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| Date Jan. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IF11352 |
Title
Updated January 7, 2022 The Abandoned Mine Reclamation Fund: Issues and Legislation in the 117th Congress Coal mining and production in the United States in the 20th century contributed to the nation meeting its energy requirements and left a legacy of unreclaimed lands. As amended, Title IV of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) authorized federal funding to reclaim ...
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| Date Jan. 7, 2022 |
Report No. IN11837 |
Title
INSIGHTi Unexpected FY2022 Air Force Program Announcements January 7, 2022 Since June 2021, elements of the United States Air Force have announced intentions to pursue several new major programs. Each of the programs would likely be of congressional interest on their own, but they are more unusual in aggregate, for at least three reasons: The programs were announced outside the usual cycle, not as ...
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| Date Jan. 6, 2022 |
Report No. R40623 |
Title
Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion Updated January 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40623 SUMMARY Tax Havens: International Tax Avoidance and Evasion Addressing tax evasion and avoidance through use of tax havens has been the subject of a number of proposals in Congress and by the President. Actions by the Organization for Economic ...
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| Date Jan. 6, 2022 |
Report No. R47004 |
Title
Indian Health Service (IHS) FY2022 Budget Request and Funding History: In Brief January 6, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47004 SUMMARY Indian Health Service (IHS) FY2022 Budget Request and Funding History: In Brief R47004 January 6, 2022 Elayne J. Heisler The Indian Health Service (IHS), within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Specialist in ...
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| Date Jan. 6, 2022 |
Report No. IN11304 |
Title
INSIGHTi COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission (COC) Updated January 6, 2022 On March 27, 2020, President Donald Trump signed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) into law (P.L. 116-136). Section 4020 of Title IV, Subtitle A, the Coronavirus Economic Stabilization Act of 2020, established a five-member Congressional Oversight Commission (COC) as one of several ...
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| Date Jan. 6, 2022 |
Report No. IN11788 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Strategic Context Updated January 6, 2022 Congressional consideration of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (NDAA; H.R. 4350; S. 2792; S. 1605; P.L. 117-81) occurred as the Biden Administration was developing strategic guidance for national security and defense programs. By law, for example, the President is required to submit to Congress a National ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. IF12011 |
Title
January 5, 2022 Federal Grants to States and Local Governments Under Continuing Resolutions Introduction Congress uses an annual appropriations process to fund the routine activities of most federal agencies. This process anticipates the enactment of 12 regular appropriations bills before the beginning of the fiscal year. When this process is delayed beyond the start of the fiscal year, one or ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. R47012 |
Title
U.S. Restrictions on Huawei Technologies: National Security, Foreign Policy, and Economic Interests January 5, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47012 SUMMARY U.S. Restrictions on Huawei Technologies: National Security, Foreign Policy, and Economic Interests R47012 January 5, 2022 Jill C. Gallagher Analyst in Telecommunications Policy Huawei Technologies Co., ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. IF11685 |
Title
Updated January 5, 2022 Special Authorities for Veterans Educational Assistance Programs During the COVID-19 Emergency On January 31, 2020, the Secretary of Health and Human Services declared a public health emergency (COVID-19 emergency) under Section 319 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 247d). The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and veterans educational assistance beneficiaries ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. IN11857 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Active Component EndStrength January 5, 2022 Background The term end-strength refers to either the authorized or actual personnel strength of a specified branch of the military on September 30th of a given year (i.e., the last day of the fiscal year). Each year, in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress sets an authorized end-strength for active component ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. IN11779 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Extremism in the Military Updated January 5, 2022 Background Government agencies and other experts have warned of an increasing threat of domestic violent extremism in the United States, efforts by supremacist and anti-government extremist groups to recruit those with military experience, and evidence of military-affiliated personnel membership and participation in these ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. IN11836 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Circuit Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Comparative Analysis January 5, 2022 This Insight provides information related to the number of U.S. circuit court nominees confirmed during the first calendar year of the Biden presidency (2021), as well as information about the number of such nominees confirmed during the first years of ...
