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| Date March 29, 2022 |
Report No. IF11957 |
Title
Updated March 29, 2022 Mark-to-Market Taxation of Capital Gains Capital gains are subject to tax only when realized upon sale of an asset. The tax does not apply to gain on assets passed on at death, due to tax rules that apply to capital gains realized by heirs. This exclusion from the tax base limits the taxes, in particular, that can be imposed on highincome taxpayers who hold most of the ...
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| Date March 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10720 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: Judicial Minimalism (Part 1 of 3) March 29, 2022 The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine is a set of rules the Supreme Court has developed to guide federal courts in disposing of cases that raise constitutional questions in order to minimize tensions that arise when an unelected federal judiciary sets aside laws enacted by Congress or state ...
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| Date March 29, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10722 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine: The Constitutional-Doubt Canon (Part 3 of 3) March 29, 2022 The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (see CRS Legal Sidebar LSB10719, The Modes of Constitutional Analysis: The Constitutional Avoidance Doctrine (Part 9)) is a set of rules the Supreme Court has developed to guide federal courts in disposing of cases that raise constitutional ...
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| Date March 29, 2022 |
Report No. IN11904 |
Title
INSIGHTi Presidential Succession in Turkmenistan: Issues for Congress March 29, 2022 Overview Turkmenistan, an authoritarian country rich in hydrocarbons that borders Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and the Caspian Sea, held a snap presidential election on March 12, 2022. Serdar Berdimuhamedov, son of incumbent President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, won with a reported 73% of the vote and ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. IF11855 |
Title
Updated March 28, 2022 Bureau of Reclamation: FY2022 Appropriations Overview The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), part of the Department of the Interior, is responsible for construction and operation of hundreds of large dams and water diversion structures in the 17 western reclamation states designated in statute by Congress. These projects provide water to approximately 10 million acres of ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10718 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Mar. 21 Mar. 27, 2022), Part 2 March 28, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. IN11902 |
Title
INSIGHTi Illicit Fentanyl and Weapons of Mass Destruction: International Controls and Policy Options March 28, 2022 As synthetic opioid overdose deaths in the United States reach historic levels, some policy stakeholders have sought U.S. action in designating fentanyl as a weapon of mass destruction (WMD). Such calls have also prompted congressional interest. Although a statutory designation of ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. R47053 |
Title
Private Equity and Capital Markets Policy March 28, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47053 SUMMARY Private Equity and Capital Markets Policy Private equity (PE) is a type of private fund, meaning a fund that generally pools money from institutional and individual investors that meet certain criteria indicating they are more sophisticated and able to invest in ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. IF11460 |
Title
Updated March 28, 2022 Overdraft: Payment Service or Small-Dollar Credit? Funding Gaps in Consumer Finances One of the earliest documented cases of bank overdraft dates back to 1728, when a Royal Bank of Scotland customer requested a cash credit to allow him to withdraw more money from his account than it held. Three centuries later, technologies, such as electronic payments (e.g., debit cards) ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. IN11867 |
Title
INSIGHTi Military Response to Omicron and COVID-19: Federal Armed Forces and National Guard Updated March 28, 2022 On November 26, 2021, the World Health Organization designated the Omicron mutation of the SARSCoV-2 virus a variant of concern. Since then, Omicron has become the dominant strain of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States. After a case surge from December 2021 ...
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| Date March 28, 2022 |
Report No. IF12068 |
Title
March 28, 2022 U.S. Nationals and Foreign Military Service Background International law grants rights to and imposes duties upon a neutral state during an armed conflict between belligerent nations. One of these duties is that neutral states shall not furnish troops to belligerent states, except this duty does not include independent actions by a neutral state s citizens. A state s neutrality is ...
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| Date March 25, 2022 |
Report No. R43166 |
Title
Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and U.S. Relations Updated March 25, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43166 Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and U.S. Relations Summary Regional security, humanitarian needs, and global health are longstanding concerns for U.S. policymakers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The country s vast mineral ...
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| Date March 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF12067 |
Title
March 25, 2022 Overview of U.S. International Food Assistance The U.S. government administers international food assistance programs that aim to alleviate hunger and improve food security around the world. Some of these programs provide emergency assistance to people affected by conflict or natural disaster. Other programs provide nonemergency assistance to help communities improve agricultural ...
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| Date March 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF11357 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2022 Expedited Removal of Aliens: An Introduction Non-U.S. nationals (aliens) who do not meet requirements governing their entry or continued presence in the United States may be subject to removal. The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) establishes different removal processes for different categories of aliens. Most removable aliens apprehended within the interior of the ...
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| Date March 25, 2022 |
Report No. IN11901 |
Title
INSIGHTi Breakthrough on a Potential COVID-19 Intellectual Property Rights Waiver March 25, 2022 On March 15, 2022, the United States, the European Union (EU), India, and South Africa reached agreement on a proposed TRIPS patent waiver for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. The Director-General (DG) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) welcomed the compromise among key players in the ...
