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| Date Jan. 25, 2022 |
Report No. R44694 |
Title
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA): Selected Legal Issues Updated January 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44694 SUMMARY The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA): Selected Legal Issues The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703-712) was enacted in 1918 to implement a 1916 treaty signed by the United States and Great Britain (acting for Canada) aimed ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2022 |
Report No. R47016 |
Title
The Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games: Issues for Congress January 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47016 {222A 0E69- 3A 4854A 73C3FF402- R151729389061503040017892172316002208118391605000415162141307161827925381612251 404714261907050016662850107190021543210517071002090011610 082521075040510111518218260515202327864942004 1 - 9 - 8 E C D D } - 2 ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11842 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: COVID-19 Vaccination-related Provisions January 24, 2022 Background On August 19, 2021, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) issued a memorandum directing the Secretaries of the Military Departments (MILDEPs) to immediately begin full vaccination of all members of the Armed Forces under DoD authority on active duty or in the Ready Reserve, including the National Guard, who are ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11843 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Expanded Childless EITC and Marriage Penalties January 24, 2022 The American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA; P.L. 117-2) temporarily expanded the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) for workers with no qualifying children for 2021. (Qualifying children for the EITC are generally children related to the taxpayer who live with them for more than half the year, in addition to meeting other ...
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| Date Jan. 24, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10690 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 17 Jan. 23, 2022) January 24, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. R46725 |
Title
Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress Updated January 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46725 SUMMARY Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress The Department of Defense (DOD) is in the process of a once-in-a-generation modernization of its approach to commanding military forces. Senior DOD ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. R47014 |
Title
An Analysis of Bank Charters and Selected Policy Issues January 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47014 SUMMARY An Analysis of Bank Charters and Selected Policy Issues R47014 January 21, 2022 Andrew P. Scott A bank charter is effectively a business license that is required for depository institutions and Analyst in Financial Economics certain financial ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. RS20530 |
Title
FHA-Insured Home Loans: An Overview Updated January 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS20530 FHA-Insured Home Loans: An Overview Summary The Federal Housing Administration (FHA), an agency of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), was created by the National Housing Act of 1934. FHA insures private lenders against the possibility of borrowers ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. IN11841 |
Title
INSIGHTi Elections Policy Overview and the 117th Congress January 21, 2022 The second session of the 117th Congress has continued considering legislation on issues related to campaign finance, elections, and voting. As Congress examines whether or how to address such proposals, a threshold question may be which policy areas the House and Senate want to affect, if any. This CRS Insight provides a ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF11706 |
Title
Updated January 21, 2022 International Trade in Services International trade in services refers to a wide and growing range of economic activities. These activities include transport, tourism, financial services, use of intellectual property, telecommunications and information services, government services, and other professional services, from accounting to legal services. In 2020, services ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10689 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Stays OSHA Vaccination and Testing Standard January 21, 2022 On January 13, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court stayed the enforcement of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration s (OSHA s) Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and testing emergency temporary standard (ETS) for employers with 100 or more employees. The ETS generally requires such employers ...
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| Date Jan. 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF11493 |
Title
Updated January 21, 2022 Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) What Is JADC2? Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) is the Department of Defense s (DOD s) concept to connect sensors from all of the military services Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Space Force into a single network. Traditionally, each of the military services developed its own tactical network that was ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2022 |
Report No. R46869 |
Title
Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 Updated January 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46869 SUMMARY Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2022 President Biden s budget request for FY2022 includes approximately $171.3 billion for research and development (R&D), $13.5 billion (8.5%) above the FY2021 estimated level of $157.8 ...
