penalties ...
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| Date June 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF12151 |
Title
June 29, 2022 Mortgage Servicing Assets and Selected Market Developments A mortgage servicer receives a fee to perform various administrative tasks that include collecting and remitting the principal and interest payments made by a borrower to the owner (e.g., lender, investor) of the mortgage asset; managing the borrower s escrow account; processing the loan title once paid in full; and ...
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| Date June 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10775 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Civil Rights Remedies in Cummings and Implications for Title VI and Title IX June 29, 2022 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) prohibit various types of discrimination in federally funded programs and other covered entities. The Supreme Court recently held in Cummings v. Premier Rehab Keller that a plaintiff bringing suit to ...
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| Date June 28, 2022 |
Report No. R46964 |
Title
Department of Veterans Affairs FY2022 Appropriations Updated June 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46964 SUMMARY R46964 Department of Veterans Affairs FY2022 Appropriations June 28, 2022 The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) administers numerous programs that provide benefits and services to eligible veterans and their families. These benefits include ...
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| Date June 28, 2022 |
Report No. IN11962 |
Title
INSIGHTi Wildfire Recovery and Resilience: HUD Funding to Examine Effectiveness June 28, 2022 On May 18, 2022, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) posted a Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) soliciting study proposals to examine the effectiveness of federal, state, and local disaster recovery funding responding to wildfires. The NOFO states the following: HUD anticipates the ...
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| Date June 28, 2022 |
Report No. IN11963 |
Title
INSIGHTi Where Is the U.S. Economy Headed: Soft Landing, Hard Landing, or Stagflation? June 28, 2022 The Economic Recovery So Far The recovery from the 2020 recession was rapid through the first half of 2021, but the transition to moderate, sustainable economic growth has been choppy, with negative growth in the first quarter of 2022. Moreover, high inflation has complicated the path forward. ...
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| Date June 27, 2022 |
Report No. R46935 |
Title
Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations Updated June 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46935 SUMMARY Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2022 Budget and Appropriations Each year, Congress considers 12 distinct appropriations measures to fund federal programs and activities. ...
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