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| Date March 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF11138 |
Title
Updated March 10, 2022 Russia s Nord Stream 2 Natural Gas Pipeline to Germany Halted In connection with Russia s invasion of Ukraine, the German government has suspended certification of the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline. The pipeline which has been constructed but has not become operational would increase Russia s natural gas export capacity directly to Germany, bypassing Ukraine, Poland, ...
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| Date March 9, 2022 |
Report No. R42594 |
Title
FDA Regulation of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Updated March 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42594 FDA Regulation of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products Summary The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate cosmetic products and their ingredients. This authority was granted by the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ( ...
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| Date March 9, 2022 |
Report No. R47043 |
Title
Synthetic Nicotine: Frequently Asked Questions March 9, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47043 SUMMARY Synthetic Nicotine: Frequently Asked Questions Some electronic-cigarette brands have begun using synthetic nicotine solutions, or nicotine derived from non-tobacco sources, in their nicotine delivery systems. The manufacturer of one the most popular brands of ...
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| Date March 8, 2022 |
Report No. RL33225 |
Title
Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President Updated March 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33225 SUMMARY Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President RL33225 March 8, 2022 Barry J. McMillion Analyst in American National Government The ...
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| Date March 8, 2022 |
Report No. R47042 |
Title
Terrorism Risk Insurance: Overview and Issue Analysis March 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47042 SUMMARY Terrorism Risk Insurance: Overview and Issue Analysis R47042 March 8, 2022 Baird Webel Prior to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, coverage for losses from such attacks was Specialist in Financial Economics normally included in general insurance ...
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| Date March 8, 2022 |
Report No. R44235 |
Title
Supreme Court Appointment Process: President s Selection of a Nominee Updated March 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44235 SUMMARY Supreme Court Appointment Process: President s Selection of a Nominee The appointment of a Supreme Court Justice is an event of major significance in American politics. Each appointment is of consequence because of the enormous ...
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| Date March 8, 2022 |
Report No. R47044 |
Title
USDA Rural Housing Programs: An Overview March 8, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47044 SUMMARY USDA Rural Housing Programs: An Overview While residents of rural areas are potentially eligible to participate in the full range of housing programs administered by the federal government, the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) Rural Housing Service (RHS) ...
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| Date March 8, 2022 |
Report No. IN11878 |
Title
INSIGHTi President s Selection of a Supreme Court Nominee: The Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson in Historical Context March 8, 2022 This Insight provides historical information related to the selection of past Supreme Court nominees, as well as information about the recent selection of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to fill the anticipated vacancy created by Justice Stephen Breyer's ...
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| Date March 8, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10705 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Ninth Circuit Holds that Criminal Penalties for Encouraging or Inducing Illegal Immigration Violate First Amendment March 8, 2022 The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) governs the admission, removal, and presence of non-U.S. nationals (aliens, as the term is used in the INA) in the United States. Although it is generally not a crime for a removable alien to be present in the ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. R47041 |
Title
Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs): Overview and Related History March 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47041 SUMMARY Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs): Overview and Related History A health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) is a tax-advantaged arrangement that reimburses individuals for qualified health care costs. With some exceptions, qualified ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. RL32572 |
Title
Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons Updated March 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32572 Nonstrategic Nuclear Weapons Summary Recent debates about U.S. nuclear weapons have questioned what role weapons with shorter ranges and lower yields can play in addressing emerging threats in Europe and Asia. These weapons, often referred to as nonstrategic nuclear weapons, ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10703 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 28 Mar. 6, 2022) March 7, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF11184 |
Title
Updated March 7, 2022 Army Corps of Engineers: Environmental Infrastructure (EI) Assistance Congress typically authorizes U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) activities in omnibus authorization laws, often titled Water Resources Development Acts (WRDAs). Since WRDA 1992 (P.L. 102-580), Congress has authorized and funded USACE assistance with design and construction of infrastructure in specified ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11281 |
Title
INSIGHTi New U.S. Marine Corps Force Design Initiative: Force Design 2030 Updated March 7, 2022 Background On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced a major force design initiative planned to occur over the next 10 years referred to as Force Design 2030. In this initiative, the Marine Corps aims to redesign the force for naval expeditionary warfare and to better align itself with ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11872 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s Invasion of Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Issues and Aspects Updated March 7, 2022 On February 21, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would recognize the independence of two Russia-controlled areas in eastern Ukraine (the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People s Republics, or DNR/LNR). Russian recognition appeared to include the entire regions of ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11876 |
Title
INSIGHTi United Nations Security Council and General Assembly Responses to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine March 7, 2022 Responding to Russia s invasion of Ukraine, the U.N. Security Council and General Assembly have met on several occasions to discuss possible action to address the conflict s threat to international peace and security. In the process, these organs have used procedures unused in ...
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| Date March 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF10676 |
Title
Updated March 7, 2022 The International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF, the Fund), founded in 1945, is an international organization that works to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. The United States is a founding member of the IMF and the largest financial contributor. Congress helps shape the U.S. participation in the IMF through oversight, ...