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| Date March 25, 2022 |
Report No. IF11979 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2022 Internal Revenue Service Appropriations, FY2022 Overview of the Budget Request The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has two primary responsibilities: (1) to collect most of the revenue to fund federal government agencies and programs, and (2) to enforce taxpayer compliance with federal tax laws. According to the IRS Data Book, in FY2020, the agency processed over 240 million ...
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| Date March 25, 2022 |
Report No. IG10023 |
Title
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2021 Updated March 25, 2022 Author Information Marco A. Villagrana Analyst in Health Care Financing Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. R47005 |
Title
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2022 Updated March 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47005 SUMMARY Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2022 On May 28, 2021, the Joseph R. Biden Administration released its annual budget request for FY2022, including a $90.80 billion budget request for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. R46288 |
Title
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standards (ETS) on Health Care Employment and Vaccinations and Testing for Large Employers Updated March 24, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46288 SUMMARY Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): COVID-19 Emergency Temporary Standards (ETS) on Health Care Employment ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. R47046 |
Title
The 2020 Decennial Census: Assessments to Date of Census Quality Updated March 16, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47046 SUMMARY The 2020 Decennial Census: Assessments to Date of Census Quality The 2020 decennial census was innovative in several ways. New technology was developed to make updating the Census Bureau s Master Address File, used for contacting the ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. IF11627 |
Title
Updated March 24, 2022 U.S. Export Controls and China Since 2018, Congress and the executive branch have revised through legislation, regulation, and licensing practices the U.S. export control system that regulates dual-use exports (goods and technology that may have both civilian and military uses). Much of the legislative reform has focused on controlling emerging and foundational technologies, ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10713 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Fourth Amendment and the Internet: Legal Limits on Digital Searches for Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) March 24, 2022 Various federal statutes criminalize the production, distribution, solicitation, and possession of child pornography, defined in part as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor. Over time, Congress has sought to augment the ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11899 |
Title
INSIGHTi Financial Services Provisions in the FY2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 117103) March 24, 2022 On March 15, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (H.R. 2471, also called the FY2022 omnibus ), was signed into law as P.L. 117-103. The act includes a number of divisions not directly related to appropriations that address various policy areas. This Insight summarizes the ...
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| Date March 24, 2022 |
Report No. IN11472 |
Title
INSIGHTi Members of the House of Representatives Lying in State in the U.S. Capitol Updated March 24, 2022 On March 29, 2022, Representative Donald E. Young, who died on March 18, 2022, will lie in state at the U.S. Capitol. In a press release, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that Representative Young will lie in state in National Statuary Hall in the United States Capitol on Tuesday, March ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. R46989 |
Title
FEMA Hazard Mitigation: A First Step Toward Climate Adaptation Updated March 23, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46989 SUMMARY FEMA Hazard Mitigation: A First Step Toward Climate Adaptation With the increasing severity and frequency of natural disasters, attributed at least in part to climate change, policymakers often view mitigation funding as a way to ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10712 |
Title
Legal Sidebar Stratospheric Ozone Treaties and the Kigali Amendment: Ratification Considerations March 23, 2022 For at least four decades, the United States has been engaged in global efforts to protect the earth s stratospheric ozone layer. The stratospheric ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation that can otherwise result in increased risks of skin cancers, cataracts, and harm to ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. IG10030 |
Title
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2022 March 23, 2022 Author Information Marco A. Villagrana Analyst in Health Care Financing Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11898 |
Title
INSIGHTi A Revisit of the Domain Name System After Russia s Invasion of Ukraine March 23, 2022 Following Russia s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Ukrainian Deputy Prime Minister Mykhailo Fedorov asked the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to sanction Russia s internet access. Federov requested changes to the domain name system (DNS) revoking the top-level domains . ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF12065 |
Title
March 23, 2022 Using Retirement Account Features for Short-Term Savings Introduction Workers can often use retirement savings for unexpected expenses. However, policymakers have expressed an interest in helping workers save for emergencies in ways that do not draw down their retirement assets. Employersponsored defined contribution (DC) plans which facilitate long-term savings could serve as a ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. IN11900 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Role of Russian Natural Gas March 23, 2022 Russian natural gas exports have been and continue to be of interest to Congress, whether regarding the Nord Stream 2 and TurkStream natural gas pipelines, European energy security, or geopolitical influences. Particularly for Europe, Russia s natural gas industry holds greater geopolitical significance than Russian oil. Most of Russia s ...
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| Date March 23, 2022 |
Report No. IF12064 |
Title
March 23, 2022 Crude Oil Windfall Profits Taxes: Background and Policy Considerations Recent increases in gasoline prices and reports of high profits from large oil companies have contributed to congressional interest in a crude oil windfall profits tax. What Are Windfall Profits? Windfall (or excess) profits taxes are, in theory, designed to tax the portion of profits a firm derives from an ...
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| Date March 22, 2022 |
Report No. R45199 |
Title
Violence Against Journalists in Mexico: In Brief Updated March 22, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45199 Violence Against Journalists in Mexico: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Press Freedom Conditions in ...
