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| Date June 13, 2022 |
Report No. R46908 |
Title
Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2022 Appropriations Updated June 13, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46908 SUMMARY Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: Overview of FY2022 Appropriations R46908 June 13, 2022 Carol Hardy Vincent Specialist in Natural The Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill often ...
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| Date June 13, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10755 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (June 6 June 12, 2022) June 13, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date June 13, 2022 |
Report No. R47158 |
Title
Juvenile Life Without Parole: In Brief June 13, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47158 SUMMARY Juvenile Life Without Parole: In Brief R47158 June 13, 2022 Since the creation of separate courts for juveniles in the United States in 1899, the juvenile justice system has generally operated under the broad understanding that the role of criminal Emily J. Hanson ...
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| Date June 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF11987 |
Title
Updated June 13, 2022 The National Volcano Early Warning System In 2019, Congress authorized a National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System (NVEWS; Section 5001 of P.L. 116-9; 43 U.S.C. 31k). The law directs the Secretary of the Interior to establish NVEWS to monitor volcanoes, warn U.S. citizens of volcanic activity, and protect citizens from undue and avoidable harm resulting from ...
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| Date June 13, 2022 |
Report No. IN11952 |
Title
INSIGHTi Audits of EITC Returns: By the Numbers June 13, 2022 The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) audits taxpayers to determine whether they are in compliance with tax law and have accurately reported tax liability. Some policymakers are concerned that the IRS is auditing low-income taxpayers in particular taxpayers who claim the earned income tax credit (EITC) at disproportionately high rates ...
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| Date June 13, 2022 |
Report No. IN11954 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S.-Philippine Relations and Ferdinand Marcos Jr. s Election June 13, 2022 Ferdinand Bongbong Marcos Jr. won the Philippine Presidential election on May 9, 2022, earning a sixyear term. Marcos Jr., the son of former Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos, won more than 31 million or 58% of the 55 million votes cast. The second place candidate, outgoing Vice-President Leni Robredo, ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47161 |
Title
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 June 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47161 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2023 The U.S. government supports a broad range of scientific and engineering research and development (R&D). Its purposes include addressing national defense, health, safety, the environment, and energy ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF11513 |
Title
Updated June 10, 2022 th WTO: 12 Ministerial, COVID-19, and Ongoing Issues Overview Due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Trade Organization (WTO) postponed its 12th Ministerial Conference (MC12) multiple times from June 2020 to June 2022. The biennial meeting, which usually involves active U.S. participation, has been widely anticipated as an action-forcing event for ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. R41722 |
Title
Small Business Mentor-Prot g Programs Updated June 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41722 Small Business Mentor-Prot g Programs Summary Mentor-prot g programs typically seek to pair new businesses with more experienced businesses in mutually beneficial relationships. Prot g s may receive financial, technical, or management assistance from mentors in ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. IN11950 |
Title
INSIGHTi The America COMPETES Act Amendments to the Lacey Act June 10, 2022 Section 71102 of the America COMPETES Act, H.R. 4521 (passed the House), would amend the injurious species provisions of the Lacey Act (18 U.S.C. 42). The Injurious Species Provisions of the Lacey Act The Lacey Act s injurious species provisions prohibit importing certain species into the United States and shipping such ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. IN11951 |
Title
INSIGHTi Proposals to Deny a Federal Tax Deduction for Prescription Drug Advertising Expenses June 10, 2022 High and rising prescription drug prices have long been a source of concern. For most years between 2000 and 2020, retail drug price inflation exceeded overall U.S. consumer price inflation. Finding agreement on effective ways to contain U.S. drug price increases has been a continuing ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF12131 |
Title
June 10, 2022 School Safety and Target Hardening The May 2022 deaths of 19 students and two teachers in a mass shooting at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, TX, has led some Members of Congress to discuss a range of policy options to address gun violence in schools, several of which have been considered after previous mass shootings in schools. One option that has again gained the attention of ...