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| Date March 4, 2022 |
Report No. R47040 |
Title
Social Security: Trust Fund Status in the Early 1980s and Today and the 1980s Greenspan Commission March 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47040 SUMMARY Social Security: Trust Fund Status in the Early 1980s and Today and the 1980s Greenspan Commission R47040 March 4, 2022 Barry F. Huston Analyst in Social Policy Under current law, the Social Security Board of ...
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| Date March 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF10978 |
Title
Updated March 4, 2022 Locomotive Idling, Air Quality, and Blocked Crossings When a train is not moving but its engines are running, it can present risks and disruptions for the surrounding community. Locomotives emit fuel exhaust that degrades air quality and generates noise and vibrations. If the idling train is stopped at a highway-rail grade crossing, local road transportation could be ...
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| Date March 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN11871 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s Invasion of Ukraine: New Financial and Trade Sanctions Updated March 4, 2022 On February 24, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. On February 26, the leaders of the European Commission (the European Union s main executive body), France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States announced that specific Russian banks will be removed from the ...
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| Date March 4, 2022 |
Report No. R47039 |
Title
House Committee Reports: Required Contents March 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47039 SUMMARY House Committee Reports: Required Contents House rules and certain statutes detail several substantive requirements for items to be included in reports accompanying bills reported from House committees. Most committee reports explain a bill s purpose and the need ...
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| Date March 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF11921 |
Title
Updated March 4, 2022 Surface Transportation and Climate Change: Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) Surface transportation is a major source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, one of the main greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributing to climate change. The effects of climate change, such as extreme heat and sea level rise, also pose a threat to highways, bridges, ...
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| Date March 3, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10702 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson: Selected Primary Material Updated March 3, 2022 On February 25, 2022, President Joseph Biden announced the nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) to become an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. This nomination is to fill the impending vacancy on the Court caused ...
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| Date March 2, 2022 |
Report No. R47037 |
Title
Geographic Cost of Living Differences: In Brief March 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47037 Geographic Cost of Living Differences: In Brief Contents Cost of Living: When (Inflation) Versus Where (Geographic Differences) .................................... 1 Measures of Geographic COL Differences ...
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| Date March 2, 2022 |
Report No. RS20594 |
Title
How Unanimous Consent Agreements Regulate Senate Floor Action Updated March 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20594 How Unanimous Consent Agreements Regulate Senate Floor Action Contents Initiating Consideration ...................................................................................................... 1 Amendments ...
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| Date March 2, 2022 |
Report No. IN11689 |
Title
INSIGHTi Drought in the Klamath River Basin Updated March 2, 2022 Historic drought conditions in the Klamath River Basin (Figure 1) have received national attention and have led to increased conflicts among water users and other stakeholders. The basin includes the Bureau of Reclamation s Klamath Project, which delivers irrigation water to approximately 230,000 acres in Southern Oregon and ...
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| Date March 1, 2022 |
Report No. IN11873 |
Title
INSIGHTi CDBG-DR Expenditure Reporting and Status Designations: Updated Methodology March 1, 2022 In January 2022, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) published a new version of its monthly expenditure report on Community Development Block Grants for Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR). The Monthly CDBG-DR Grants Financial Report provides a snapshot of grant amounts, unexpended ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10700 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 21 Feb. 27, 2022) February 28, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2022 |
Report No. IN11694 |
Title
INSIGHTi Nuclear Arms Control After the Biden-Putin Summit Updated February 28, 2022 After their June 2021 meeting in Geneva, President Biden and Russia s President Vladimir Putin released a Joint Statement on Strategic Stability outlining a path forward for nuclear arms control and risk reduction. They had already agreed to extend the New START Treaty for five years beyond its planned expiration ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2022 |
Report No. IN11870 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Procurement Authorizations February 28, 2022 The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) typically authorizes appropriations for Department of Defense (DOD) procurement programs in Title I of Division A of the legislation. DOD procurement accounts fund the purchase of new equipment and modifications to existing weapons, including ships, aircraft, ground combat vehicles, ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10701 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Supreme Court Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson: Initial Observations February 28, 2022 On February 25, 2022, President Joe Biden announced the Supreme Court nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit). If confirmed, Judge Jackson would fill the vacancy left by the upcoming retirement of ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2022 |
Report No. R42054 |
Title
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Categorical Eligibility Updated February 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42054 SUMMARY The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Categorical Eligibility The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides benefits to lowincome, eligible households on an electronic benefit transfer ( ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2022 |
Report No. RL33467 |
Title
Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response Updated February 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33467 SUMMARY Abortion: Judicial History and Legislative Response RL33467 February 25, 2022 Jon O. Shimabukuro In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded in Roe v. Wade that the U.S. Constitution protects a Legislative Attorney woman s decision to terminate ...