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| Date Jan. 5, 2022 |
Report No. IN11835 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. District Court Nominees Confirmed During the First Year of the Biden Presidency: Overview and Comparative Analysis January 5, 2022 This Insight provides information related to the number of U.S. district court nominees confirmed during the first calendar year of the Biden presidency (2021), as well as information about the number of such nominees confirmed during the first years of ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. R46892 |
Title
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA): Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Updated January 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46892 SUMMARY Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA): Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure In recent years, multiple events have increased attention to the condition of the nation s local drinking water ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. R41523 |
Title
Small Business Administration and Job Creation Updated January 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41523 Small Business Administration and Job Creation Summary The Small Business Administration (SBA) administers several programs to support small businesses, including loan guaranty programs, disaster loan programs, management and technical assistance training ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. R47003 |
Title
Corporate Income Taxation in a Global Economy January 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47003 SUMMARY Corporate Income Taxation in a Global Economy The taxation of corporate income in a global economy is arguably the most complex area of U.S. tax policy. The United States increasing interconnection with the rest of the world through trade and financial ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. R44970 |
Title
The National Health Service Corps Updated January 4, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44970 SUMMARY The National Health Service Corps The National Health Service Corps (NHSC) provides scholarships and loan repayments to health care providers in exchange for a period of service in a health professional shortage area (HPSA). The program places clinicians at ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF12009 |
Title
January 4, 2022 1994 Land-Grant Universities: Background and Selected Issues The 1994 Institutions are the Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) that belong to the U.S. land-grant university (LGU) system. As such, they receive federal funds for agricultural research, education, and extension through programs administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) National Institute of Food ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN11780 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Active Component EndStrength Updated January 4, 2022 Background The term end-strength refers to either the authorized or actual personnel strength of a specified branch of the military on September 30th of a given year (i.e., the last day of the fiscal year). Each year, in the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress sets an authorized end-strength for active ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IN11834 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Summary of Discretionary Authorizations January 4, 2022 Of the $768.3 billion requested in the FY2022 President s budget for national defense programs, $743.1 billion was for discretionary programs falling within the scope of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (NDAA; P.L. 117-81). The remainder of the national defense budget request was for ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF11064 |
Title
Updated January 4, 2022 U.S. Efforts to Combat Money Laundering, Terrorist Financing, and Other Illicit Financial Threats: An Overview The United States maintains a multifaceted policy regime for tackling anti-money laundering (AML), combating the financing of terrorism (CFT), and countering illicit financial threats. Key issues for the 117th Congress may include oversight of the U.S. government s ...
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| Date Jan. 4, 2022 |
Report No. IF11967 |
Title
Updated January 4, 2022 Money Laundering in the U.S. Real Estate Sector Global Trends and Domestic Concerns Money laundering and other financial crimes in the real estate sector take many forms and continue to challenge real estate, financial institution, law enforcement, policymaker, and regulatory stakeholders. Global scrutiny of the real estate market s vulnerability to money laundering has ...
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| Date Jan. 3, 2022 |
Report No. RL33142 |
Title
Libya: Transition and U.S. Policy Updated January 3, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33142 {222A0E69-13A2-4 985-84AE-73 CC3D FF4D02}- RL-135247 207143 051190 174139 139138 199243 247081 079044 189082 121221 148141 128144 079030 154089 185085 25411 724719 713224 011614 124020 316225 311112 814114 820903 325207 805923 517703 522200 321218 818414 418909 401919 ...
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| Date Jan. 3, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10680 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Dec. 27, 2021 Jan. 2, 2022) January 3, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2021 |
Report No. IN11833 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Status of Legislative Activity Updated December 30, 2021 By law (31 U.S.C. 1105(a)), the President is to send the federal budget request to Congress by the first Monday in February. In practice, the President sometimes sends it later, particularly during presidential transition years. On May 28, 2021, President Joseph R. Biden submitted the FY2022 budget request. ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10678 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Judicial Precedent (Part 4) December 30, 2021 This Legal Sidebar Post is the fourth in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2021 |
Report No. IF11998 |
Title
Updated December 30, 2021 Federal Locality-Based Comparability Payments for General Schedule Employees The Federal Employees Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA) authorizes locality-based comparability payments for General Schedule (GS) employees. (See 5 U.S.C. 5304, 5304a.) Locality pay implementation and adjustment procedures are specified in the statute and Office of Personnel Management (OPM) ...
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| Date Dec. 30, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10679 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Pragmatism (Part 5) December 30, 2021 This Legal Sidebar Post is the fifth in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see CRS Report ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10677 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Original Meaning (Part 3) December 29, 2021 This Legal Sidebar Post is the third in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see CRS ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10676 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: Textualism (Part 2) December 29, 2021 This Legal Sidebar Post is the second in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see CRS ...
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| Date Dec. 29, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10675 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: An Introduction (Part 1) December 29, 2021 This Legal Sidebar Post is the first in a nine-part series that discusses certain methods or modes of analysis that the Supreme Court has employed to determine the meaning of a provision within the Constitution. (For additional background on this topic and citations to relevant sources, please see CRS ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2021 |
Report No. R45519 |
Title
The Army s Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated December 28, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45519 SUMMARY The Army s Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) Program: Background and Issues for Congress R45519 December 28, 2021 Andrew Feickert Specialist in Military Ground Forces In June 2018, in part ...