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| Date Jan. 19, 2022 |
Report No. R47013 |
Title
The Surface Transportation Board (STB): Background and Current Issues January 19, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47013 SUMMARY The Surface Transportation Board (STB): Background and Current Issues The Surface Transportation Board (STB) was created by Congress in 1995 to replace the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as the economic regulator of providers of ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2022 |
Report No. R45415 |
Title
U.S. Sanctions on Russia Updated January 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45415 SUMMARY U.S. Sanctions on Russia In early 2022, Congress, the Biden Administration, and other stakeholders are considering the prospect of new sanctions on Russia. In response to a Russian military buildup near and in Ukraine, the United States and European allies have said they ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2022 |
Report No. R47011 |
Title
Cybersecurity: Deterrence Policy January 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47011 SUMMARY Cybersecurity: Deterrence Policy Many policymakers have embraced deterrence as a driving policy position for addressing attacks in cyberspace. However, deterring attacks remains elusive as nations disagree on acceptable behavior and criminal groups proliferate. This CRS ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10687 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 10 Jan. 16, 2022), Part 1 January 18, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10688 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 10 Jan. 16, 2022), Part 2 January 18, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Jan. 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF11824 |
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Updated January 18, 2022 Social Security: Who Is Covered Under the Program? Social Security pays cash benefits to over 65 million people each month. In all cases, a Social Security beneficiary becomes eligible for benefits either by working in a job that is covered by Social Security (a covered worker), by having a close family relationship to a covered worker, or both (among other requirements). ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF11635 |
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Updated January 14, 2022 Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations COVID-19 in Europe European Responses Like most of the rest of the world, European governments and the European Union (EU) have struggled to manage the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. European leaders have characterized the pandemic as Europe s biggest challenge since the Second World War, with potentially far-reaching ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IF11094 |
Title
Updated January 14, 2022 U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress An Evolving Relationship Since the end of the Second World War, successive U.S. Administrations and many Members of Congress have supported a close U.S. partnership with Europe. Often termed the transatlantic relationship, the U.S.-European partnership encompasses the NATO alliance, relations with the European Union (EU), and ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IN11839 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Overseas Contingency Operations January 14, 2022 Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, Congress provided funding designated for emergency requirements and later for Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War on Terrorism (OCO/GWOT) to support U.S. military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and other countries, in addition to other activities. When ...
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| Date Jan. 14, 2022 |
Report No. IN11840 |
Title
INSIGHTi Organized Retail Crime and the Federal Response January 14, 2022 Retailers and retail industry advocacy groups have expressed concern about what they see as a general increase in retail crime, and more specifically an increase in organized retail crime (ORC). Reports of criminal groups, acting in flash mobs, storming stores and at times assaulting employees, have underscored these ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF12018 |
Title
January 13, 2022 International Food Assistance and Agricultural Cargo Preference The United States is the largest provider of international food assistance globally. Approximately 40% of funding for such assistance in FY2020 (the most recent year for which comprehensive data are available) was used for the provision of food grown in the United States, referred to as U.S. in-kind assistance, to ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF11232 |
Title
Updated January 13, 2022 Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) What is the GSP? The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a trade program that provides nonreciprocal, dutyfree treatment for certain U.S. imports from eligible developing countries. The GSP is the largest such U.S. program; there are other regional preference programs, including the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IN11697 |
Title
INSIGHTi Juneteenth National Independence Day: A New Federal Holiday Updated January 13, 2022 On June 17, 2021, President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act (P.L. 11771) into law. It had passed the Senate on June 15 and the House of Representatives on June 16. The act amends Section 6103(a), Title 5 of the United States Code to designate June 19 as Juneteenth National ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10686 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Historical Practices (Part 8) January 13, 2022 This Legal Sidebar Post is the eighth in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF12016 |
Title
January 13, 2022 Semiconductors, CHIPS for America, and Appropriations in the U.S. Innovation and Competition Act (S. 1260) Global Landscape for Semiconductor Fabrication Semiconductors, or computer chips, enable nearly all industrial activities, including systems that undergird U.S. industrial competitiveness and national security. They are instrumental in technologies that address a wide ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF11713 |
Title
Updated January 13, 2022 Introduction to Financial Services: Credit Unions Background Permissible Lending Activities Credit unions are nonprofit financial cooperatives, meaning that these depository institutions are owned and operated entirely by their members. The concept of the modern credit union stems from small group cooperatives that emerged in financially underserved localities (dating as ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IN11838 |
Title
INSIGHTi EB-5 in Flux: Updates Regarding the Regional Center Program and Immigrant Investor Program Modernization Rule January 13, 2022 In 1990, Congress established the EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program, the fifth employment-based immigrant preference category, to encourage job creation and foreign investment in the United States. The program provides a pathway to lawful permanent residence (LPR ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10685 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Structuralism (Part 7) January 13, 2022 This Legal Sidebar Post is the seventh in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see CRS ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10684 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Moral Reasoning and the National Ethos (Part 6) January 13, 2022 This Legal Sidebar Post is the sixth in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IN11801 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Mental Health Care Updated January 13, 2022 Background Congress authorizes, through the annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Department of Defense (DOD) mental health programs and services that support servicemembers, military retirees, and their families. DOD administers many mental health programs that offer education; awareness; crisis prevention resources; ...
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| Date Jan. 13, 2022 |
Report No. IF11778 |
Title
Updated January 13, 2022 Potential Military Roles for Supersonic Transports A new generation of supersonic (faster than the speed of sound in level flight, also called Mach 1) passenger aircraft is now under development. Using low-boom technology developed through NASA research to minimize sound signatures on the ground, advanced engines, and alternative fuel concepts, these new supersonic ...
