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| Date Feb. 8, 2022 |
Report No. IF12037 |
Title
February 8, 2022 Approaches for the Sustainable Management of U.S. Ocean Waters and the Ocean Economy: Considerations for Congress In its first year, the Biden Administration engaged in international climate fora and outlined domestic climate policies in Executive Order (E.O.) 14008, Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad. The Administration described its view of the impacts of climate ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. R46820 |
Title
U.S. Nuclear Plant Shutdowns, State Interventions, and Policy Concerns Updated February 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46820 U.S. Nuclear Plant Shutdowns, State Interventions, and Policy Concerns U.S. Nuclear Plant Shutdowns, State Interventions, and Policy Concerns The United States has the largest nuclear power plant fleet in the world, with 93 reactors ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. R46850 |
Title
Central Bank Digital Currencies: Policy Issues Updated February 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46850 SUMMARY Central Bank Digital Currencies: Policy Issues The recent proliferation of private digital currencies or cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, has led to questions of whether the Federal Reserve (Fed) should create a central bank digital currency (CBDC) ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10695 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 31 Feb. 6, 2022) February 7, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. R44237 |
Title
Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs) and the Backlog of Untested Sexual Assault Evidence: In Brief Updated February 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44237 SUMMARY Sexual Assault Kits (SAKs) and the Backlog of Untested Sexual Assault Evidence: In Brief R44237 February 7, 2022 Emily J. Hanson Analyst in Social Policy Sexual assault kits (SAKs, also referred to as rape ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. R47022 |
Title
Federal Highway Programs: In Brief Updated February 7, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47022 Federal Highway Programs: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 How Federal Highway Programs Work ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11806 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russian Military Buildup Along the Ukrainian Border Updated February 7, 2022 Since mid-October 2021, social media and news outlets have reported significant movement by Russian military forces, with limited Russian transparency, on or near the Ukrainian border and within Ukraine s occupied Crimea region. These movements, which follow a similar but less expansive military buildup in March- ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11850 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Care for Anomalous Health Incident Victims February 7, 2022 Background Since 2016, a number of U.S. diplomatic, military, and intelligence personnel and their family members have reported experiencing a range of unexplained medical symptoms after being potentially exposed to certain auditory or sensory disturbances. The first reported incidence of these symptoms occurred in ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11851 |
Title
INSIGHTi Factors Affecting the Cost of Extending the Expanded Child Tax Credit February 7, 2022 As Congress has considered legislation extending the expanded child credit, questions have arisen about the potential budgetary effects of such legislation and the factors that affect its projected cost. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) provide Congress ...
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| Date Feb. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11824 |
Title
INSIGHTi Systemic Vulnerabilities in Information Technology Log4Shell Updated February 7, 2022 There is critical vulnerability in software used by millions of internet servers. Since its discovery both criminals and nation-state actors have reportedly exploited it. It is uncertain how many entities are vulnerable, but it is presumed there are many. This CRS Insight describes the vulnerability and ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF12034 |
Title
February 4, 2022 Extreme Weather and Lifeline Infrastructure Resilience: Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) On December 10, 2021, deadly tornadoes struck Kentucky, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, and Illinois, killing nearly 90 people and causing widespread damage to lifeline infrastructure in the transportation, energy, water and wastewater, and communications sectors. ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN11848 |
Title
INSIGHTi Organ Transplant Candidacy and COVID-19 Vaccination Status February 4, 2022 A series of recent media reports have highlighted a current policy among at least some transplant centers to deny potential transplant patients the ability to be waitlisted for an organ due to COVID-19 vaccination status (see Business Insider, Washington Post, and Healthline). Transplant centers generally devise ...
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| Date Feb. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN11849 |
Title
INSIGHTi Tsunamis: Background and Introduction to Detection, Forecasts, and Warnings February 4, 2022 Background Tsunamis are a series of extremely long waves caused by a large and sudden displacement of water in a large waterbody, such as the ocean or an inland sea. That displacement can be caused by underwater earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions, certain types of weather, and impacts ...