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| Date Feb. 25, 2022 |
Report No. IN11814 |
Title
INSIGHTi Biden Administration Plans for an IndoPacific Economic Framework Updated February 25, 2022 During the East Asia Summit in October 2021, President Biden announced plans for a U.S.-led IndoPacific Economic Framework (IPEF). In November, Secretary Raimondo and USTR Tai, who are to colead the initiative, held exploratory talks with Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea during overseas ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2022 |
Report No. R41481 |
Title
U.S.-South Korea Relations Updated February 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41481 U.S.-South Korea Relations Summary Overview South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea or ROK) is one of the United States most important strategic and economic partners in Asia. The 1953 U.S.-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty commits the United States to help South Korea defend ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11864 |
Title
INSIGHTi Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) and Airport Funding February 24, 2022 The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, also referred to as the bipartisan infrastructure law; P.L. 117-58), enacted on November 15, 2021, appropriated $25 billion over a five-year period (FY2022-2026) for airport and air traffic control projects. This aviation funding includes $15 billion in ...
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| Date Feb. 24, 2022 |
Report No. IF10173 |
Title
Updated February 24, 2022 Boko Haram and the Islamic State West Africa Province Armed Islamist violence continues to roil northeast Nigeria and nearby border regions more than a decade since Boko Haram launched an insurgency against the Nigerian state. In recent years, an Islamic State-affiliated offshoot, the Islamic State West Africa Province (IS-WA, aka ISIS-WA or ISWAP), has established itself ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11863 |
Title
INSIGHTi OMB Issues New Guidance on Agency Engagement with Inspectors General February 23, 2022 The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has issued new guidance directing agency leaders and staff to cooperate with [their] respective IG [inspector general] offices as they fulfill their statutory opportunities. The memorandum apparently the first public guidance in decades on cooperation with IG ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF12053 |
Title
February 23, 2022 Federal Data Integration and Individual Rights: The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act Executive branch agencies face an ever-evolving policy, regulatory, and technological landscape when seeking to share or combine individual-level data across organizational or programmatic boundaries. Congress has deliberated and legislated the use of data integration for more than 50 ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2022 |
Report No. R41408 |
Title
Rules and Practices Governing Consideration of Revenue Legislation in the House and Senate Updated February 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41408 Rules and Practices Governing Consideration of Revenue Legislation Summary The collection of revenue is a fundamental component of the federal budget, as it provides the government with money to fund agencies, ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10699 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Agrees to Hear Voting Rights Act Challenge to Congressional Redistricting Map and Stays Lower Court Ruling: Implications for Congress February 22, 2022 The Supreme Court has agreed to consider a significant case challenging an Alabama congressional redistricting map under the Voting Rights Act (VRA). On February 7, in the consolidated case Merrill v. Milligan, the ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10698 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Feb. 14 Feb. 20, 2022) February 22, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2022 |
Report No. IN11865 |
Title
INSIGHTi India s 2022 State Elections: A Preview February 21, 2022 Overview Some Members of Congress express concern about the state of Indian democracy and human rights. Five of India s 28 states are conducting elections to seat state legislators to five-year terms; results are to be announced on March 10. The outcomes may provide indications of the current strength of Prime Minister Narendra ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF12051 |
Title
February 18, 2022 COVID-19: The Way Forward Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is in its third year. The number of new cases from the Omicron variant appears to be ebbing, but the daily death toll remains high. Domestically, a weary public hopes for a full return to economic and civic life. Many low- and middleincome countries have limited access to COVID-19 vaccines, ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2022 |
Report No. R47038 |
Title
The Department of Energy s Appliance and Equipment Standards Program February 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47038 SUMMARY The Department of Energy s Appliance and Equipment Standards Program R47038 February 18, 2022 Martin C. Offutt Analyst in Energy Policy Since 1978 Congress has authorized mandatory federal programs to regulate the energy and water ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF12050 |
Title
February 18, 2022 Federal Support for Domestic COVID-19 Test Availability In January 2022, the White House launched several actions to boost the availability of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) tests to the general public, including the distribution of rapid antigen tests to individuals free of cost, enhanced testing initiatives in K-12 schools, and expansion of community testing options. This ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF12048 |
Title
February 18, 2022 High Home Prices: Contributing Factors and Policy Considerations Introduction Home prices have been rising over the past decade, with the rise accelerating during the COVID-19 pandemic (see Figure 1). Policymakers and the public have expressed concern over the impact high home prices may have on individuals, society, and the economy. This In Focus reviews a number of factors that ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IN11862 |
Title
INSIGHTi Supreme Court Nominations During Years with a Closely Divided Senate February 18, 2022 This Insight provides information and data related to Supreme Court nominations during years with a closely divided Senate. For the purpose of this Insight, a closely divided Senate is defined as one for which the margin that determined majority control of the chamber was two or fewer seats. Under such ...
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| Date Feb. 18, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10697 |
Title
Legal Sidebari U.S. District Court Vacates Gray Wolf Delisting Rule February 18, 2022 On February 10, 2022, a district court vacated and remanded the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service s (FWS s) rule (the delisting rule ) that delisted that is, removed from the list of endangered and threatened species certain gray wolf entities. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California held ...
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| Date Feb. 17, 2022 |
Report No. R47033 |
Title
Federal Pay: General Schedule (GS) Pay Adjustment Process, Amounts Provided Since 2010, and Issues for Congress February 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47033 SUMMARY Federal Pay: General Schedule (GS) Pay Adjustment Process, Amounts Provided Since 2010, and Issues for Congress R47033 February 17, 2022 Barbara L. Schwemle Analyst in American National ...
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