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| Date June 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47155 |
Title
Judiciary Appropriations, FY2022 June 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47155 SUMMARY Judiciary Appropriations, FY2022 Funds for the judicial branch are included annually in the Financial Services and General Government (FSGG) appropriations bill. The bill provides funding for the U.S. Supreme Court; the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit; the U.S. ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. R47154 |
Title
FY2022 Defense Appropriations Act: Context and Selected Issues June 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47154 SUMMARY FY2022 Defense Appropriations Act: Context and Selected Issues R47154 June 9, 2022 Pat Towell Specialist in U.S. Defense The Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2022, enacted as Division C of the Policy and Budget Consolidated ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. R47159 |
Title
Temporary Professional Foreign Workers: Background, Trends, and Policy Issues June 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47159 SUMMARY Temporary Professional Foreign Workers: Background, Trends, and Policy Issues Temporary visas have become an increasingly important gateway for foreign professionals to work in the United States. Since 1997, the number of visas ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. R45239 |
Title
Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Siting: FERC Policy and Issues for Congress Updated June 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45239 Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline Siting: FERC Policy and Issues for Congress Summary Growth in U.S. natural gas production has driven the development of new pipelines from producing regions to consuming markets. Over 300,000 miles of ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. R44826 |
Title
The Loan Limits for Government-Backed Mortgages Updated June 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44826 The Loan Limits for Government-Backed Mortgages Summary The federal government supports homeownership in different ways. One of the main ways is through programs or support from quasi-government entities that promise lenders or investors that if a homeowner ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. R41352 |
Title
Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs Updated June 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41352 Small Business Management and Technical Assistance Training Programs Summary The Small Business Administration (SBA) has provided managerial and technical assistance training to small businesses since it began operations in 1953. Initially, ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF12130 |
Title
June 9, 2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) FY2022 Appropriations With congressional approval, the Nixon Administration established the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under executive branch Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970. This reorganization consolidated numerous federal pollution control responsibilities that had been divided among several federal agencies. Over time, ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10753 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Stablecoins: Legal Issues and Regulatory Options (Part 1) June 9, 2022 In 2008, the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto released a white paper describing a peer-to-peer system of electronic cash. The product of that paper Bitcoin now boasts a market capitalization of roughly $600 billion. Other cryptocurrencies amount to more than $700 billion, bringing the overall crypto ecosystem in line ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10754 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Stablecoins: Legal Issues and Regulatory Options (Part 2) June 9, 2022 As discussed in the first part of this two-part Legal Sidebar series, stablecoins are cryptocurrencies whose value is pegged to a reference asset like the U.S. dollar. While stablecoin issuers attempt to maintain these pegs in different ways, most of the regulatory attention has focused on coins that are ...
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| Date June 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF11948 |
Title
Updated June 9, 2022 DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2022 Appropriations The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for enabling renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development and implementation. Other activities include participation in intergovernmental programs, establishing minimum ...
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| Date June 8, 2022 |
Report No. R45145 |
Title
Overview of the Federal Tax System in 2022 Updated June 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45145 SUMMARY Overview of the Federal Tax System in 2022 This report describes the federal tax structure and system in effect for 2022. The report also provides selected statistics on the tax system as a whole. Historically, the largest component of the federal tax system ...
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| Date June 8, 2022 |
Report No. R47151 |
Title
Social Security: Adjustment Factors for Early or Delayed Benefit Claiming June 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47151 SUMMARY Social Security: Adjustment Factors for Early or Delayed Benefit Claiming Social Security is a work-based, federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to insured workers and their eligible family members in the event ...
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| Date June 8, 2022 |
Report No. R44296 |
Title
Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution Updated June 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44296 Deeming Resolutions: Budget Enforcement in the Absence of a Budget Resolution Summary The budget resolution reflects an agreement between the House and Senate on a budgetary plan for the upcoming fiscal year. Once agreed to by both ...
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| Date June 8, 2022 |
Report No. R47152 |
Title
Private-Sector Defined Contribution Pension Plans: An Introduction June 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47152 SUMMARY Private-Sector Defined Contribution Pension Plans: An Introduction The two types of pension plans that private-sector employers can offer are defined contribution (DC) plans, in which participants have individual accounts that can provide a ...