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| Date Dec. 28, 2021 |
Report No. RL30959 |
Title
Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations Updated December 28, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30959 Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation Summary As part of the process of making an appointment to an advice and consent position, the President submits a nomination to the Senate. ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IF12007 |
Title
December 27, 2021 A Visual Depiction of the Shift from Defined Benefit (DB) to Defined Contribution (DC) Pension Plans in the Private Sector Background One of the notable trends in the U.S. retirement system over the past five decades is that private-sector employees have become less likely to be covered by defined benefit (DB) pension plans and more likely to be covered by defined contribution ( ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IF12008 |
Title
December 27, 2021 Private-Sector Pensions in 2019: Number of Plans, Participants, and Amount of Assets Introduction A pension is a voluntary benefit offered by employers to assist employees in providing for their financial security in retirement. Many employers in both the public sector (federal, state, and local governments) and in the private sector (for-profit and nonprofit companies) offer ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2021 |
Report No. LSB10674 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Dec. 20 Dec. 26, 2021) December 27, 2021 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date Dec. 27, 2021 |
Report No. IN11702 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Debt Limit in 2021 Updated December 27, 2021 Debt limit episodes have been a recurrent federal fiscal feature in the past two decades. Since 2002, the debt limit has been modified 20 times. In August 2019, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2019 (BBA 2019; P.L. 116-37) suspended the debt limit through July 31, 2021. The limit was reset at just over $28.4 trillion at the beginning of August ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2021 |
Report No. R45124 |
Title
The Child Tax Credit: Legislative History Updated December 23, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45124 SUMMARY The Child Tax Credit: Legislative History When the child tax credit was initially enacted in 1997, it was a relatively modest nonrefundable tax credit for middle-income families with children. Through successive legislative changes, eligibility for the ...
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| Date Dec. 23, 2021 |
Report No. IN11658 |
Title
INSIGHTi El Salvador: Authoritarian Actions and U.S. Response Updated December 23, 2021 On December 9, 2021, the Department of the Treasury announced sanctions against Salvadoran President Nayib Bukele s chief of staff for corruption associated with a massive pandemic-related procurement scandal. Treasury sanctioned two other officials the previous day, for providing illicit favors to the Treasury ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46998 |
Title
Senate Finance Committee Tax Provisions in the Build Back Better Act December 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46998 Senate Finance Committee Tax Provisions in the Build Back Better Act Contents Tables Table 1. Subtitle E Infrastructure Financing and Community Development ............................... 3 Table 2. Subtitle F Green Energy ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46683 |
Title
Federal Resources for State and Local Economic Development Updated December 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46683 SUMMARY Federal Resources for State and Local Economic Development Congress has authorized over 130 economic development programs administered by over 20 departments and agencies. These programs support efforts to improve job opportunities, tax ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46999 |
Title
Immigration: Apprehensions and Expulsions at the Southwest Border December 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46999 SUMMARY Immigration: Apprehensions and Expulsions at the Southwest Border In FY2021, the Department of Homeland Security s (DHS s) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) recorded 1,659,206 border enforcement encounters with foreign nationals (aliens ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2021 |
Report No. RL32896 |
Title
Social Security: Raising or Eliminating the Taxable Earnings Base Updated December 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32896 Social Security: Raising or Eliminating the Taxable Earnings Base Summary Social Security taxes are levied on covered earnings up to a maximum level set each year. In 2022, this maximum formally called the contribution and benefit base, ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46997 |
Title
Alaska Native Lands and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress December 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46997 SUMMARY Alaska Native Lands and the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA): Overview and Selected Issues for Congress R46997 December 22, 2021 Tana Fitzpatrick Specialist in Natural Resources ...
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| Date Dec. 22, 2021 |
Report No. R46996 |
Title
International Organ Trafficking: In Brief December 22, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46996 International Organ Trafficking: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Characteristics ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2021 |
Report No. IN11832 |
Title
INSIGHTi Breaking Down the U.S. Inflation Rate December 21, 2021 Focus on rising consumer prices has increased amid the latest data release from the Bureau of Labor Statistics showing that the inflation rate, as measured by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U), was 6.8% over the 12 months ending November 2021, the largest 12-month increase in 39 years. Inflation is generally ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2021 |
Report No. IF12005 |
Title
December 21, 2021 Zambia: 2021 Elections and New Government In Zambia s August 2021 general elections, longtime opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema won the presidential race with 59% of votes after five prior unsuccessful runs. In concurrent National Assembly elections, his United Party for National Development (UPND) party won a majority; it holds 56% of 165 seats, including appointed ones. U.S. ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2021 |
Report No. R44503 |
Title
Federal Student Aid: Need Analysis Formulas and Expected Family Contribution Updated December 21, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44503 Federal Student Aid: Need Analysis Formulas and Expected Family Contribution Summary This report describes the need analysis formulas used to calculate the Expected Family Contribution (EFC) for federal student aid applicants. ...
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| Date Dec. 21, 2021 |
Report No. IN11295 |
Title
INSIGHTi Business Interruption Insurance and COVID-19 Updated December 21, 2021 The economic disruption from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has provoked debate among insurers, policyholders, and other stakeholders about who is responsible for these losses . The loss of income from mandatory or voluntary closures, supply chain disruptions, and reduced demand due to social ...
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| Date Dec. 20, 2021 |
Report No. R46994 |
Title
Proposals for a COVID-19 Congressional Advisory Commission in the 117th Congress: A Comparative Analysis December 20, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46994 SUMMARY Proposals for a COVID-19 Congressional Advisory Commission in the 117th Congress: A Comparative Analysis R46994 December 20, 2021 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress Historically, Congress ...
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