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| Date Feb. 3, 2022 |
Report No. IF11302 |
Title
Updated February 3, 2022 Controlling Lead in Public Drinking Water Supplies Communities may face a range of issues associated with aging water infrastructure, including elevated lead levels in tap water. Because of lead s toxicity, even at low levels, reducing lead exposures from drinking water and other sources remains a public health priority. Other sources of lead exposure include lead-based ...
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| Date Feb. 3, 2022 |
Report No. IF11415 |
Title
Updated February 3, 2022 Diplomacy with North Korea: A Status Report Overview Since the early 1990s, the United States periodically has engaged in diplomacy with the Democratic People s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea s official name). A focus of these efforts has been the DPRK s nuclear and missile programs, which have emerged as threats to the U.S. homeland and U.S. East Asian allies , ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. RS20871 |
Title
Iran Sanctions Updated February 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20871 SUMMARY Iran Sanctions Since the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran, the United States has imposed economic sanctions to try to change Iran s behavior. U.S. sanctions primarily secondary sanctions on firms that conduct certain transactions with Iran have adversely affected Iran s economy but ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. R41219 |
Title
The New START Treaty: Central Limits and Key Provisions Updated February 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41219 The New START Treaty: Central Limits and Key Provisions Summary The United States and Russia signed the New START Treaty on April 8, 2010. After more than 20 hearings, the U.S. Senate gave its advice and consent to ratification on December 22, 2010, ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. IN11845 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Military Construction Authorizations February 2, 2022 The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) typically authorizes funding for Department of Defense (DOD) military construction projects in Division B of the legislation. In general, DOD military construction accounts fund military construction projects; major infrastructure improvements; land acquisition; construction ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. RL32978 |
Title
The Exclusion of Capital Gains for Owner-Occupied Housing Updated February 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32978 SUMMARY The Exclusion of Capital Gains for Owner-Occupied Housing RL32978 February 2, 2022 Jane G. Gravelle For 70 years, capital gains on sales of taxpayers homes have been preferentially treated. A Senior Specialist in revision in 1997 replaced ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. IN11846 |
Title
INSIGHTi Compliance Date Arrives for Rule Mandating Training for Aspiring Commercial Drivers February 2, 2022 Beginning February 7, 2022, most aspiring commercial drivers will need to complete specified training before they can get behind the wheel of a truck or bus. The new requirements, mandated by Congress, include a list of theory topics and driving skills that commercial driver trainees must ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. R40170 |
Title
Parliamentary Rights of the Delegates and Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico Updated February 2, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40170 SUMMARY Parliamentary Rights of the Delegates and Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico R40170 February 2, 2022 Jane A. Hudiburg As officers who represent territories and properties possessed or administered by the United ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. IF11718 |
Title
Updated February 2, 2022 Russian Cyber Units Russia has deployed sophisticated cyber capabilities to conduct disinformation, propaganda, espionage, and destructive cyberattacks globally. To conduct these operations, Russia maintains numerous units that are overseen by various security and intelligence agencies. Russia s security agencies compete with each other and often conduct similar operations ...
