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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF11325 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2022 Bolivia: An Overview After experiencing instability following the ouster of populist President Evo Morales (2005-2019), Bolivia remains politically polarized but has begun to recover economically under President Luis Arce. Arce, Morales former finance minister, took office in November 2020 after a first-round victory in October 2020 elections in which his Movement Toward ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10744 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 9 May 15, 2022) May 16, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF12114 |
Title
May 16, 2022 Farm Bill Primer: PLC and ARC Farm Support Programs The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 farm bill, P.L. 115-334) reauthorized the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) programs for crop years 2019-2023. These programs were created by the Agricultural Act of 2014 (2014 farm bill, P.L. 113-79). The PLC and ARC programs provide income support to ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN11928 |
Title
INSIGHTi Algorithmic Stablecoins and the TerraUSD Crash May 16, 2022 What Are Algorithmic Stablecoins? Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that aim to maintain a stable value. There are several classes of stablecoins that each use different methods to try to achieve this, one of which is algorithmic stablecoins. While no precise definition captures all of their features, algorithmic ...
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| Date May 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF11890 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2022 Bureau of Land Management: FY2022 Appropriations The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 244 million acres of federal land, nearly all in the West. Under its multiple-use mission, BLM manages lands for diverse purposes, including livestock grazing, energy development, recreation, and conservation. The agency also administers ...
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| Date May 13, 2022 |
Report No. R47101 |
Title
DC Statehood: Constitutional Considerations for Proposed Legislation May 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47101 SUMMARY DC Statehood: Constitutional Considerations for Proposed Legislation Legislative proposals to create a new state from land previously designated as the seat of federal government raise constitutional questions that have not been directly ...
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| Date May 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF12105 |
Title
May 13, 2022 Introduction to Budget Authority Under the U.S. Constitution, Congress exercises the power of the purse. This power is expressed through the application of several provisions, particularly Article I, Section 9, which states that funds may be drawn from the Treasury only pursuant to appropriations made by law. However, when Congress enacts an appropriation, this does not mean that the ...
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| Date May 13, 2022 |
Report No. IN11926 |
Title
INSIGHTi Supply Disruptions and the U.S. Economy May 13, 2022 The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the production of many goods and services. Although those disruptions have waned since spring 2020, some continue to constrain production, exacerbating inflationary pressures. The Biden Administration has announced a series of initiatives to address supply chain disruptions, which are detailed in CRS ...
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| Date May 13, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10742 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Online Content Moderation and Government Coercion May 13, 2022 In recent years, there has been growing concern about the power of social media companies to control online speech. Some users have tried to assert that online platforms violated users constitutional free speech rights by removing users content or otherwise restricting their ability to post on these platforms. Lower ...
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| Date May 13, 2022 |
Report No. R47103 |
Title
Social Security Administration (SSA) FY2022 Annual Limitation on Administrative Expenses (LAE) Appropriation: In Brief May 13, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47103 SSA FY2022 Annual LAE Appropriation: In Brief Contents Introduction ...
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| Date May 13, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10743 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Hacktivists and the Ukraine-Russia Conflict: Legal Considerations May 13, 2022 Since Russia s February 24, 2022, invasion of Ukraine, a growing number of nongovernmental hackers motivated by social or political objectives so-called hacktivists have conducted offensive cyberspace operations against Russia. Some of these groups and individuals may be responding to a February 26 tweet ...
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| Date May 12, 2022 |
Report No. R47102 |
Title
Executive Privilege and Presidential Communications: Judicial Principles May 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47102 SUMMARY Executive Privilege and Presidential Communications: Judicial Principles R47102 May 12, 2022 Todd Garvey The presidential communications privilege (Communications Privilege) derives implicitly from Legislative Attorney the President s ...
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| Date May 12, 2022 |
Report No. RL33586 |
Title
The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities Updated May 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33586 SUMMARY The Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program: Background, Funding, and Activities RL33586 May 12, 2022 Patricia Moloney Figliola Specialist in ...