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| Date Jan. 12, 2022 |
Report No. R46983 |
Title
Military Families and Financial Readiness Updated January 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46983 SUMMARY Military Families and Financial Readiness DOD identifies financial readiness as one of the major components of military family readiness and, ultimately, operational readiness. It has been defined as, the state in which successful management of personal ...
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| Date Jan. 12, 2022 |
Report No. R47007 |
Title
Economic Growth Approaches in U.S. Foreign Assistance January 12, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47007 SUMMARY Economic Growth Approaches in U.S. Foreign Assistance R47007 January 12, 2022 Nick M. Brown U.S. assistance for economic growth has declined as a share of total foreign assistance for Analyst in Foreign Assistance and Foreign international development ...
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| Date Jan. 12, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10683 |
Title
Legal Sidebari FBI v. Fazaga: Supreme Court Examines Interplay of State Secrets Privilege and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act January 12, 2022 On November 8, 2021, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) v. Fazaga, a case that explores the circumstances in which a federal court may examine classified information in a civil lawsuit in order to ...
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| Date Jan. 11, 2022 |
Report No. R44947 |
Title
The Alien Tort Statute: A Primer Updated January 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44947 The Alien Tort Statute: A Primer Summary Passed by the First Congress as part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), in its current form, provides the following: The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for ...
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| Date Jan. 11, 2022 |
Report No. IN11804 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: President s Budget Request Updated January 11, 2022 The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) typically authorizes discretionary funding for nearly all Department of Defense (DOD) programs, national security programs of the Department of Energy, and certain other defense-related activities. While the NDAA does not appropriate funding (i.e., provide budget authority ...
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| Date Jan. 11, 2022 |
Report No. R47008 |
Title
Law Enforcement and Technology: Using Social Media January 11, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47008 SUMMARY Law Enforcement and Technology: Using Social Media As the ways in which individuals interact continue to evolve, social media has had an increasing role in facilitating communication and the sharing of content online including moderated and unmoderated, ...
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| Date Jan. 11, 2022 |
Report No. IF12014 |
Title
January 11, 2022 Social Security Retirement Earnings Test Overview Background Social Security is a work-related, federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of the worker s retirement, disability, or death. Social Security retirement benefits received between age 62 and the full retirement age (FRA) which falls between 65 ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R46859 |
Title
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2021 Appropriations Updated January 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46859 SUMMARY Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2021 Appropriations This report offers an overview of actions taken by Congress and the President to provide FY2021 appropriations for accounts funded by the Departments of ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R47006 |
Title
U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview and Issues January 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47006 SUMMARY U.S. International Development Finance Corporation: Overview and Issues The U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) is the U.S. government s development finance institution (DFI). It is authorized by the Better ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R40213 |
Title
Foreign Assistance: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy Updated January 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40213 SUMMARY Foreign Assistance: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy Foreign assistance is the largest component of the international affairs budget and is viewed by many Members of Congress as an essential instrument of U.S. foreign ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10682 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Jan. 3 Jan. 9, 2022) January 10, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. R46457 |
Title
Status of FY2021 Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education Appropriations: In Brief Updated January 10, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46457 Status of FY2021 LHHS Appropriations Contents Scope of the LHHS Bill................................................................................................................... 1 Context for ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF12015 |
Title
January 10, 2022 The John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2021, S. 4 (117th Congress): Legal Overview The John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act of 2021, S. 4 (117th Congress), currently pending in the Senate, would primarily amend the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA). In part, S. 4 appears to respond to Supreme Court decisions that evaluated provisions of the VRA. This In Focus ...
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| Date Jan. 10, 2022 |
Report No. IF12012 |
Title
January 10, 2022 Treasury Securities Market Disruptions and Policy Issues The U.S. Treasury securities market is considered one of the most important financial markets in the world. The market provides a low-risk (backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government) and liquid asset for global investors while raising funding to finance U.S. federal spending. Any event that significantly ...
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| Date Jan. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11797 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Budgetary Context Updated January 7, 2022 Congressional consideration of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (NDAA; H.R. 4350; S. 2792; S. 1605; P.L. 117-81) occurred as federal spending was projected to continue to exceed revenues. This trend raised questions about whether pressure to reduce the federal deficit would affect defense budget plans. In ...
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| Date Jan. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN10961 |
Title
INSIGHTi Senators Lying in State in the U.S. Capitol Updated January 7, 2022 On January 12, 2022, Senator Harry M. Reid, who died on December 28, 2021, is to lie in state in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. Traditionally an honor bestowed upon American political and military leaders, 36 individuals (not including Senator Reid) have lain in state or honor in the Capitol Rotunda. Additionally, ...
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