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| Date June 8, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10752 |
Title
Legal Sidebar The Open App Markets Act June 8, 2022 Efforts to reform competition law proceed at different levels of generality. Some bills would tackle antitrust writ large. Others are more focused, applying special rules to a handful of Big Tech companies. The Open App Markets Act (OAMA) is narrower still, targeting one segment of the digital economy mobile software application (app) stores with ...
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| Date June 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF11587 |
Title
Updated June 8, 2022 Removal of Nazi Symbols and Inscriptions on Headstones of Prisoners of War in VA National Cemeteries Overview During World War II, hundreds of thousands of German, Italian, and Japanese prisoners of war (POWs) were held in the United States at various military installations. During this time, the U.S. military standardized gravestones for its servicemembers but not for POWs. ...
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| Date June 7, 2022 |
Report No. R45717 |
Title
Addressing the Long-Run Deficit: A Comparison of Approaches Updated June 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45717 SUMMARY Addressing the Long-Run Deficit: A Comparison of Approaches The growth of the national debt, which is considered unsustainable under current policies, continues to be one of the central issues of domestic federal policymaking. Addressing a ...
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| Date June 7, 2022 |
Report No. R41576 |
Title
Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations Updated June 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41576 SUMMARY Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations R41576 June 7, 2022 June S. Beittel Analyst in Latin American Mexican transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) significantly influence drug trafficking in the United States and ...
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| Date June 7, 2022 |
Report No. R46857 |
Title
Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations Updated June 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46857 SUMMARY R46857 Energy and Water Development: FY2022 Appropriations June 7, 2022 The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations bill funds civil works projects of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); the Department of the Interior ...
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| Date June 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF12129 |
Title
June 7, 2022 Tribal Highway and Public Transportation Programs The federal government recognizes 574 Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages and holds about 55 million acres of land in trust for tribal entities and individual tribal members. Tribal lands including reservations, pueblos, rancherias, missions, villages, and communities are typically rural and sparsely populated. Accessing jobs and ...
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| Date June 6, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10751 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 30 June 5, 2022) June 6, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date June 6, 2022 |
Report No. IF12128 |
Title
June 6, 2022 FEMA s Community Disaster Loan Program: Loan Forgiveness Local governments often need financial assistance following major disasters. Such incidents can cause businesses to close, people to lose jobs, and other events that decrease tax revenue, making it difficult for local governments to perform critical functions, sometimes for years after the event. To assist in these scenarios, ...
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| Date June 3, 2022 |
Report No. R47095 |
Title
U.S.-EU Trade Relations Updated June 3, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47095 SUMMARY U.S.-EU Trade Relations Bilateral trade and investment ties between the United States and the European Union (EU) are long-standing and extensive, but some tariff and nontariff barriers remain. Successive U.S. Administrations have sought to address barriers that restrict U.S. ...
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| Date June 3, 2022 |
Report No. IN11944 |
Title
INSIGHTi Carbon Dioxide Pipelines: Safety Issues June 3, 2022 Carbon dioxide (CO2) pipelines are essential components of carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems which are proposed to reduce atmospheric emissions of man-made CO2, a greenhouse gas. Pipelines are needed to transport the CO2 from where it is captured (e.g., power plants) to the underground geologic formations where it can be stored. ...
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| Date June 3, 2022 |
Report No. IN11945 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Food Price Inflation and Agriculture Policy June 3, 2022 U.S. food price inflation has accelerated in 2022 (Figure 1). The U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) for food rose by 9.4% between April 2021 and April 2022, the largest 12-month increase between consecutive Aprils since 1981. Current food price inflation can be due to general inflationary pressure on the economy as well as food- ...
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| Date June 3, 2022 |
Report No. IF12126 |
Title
June 3, 2022 Donor-Advised Funds (DAFs): Proposed Legislation Donor-advised funds (DAFs) are funds or accounts established within a sponsoring organization. Taxpayers are allowed to make deductible charitable contributions to DAFs. Sponsoring organizations are organized as charities that can receive tax-deductible donations and they in turn make distributions (grants) to active charities. The gift ...