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| Date May 12, 2022 |
Report No. R42695 |
Title
SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues Updated May 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42695 SBA Veterans Assistance Programs: An Analysis of Contemporary Issues Summary Several federal agencies, including the Small Business Administration (SBA), provide training and other assistance to veterans seeking civilian employment. For ...
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| Date May 12, 2022 |
Report No. IN11924 |
Title
INSIGHTi Lebanon s 2022 Parliamentary Elections May 12, 2022 Lebanon plans to hold parliamentary elections on May 15, the first since the emergence in 2019 of a protest movement calling for the removal of the country s ruling political elite. Parties allied with the March 14 political coalition which seeks close ties with the United States, France, and Saudi Arabia hope to win a majority in ...
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| Date May 12, 2022 |
Report No. IF12104 |
Title
May 12, 2022 Russia s 2022 War Against Ukraine: Global Economic Effects The Russian Federation s (Russia) renewed invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, and the increasing number of international sanctions that followed, have heightened congressional interest in understanding the implications of these developments for the U.S. and global economy. The war, which has already led to economic, security ...
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| Date May 11, 2022 |
Report No. R46868 |
Title
Overview of FY2022 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated May 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46868 SUMMARY Overview of FY2022 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) R46868 May 11, 2022 Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy This report describes actions taken to provide FY2022 ...
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| Date May 11, 2022 |
Report No. IN11923 |
Title
INSIGHTi Supporting Semiconductor Fabrication with an Investment Tax Credit (ITC) May 11, 2022 The Biden Administration has identified semiconductors as a critical good and has urged Congress to pass legislation supporting additional domestic investment in the industry to counter recent supply chain issues and the longer-term decline in domestic semiconductor manufacturing. To that end, the 117th ...
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| Date May 11, 2022 |
Report No. IF12103 |
Title
May 11, 2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2022 Appropriations Policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns about the condition of the nation s local drinking water and wastewater infrastructure, and the financial challenges that communities may confront in maintaining, repairing, or replacing aging infrastructure. In 2016, the U.S. ...
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| Date May 11, 2022 |
Report No. IF10765 |
Title
Updated May 11, 2022 Federal Crop Insurance: Fruits, Vegetables and Specialty Crops For decades, Congress has sought to expand federal crop insurance coverage for fruits, vegetables, and other specialty crops starting with changes enacted in the 1990s through farm bill legislation in the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-334), in addition to administrative efforts at the U.S. ...
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| Date May 11, 2022 |
Report No. IN11922 |
Title
INSIGHTi Northern Ireland s 2022 Assembly Election: Outcome and Implications May 11, 2022 On May 5, 2022, voters in Northern Ireland a part of the United Kingdom (UK) went to the polls in elections for Northern Ireland s Assembly, its regional legislature. In a landmark outcome, the all-Ireland Sinn Fein party which supports a united Ireland came in first place. The Assembly is a key institution ...
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| Date May 11, 2022 |
Report No. R47098 |
Title
Taxing Authority in Federal Areas May 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47098 SUMMARY Taxing Authority in Federal Areas The federal government and state governments exercise concurrent taxing powers within the United States. Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the Constitution the Taxing and Spending Clause provides Congress with the power to lay and collect ...
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| Date May 10, 2022 |
Report No. R46236 |
Title
Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations Updated May 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46236 SUMMARY Brazil: Background and U.S. Relations Occupying almost half of South America, Brazil is the fifth-largest and sixth-most-populous country in the world. Given its size and tremendous natural resources, Brazil has long had the potential to become a world power and ...
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| Date May 10, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10741 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Is Unauthorized Dissemination of a Draft Supreme Court Opinion a Federal Crime? May 10, 2022 On May 2, 2022, it was first reported that a news organization had obtained a draft Supreme Court majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women s Health Organization and received confirmation from a person familiar with the court s proceedings in the case. The Court subsequently authenticated ...