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| Date Feb. 2, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10693 |
Title
Legal Sidebari ACA Connects v. Bonta: Ninth Circuit Upholds California s Net Neutrality Law in Preemption Challenge February 2, 2022 On January 28, 2022, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held in ACA Connects v. Bonta that California s net neutrality law, SB-822, is not preempted by federal law. This decision allows California to continue enforcing SB-822. The ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. R47026 |
Title
Financial Regulation: Systemic Risk February 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47026 SUMMARY Financial Regulation: Systemic Risk The U.S. financial system has experienced two major episodes of financial instability in the 21st century (as well as a few minor incidents) the 2007-2009 financial crisis and instability surrounding the onset of the COVID-19 ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. R47024 |
Title
Immunization Information Systems: Overview and Current Issues February 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47024 SUMMARY Immunization Information Systems: Overview and Current Issues R47024 February 1, 2022 Kavya Sekar As defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Immunization Information Analyst in Health Policy Systems (IIS) are ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. R47025 |
Title
U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Analysis February 1, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47025 SUMMARY U.S. Circuit and District Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Analysis R47025 February 1, 2022 Barry J. McMillion Analyst in American ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. IF12031 |
Title
February 1, 2022 Anti-corruption Efforts in Latin America and the Caribbean Corruption in the Region Corruption of public office holders remains an issue for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and an increasing area of focus for U.S. foreign policy and congressional interest. The region is struggling to overcome governance challenges that have worsened over the past two years, as ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10672 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Legislative and Judicial Developments Affecting Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) Updated February 1, 2022 The Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) system is the U.S. Court s web-based service that gives registered users electronic access to documents filed in the U.S. Courts via the online Case Management/Electronic Case Files system, known as CM/ECF. ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. IF12032 |
Title
February 1, 2022 How Do Marginal Income Tax Rates Work in 2021? Calculating Income Tax Liability For many individuals and families, calculating federal income tax liability can be broken down into three main steps. 1. Calculate the amount of income subject to marginal tax rates (i.e., taxable income). Generally, this means adding up income from all sources (unless specifically excluded from ...
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| Date Feb. 1, 2022 |
Report No. IN11818 |
Title
INSIGHTi Reauthorization of the Secure Rural Schools Payments in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Updated February 1, 2022 Section 41202 of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58) reauthorized payments pursuant to the Secure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act (SRS; P.L. 106-393, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 7101-7153). Formula-based SRS payments are made ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. R46687 |
Title
Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Permanent-Law Programs and the COVID-19 Pandemic Response Updated January 31, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46687 SUMMARY Unemployment Insurance (UI) Benefits: Permanent-Law Programs and the COVID-19 Pandemic Response R46687 January 31, 2022 Julie M. Whittaker Specialist in Income Security The Unemployment Insurance (UI) ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. RL31457 |
Title
Private Activity Bonds: An Introduction Updated January 31, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL31457 Private Activity Bonds: An Introduction Summary The federal tax code classifies state and local bonds as either governmental bonds or private activity bonds. Governmental bonds are intended for governmental projects, and private activity bonds are for projects ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. IF12030 |
Title
January 31, 2022 The Broadband Digital Divide: What Comes Next for Congress? As classrooms, workplaces, and social activities migrated online during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the digital divide the gap between those who have access to broadband internet and those who do not became increasingly apparent. The 116th and 117th Congress passed a number of bills that included ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. IN11844 |
Title
Legal Dreamers January 31, 2022 The term Dreamers is often used to refer to foreign nationals who were brought to the United States as children and lack lawful immigration status. This population has garnered much public and congressional attention. There is broad-based but uneven public support for providing these individuals with lawful permanent resident (LPR) status. After Congress repeatedly ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10636 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Rules on Retirement Plan Fiduciary Duty in Hughes v. Northwestern University Updated January 31, 2022 Among Congress s policy priorities is safeguarding retirement income security for working Americans, retirees, and their families. In January 2022, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Hughes v. Northwestern University, a case concerning a plan fiduciary s duty to ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. IF11542 |
Title
Updated January 31, 2022 The Army s AimPoint and Army 2030 Force Structure Initiatives Background The 2018 National Military Strategy described how the U.S. military was to defend the homeland and retain its competitive advantage to deter competitors and defeat adversaries, whether great power competitors like China and Russia or from other security challenges. It was a fundamental departure from ...
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| Date Jan. 31, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10692 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 24 Jan. 30, 2022) January 31, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2022 |
Report No. IF10674 |
Title
Updated January 28, 2022 SelectUSA: U.S. Inbound Investment Promotion U.S. efforts to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) primarily take place at U.S. state and local levels, such as through economic development organizations (EDOs), which work to attract business investment locally and regionally. At the same time, federal efforts to coordinate investment promotion also exist. Such efforts ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10691 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Justice Breyer Retires: Initial Considerations January 28, 2022 On January 27, 2022, Justice Stephen G. Breyer announced that he would retire from active service as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court at the end of the Court s current Term, assuming that by then [his] successor has been nominated and confirmed. This Legal Sidebar provides an overview of key legal issues that ...