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| Date June 3, 2022 |
Report No. R46860 |
Title
Nicaragua in Brief: Political Developments and U.S. Policy Updated June 3, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46860 Nicaragua in Brief: Political Developments and U.S. Policy Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Political ...
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| Date June 2, 2022 |
Report No. R47121 |
Title
The ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System and the Federal Role June 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47121 SUMMARY The ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System and the Federal Role R47121 June 1, 2022 Linda R. Rowan Analyst in Natural Portions of all 50 states, as well as U.S. territories and the District of Columbia, are Resources Policy vulnerable to ...
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| Date June 2, 2022 |
Report No. R47123 |
Title
DHS Budget Request Analysis: FY2023 June 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47123 SUMMARY DHS Budget Request Analysis: FY2023 On March 28, 2022, the Joseph R. Biden, Jr. Administration released its budget request for FY2023, including $97.29 billion for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). DHS is the third largest agency in the federal government in terms ...
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| Date June 2, 2022 |
Report No. R46109 |
Title
Agency-Related Nonprofit Research Foundations and Corporations Updated June 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46109 SUMMARY Agency-Related Nonprofit Research Foundations and Corporations Federal research and development (R&D) has played a significant role in strengthening the innovative capacity of the United States to achieve goals such as economic ...
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| Date June 2, 2022 |
Report No. IF11654 |
Title
Updated June 2, 2022 The Army s Project Convergence What Is the Army s Project Convergence? Project Convergence is what the Army calls a campaign of learning, designed to further integrate the Army into the Joint Force. It is how the Army intends to play a role in Joint All Domain Command and Control (JADC2), the Department of Defense s (DOD s) plan to connect sensors and weapon systems from all ...
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| Date June 2, 2022 |
Report No. IF11613 |
Title
Updated June 2, 2022 U.S.-EU Trans-Atlantic Data Privacy Framework In March 2022, the United States and the European Union (EU) announced a political agreement on a new TransAtlantic Data Privacy (TADP) Framework to safeguard commercial cross-border data flows. For decades, data privacy and protection issues have been sticking points in U.S.-EU relations. The new framework aims to meet EU data ...
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| Date June 1, 2022 |
Report No. R47119 |
Title
Pensions and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): An Overview June 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47119 SUMMARY Pensions and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): An Overview A pension is a voluntary benefit that employers can offer to assist employees in providing for their financial security in retirement. Pension plans receive a number of tax ...
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| Date June 1, 2022 |
Report No. IN10299 |
Title
Sifting Domestic Terrorism from Domestic Violent Extremism and Hate Crime Updated June 1, 2022 In light of the violence related to events in recent years, including the 2020 protests in certain cities related to policing practices and police-community relations, the 2021 breach of the U.S. Capitol, and the 2022 mass shooting in Buffalo, NY, policymakers may be interested in how the concepts of ...
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| Date June 1, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10671 |
Title
Legal Sidebari U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services: Authorities and Procedures Updated June 1, 2022 Congress has specified the conditions under which non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [INA]) may lawfully enter or remain in the United States. Under this framework, aliens who satisfy applicable requirements may qualify for certain types of ...
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| Date June 1, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10603 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Discretionary Waivers of Criminal Grounds of Inadmissibility Under INA 212(h) Updated June 1, 2022 Federal immigration laws provide for the exclusion and removal of non-U.S. nationals ( aliens, as the term is used in the Immigration and Nationality Act [INA]) who lack authorization to enter or remain in the United States. The grounds for removal differ depending on whether an alien ...
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| Date June 1, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10750 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Insurrection Bar to Holding Office: Appeals Court Issues Decision on Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment June 1, 2022 On May 24, 2022, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit issued a decision in Cawthorn v. Amalfi, a case involving Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment (Section 3). That constitutional provision bars certain people who have engaged in insurrection or ...
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| Date May 31, 2022 |
Report No. R47115 |
Title
U.S. Economic Recovery in the Wake of COVID-19: Successes and Challenges May 31, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47115 SUMMARY U.S. Economic Recovery in the Wake of COVID19: Successes and Challenges The economic recession triggered by COVID-19 caused a historically rapid and deep decline in economic activity and employment. This decline was caused by reductions ...
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