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| Date May 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF11069 |
Title
Updated May 10, 2022 U.S.-Proposed Missile Technology Control Regime Changes Introduction Beginning in 2017, the United States has submitted a series of proposals to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) partners that would relax the regime s export guidelines for certain Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Advocates of altering the guidelines to ease such exports argue that increasing ...
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| Date May 10, 2022 |
Report No. IN11925 |
Title
INSIGHTi Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs: An Overview and Issues for Congress May 10, 2022 Congress is considering the establishment of a new regional technology and innovation hub program in U.S. competition legislation. The House and Senate are reconciling H.R. 4521, the America COMPETES Act of 2022, as agreed to by the House on February 4, 2022, with the version as agreed to by the ...
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| Date May 9, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10740 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (May 2 May 8, 2022) May 9, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court and ...
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| Date May 9, 2022 |
Report No. IN11930 |
Title
INSIGHTi The 2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive Election May 9, 2022 On May 8, 2022, the Hong Kong Election Committee (HKEC) elected John Lee Ka-chiu as the new chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Lee was backed by 1,416 (96.9%) of the Committee s 1,461 members. While not without precedent, Lee s unopposed candidacy raised concerns among Hong Kong residents and ...
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| Date May 9, 2022 |
Report No. IF10871 |
Title
Updated May 9, 2022 Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Standards On August 5, 2021, the Biden Administration proposed amendments to the federal standards that regulate fuel economy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from new light-duty vehicles a category that includes passenger cars and most sports utility vehicles, vans, and pickup trucks. These standards include the Corporate Average Fuel ...
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| Date May 9, 2022 |
Report No. IN11921 |
Title
INSIGHTi Preparing Secrets for a Post-Quantum World National Security Memorandum 10 May 9, 2022 On May 4, 2022, President Biden signed National Security Memorandum 10 (NSM 10) on Promoting United States Leadership in Quantum Computing While Mitigating Risks to Vulnerable Cryptographic Systems. Along with an accompanying Executive Order (EO), the memorandum seeks to promote U.S. leadership in ...
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| Date May 6, 2022 |
Report No. IF11850 |
Title
Updated May 6, 2022 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS): FY2022 Appropriations and Background Background The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) a scientific agency housed with the Department of the Interior (DOI) aims to provide unbiased scientific information to describe and understand the geological processes of the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; and support the ...
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| Date May 6, 2022 |
Report No. R46962 |
Title
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Background and U.S. Funding Updated May 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46962 SUMMARY The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA): Background and U.S. Funding Background Established in 1969, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) is the primary U.N. entity addressing population issues. Its overall goal is to ...
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| Date May 6, 2022 |
Report No. IF12099 |
Title
May 6, 2022 Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act: Highway Bridges The United States has approximately 620,000 bridges on public roads subject to the National Bridge Inspection Standards (NBIS) mandated by Congress (23 U.S.C. 144). About 48% of these bridges are owned by state governments and 50% by local governments. State governments generally own the larger and more heavily traveled bridges, ...
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| Date May 6, 2022 |
Report No. R47094 |
Title
Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act May 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47094 Fact Sheet: Joint Resolutions of Disapproval Under the Arms Export Control Act Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 ...
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| Date May 6, 2022 |
Report No. R47100 |
Title
Human Trafficking Awareness Training for Health Care Professionals May 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47100 SUMMARY Human Trafficking Awareness Training for Health Care Professionals Human trafficking occurs throughout the United States, and traffickers exploit vulnerable individuals for commercial sex and forced labor in a variety of legal and illegal ...
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| Date May 5, 2022 |
Report No. R47093 |
Title
U.S. Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing May 5, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47093 SUMMARY U.S. Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems accounted for the highest proportion of new electric power generation capacity in the United States in 2021. Domestic solar power generation has increased over the past decade, enabled by technological ...
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| Date May 4, 2022 |
Report No. R47087 |
Title
Social Security Benefit Formula and Payroll Taxes: Potential Impacts of Policy Changes on Selected Worker Groups May 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47087 SUMMARY Social Security Benefit Formula and Payroll Taxes: Potential Impacts of Policy Changes on Selected Worker Groups The Social Security program has long been an area of high congressional interest. ...