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| Date Jan. 28, 2022 |
Report No. IF12029 |
Title
January 28, 2022 Decommissioning 3G Networks: Impact on Consumer Devices Background About every 10 years, a new generation of wireless technologies emerges, offering greater capacity, higher speeds, and new features. Private telecommunications providers invest billions into their networks to migrate to next generation technologies 3G, 4G, 5G to improve network capacity and performance, offer new ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2022 |
Report No. R47023 |
Title
Department of the Interior and Environmental Justice: Overview and Current Policies January 27, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47023 SUMMARY Department of the Interior and Environmental Justice: Overview and Current Policies R47023 January 27, 2022 Mark K. DeSantis The term environmental justice has different meanings in different contexts but generally refers ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF10611 |
Title
Updated January 27, 2022 Global Refugee Resettlement: Selected Issues and Questions Congress has demonstrated a continued interest in refugee resettlement, although such opportunities are available to only a tiny percentage of the global refugee population. (For more information on the refugee admissions process to the United States, see CRS Report RL31269, Refugee Admissions and Resettlement ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF10568 |
Title
Updated January 27, 2022 Overview of the Global Humanitarian and Displacement Crisis Humanitarian and displacement crises worldwide have become significantly worse in the past five years. The ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated humanitarian need. In addition, lockdowns and economic recession have created far-reaching secondary impacts such as increased food ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF10673 |
Title
Updated January 27, 2022 U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA), an independent U.S. government agency, operates under a dual mission to advance overseas economic development and promote U.S. commercial interests. TDA aims to link U.S. businesses to export opportunities for priority infrastructure projects in low- and middle-income countries by funding ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IN11792 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Reserve: Tapering of Asset Purchases Updated January 27, 2022 In November 2021, the Federal Reserve (Fed) announced that it would begin to taper its large-scale asset purchases, popularly known as quantitative easing (QE), by $15 billion per month (see Table 1). In light of the further increase in inflation, it announced in December that it would double the monthly reduction in ...
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| Date Jan. 27, 2022 |
Report No. IF12027 |
Title
Updated January 27, 2022 Ferry Programs in the Department of Transportation Ferries provide transportation services in a wide variety of settings and for many purposes. The main types of ferry service in the United States are commuter passenger service in urban areas, and highway vehicle carriage in rural areas where a bridge is unavailable. Coastal and island regions, such as Alaska, the U.S. ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2022 |
Report No. IF11862 |
Title
Updated January 26, 2022 Ukrainian Armed Forces In 2014, the Ukrainian military, which observers noted had been weakened by years of neglect and underfunding, faced Russia s occupation of Ukraine s Crimea region and invasion of eastern Ukraine. Since that time, the Ukrainian armed forces have made considerable improvements; they have undertaken efforts to adopt NATO standards and received ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2022 |
Report No. RL33608 |
Title
The United Nations Human Rights Council: Background and Policy Issues Updated January 26, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33608 SUMMARY The United Nations Human Rights Council: Background and Policy Issues Over the years, many Members of Congress have demonstrated an ongoing interest in the role and effectiveness of the United Nations (U.N.) Human Rights ...
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| Date Jan. 26, 2022 |
Report No. IF12028 |
Title
January 26, 2022 Aviation Concerns Regarding the Rollout of 5G Wireless Telecommunications Networks The rollout of fifth-generation (5G) wireless telecommunications networks in the United States has roiled passenger and cargo airlines and other aviation operators over fears that certain mid-band or C-band 5G signals could interfere with aircraft radio altimeters. These concerns prompted the ...
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| Date Jan. 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF12025 |
Title
January 25, 2022 Refundable Tax Credits for Families in 2021 The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA; P.L. 117-2 ) expanded three tax credits available to families for 2021 (i.e., credits generally claimed on 2021 federal income tax returns). Key aspects of these credits are summarized below. Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit (CDCTC) Child Tax Credit Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) ARPA ARPA ...
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