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| Date May 4, 2022 |
Report No. RL34470 |
Title
The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues Updated May 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL34470 The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues Summary The U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force on May 15, 2012. It is a comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and Colombia, which ...
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| Date May 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN11920 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russian Sanctions and Cryptocurrency May 4, 2022 The United States has imposed sanctions against certain Russian entities and individuals in response to Russia s invasion of Ukraine including on virtual currency transactions and cryptocurrency mining. Some Members of Congress and other observers have expressed concern that sanctioned parties may evade sanctions using cryptocurrency to ...
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| Date May 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF10910 |
Title
Updated May 4, 2022 Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants Student Support and Academic Enrichment (SSAE) Grants (also known as the block grant program) are authorized under Title IV-A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), as amended by the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA; P.L. 114-95). Prior to the ESSA, several targeted grant programs were authorized under the ...
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| Date May 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF11196 |
Title
Updated May 4, 2022 ESEA: The Promise Neighborhoods and Full-Service Community Schools Programs The Promise Neighborhoods and Full-Service Community Schools (FSCS) programs are authorized under the Community Support for School Success (CSSS) subpart (Title IV-F-2) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), most recently and comprehensively reauthorized by the Every Student Succeeds Act ...
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| Date May 3, 2022 |
Report No. IF12023 |
Title
Updated May 3, 2022 Farm Bill Primer: Agricultural Research and Extension Since 1977, enacted farm bill legislation has included a title focused on agricultural research, extension, and education (the research title). This title contains reauthorizations, amendments, and new programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The research title addresses research, extension, and ...
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| Date May 3, 2022 |
Report No. IF12091 |
Title
May 3, 2022 Social Security: The Widow(er) s Limit Provision Background Social Security is a work-based federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to retired or disabled workers and their family members and to the family members of deceased workers. Workers become eligible for Social Security benefits by working in Social Security covered employment. Monthly benefits are based ...
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| Date May 3, 2022 |
Report No. IF12095 |
Title
May 3, 2022 Payment Settlement Entities and IRS Reporting Requirements The Internal Revenue Code (IRC) requires entities making certain types of payments, including wages paid to employees and business payments to contractors, to file information returns with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Information returns are intended to improve voluntary compliance with tax law by providing information ...
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| Date May 3, 2022 |
Report No. RL30665 |
Title
The Role of the House Majority Leader: An Overview Updated May 3, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30665 SUMMARY The Role of the House Majority Leader: An Overview The majority leader in the contemporary House is second-in-command behind the Speaker of the House. Typically, the majority leader functions as the Speaker s chief lieutenant or field commander for ...
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| Date May 3, 2022 |
Report No. IN11577 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Infrastructure Financing Program (CWIFP): Status and Issues Updated May 3, 2022 In the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (WIFIA 2014, Title V, Subtitle C of P.L. 113-121; 33 U.S.C. 3901-3914, as amended), Congress authorized the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide credit assistance to specified eligible entities, ...
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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. R47084 |
Title
Federal Retirement Plans: Frequently Asked Questions May 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47084 SUMMARY Federal Retirement Plans: Frequently Asked Questions This report answers common questions related to federal retirement plans. The vast majority of the civilian federal workforce is covered by either the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal ...
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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. R46788 |
Title
Puerto Rico s Public Debts: Accumulation and Restructuring Updated May 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46788 SUMMARY Puerto Rico s Public Debts: Accumulation and Restructuring Puerto Rico s public debts totaled just over $70 billion when the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act (P.L. 114-187; PROMESA) became law on June 30, 2016. ...
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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. RL30563 |
Title
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program Updated May 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30563 F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program Summary The largest procurement program in the Department of Defense (DOD), the F-35 Lightning II is a strike fighter aircraft being procured in different versions for the U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy. Current DOD plans ...
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| Date May 2, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10738 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (April 25 May 1, 2022) May 2, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme Court ...
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