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| Date March 22, 2022 |
Report No. IN11896 |
Title
INSIGHTi Evaluation Process and Ratings of Supreme Court Nominees by the American Bar Association March 22, 2022 This Insight provides information related to the evaluation and rating of a Supreme Court nominee by the American Bar Association (ABA). Once a President nominates, or announces an intention to nominate, an individual to a vacancy on the Court, the nominee is evaluated by the American ...
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| Date March 21, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10711 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (Mar. 14 Mar. 20, 2022) March 21, 2022 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 21, 2022 |
Report No. IN11866 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s Invasion of Ukraine: NATO Response Updated March 21, 2022 The 30-member North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; see Figure 1) has condemned Russia s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which it has characterized as the most dangerous moment in European security in a generation. Underscoring its role as a defensive alliance, NATO has joined the United States in declaring that it ...
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| Date March 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF10920 |
Title
Updated March 21, 2022 Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management: An Introduction Introduction A supply chain consists of the system of organizations, people, activities, information, and resources that provide products or services to consumers. Like other types of goods, a global supply chain exists for the development, manufacture, and distribution of information technology (IT) products (i.e., ...
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| Date March 21, 2022 |
Report No. IN11868 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Federal Reserve and Inflation Updated March 21, 2022 On March 16, 2022, the Federal Reserve (Fed) raised the federal funds rate (FFR), its main monetary policy tool, by 0.25 percentage points. This was the first time that rates were raised above zero since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the Fed set rates near zero in response to the large decline in employment. As the ...
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| Date March 21, 2022 |
Report No. R40555 |
Title
Delegates to the U.S. Congress: History and Current Status Updated March 21, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40555 Delegates to the U.S. Congress: History and Current Status Summary Delegates, representing territories that had not yet achieved statehood, have served in the House since the late 1700s. In the 20th century, the concept of delegate grew to include ...
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| Date March 21, 2022 |
Report No. IF11315 |
Title
Updated March 21, 2022 The LIBOR Transition LIBOR is a key benchmark interest rate underpinning many financial contracts, but it is being discontinued between December 2021 and June 2023. This In Focus discusses efforts to transition away from the use of LIBOR in financial products in order to avoid disruption if LIBOR disappears, including Division U of P.L. 117-103. LIBOR What Is LIBOR? LIBOR ...
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| Date March 18, 2022 |
Report No. IN11881 |
Title
INSIGHTi Invasion of Ukraine: Russia s Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues Updated March 18, 2022 Following Russia s invasion of Ukraine, the United States and its allies have imposed financial sanctions and taken trade actions. Some Members of Congress have introduced legislation (e.g., H.R. 6835, H.R. 6905, H.R. 7014, S. 3725, S. 3717, S. 3786) to revoke Russia s permanent normal trade ...
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| Date March 18, 2022 |
Report No. IF11611 |
Title
Updated March 18, 2022 State-Administered IRA Programs: Overview and Considerations for Congress Overview While Congress addresses retirement security at the national level and establishes federal pension and other savings incentives, several states have enacted or implemented state-administered retirement savings programs to increase retirement plan access and savings among private-sector ...
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| Date March 18, 2022 |
Report No. IN11895 |
Title
INSIGHTi FY2022 NDAA: Research, Development, Test and Evaluation Authorizations March 18, 2022 The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) typically authorizes appropriations for Department of Defense (DOD) research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E) programs in Title II of Division A. RDT&E accounts fund a range of activities carried out by DOD, as well as laboratories in other federal ...
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| Date March 18, 2022 |
Report No. R46978 |
Title
Comparing DHS Component Funding Proposals, FY2022: In Brief Updated March 18, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46978 Comparing DHS Component Funding Proposals, FY2022: In Brief Contents The FY2022 DHS Appropriations Process...................................................................................... 1 Annual Appropriations ...
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| Date March 17, 2022 |
Report No. IN11894 |
Title
INSIGHTi Russia s Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for Agricultural Trade and Production March 17, 2022 On February 24, 2022, Russia initiated a widespread invasion of Ukrainian territory, including Russian attacks from forces deployed in Belarus. In response to the invasion, the United States and other countries imposed financial and trade sanctions on Russia and Belarus. The combined impacts of ...
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| Date March 17, 2022 |
Report No. R45300 |
Title
Questioning Judicial Nominees: Legal Limitations and Practice Updated March 17, 2022 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45300 SUMMARY Questioning Judicial Nominees: Legal Limitations and Practice The U.S. Constitution vests the Senate with the role of providing advice and granting or withholding consent when a President nominates a candidate to be an Article III judge ...
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| Date March 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF10752 |
Title
Updated March 16, 2022 Methane Emissions: A Primer Methane: The Chemical Methane is the world s simplest hydrocarbon, with a chemical formula of CH4 (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions and is commonly produced through the decomposition of organic materials in the absence of oxygen. It is released into the atmosphere by natural sources ...
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| Date March 16, 2022 |
Report No. LSB10710 |
Title
Legal Sidebari The Law of War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine March 16, 2022 In the days after Russia s invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, many countries condemned the action as a violation of international law governing when countries may use force against one another. Since then, several observers, including the U.S. Secretary of State and other foreign government officials, have ...
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| Date March 16, 2022 |
Report No. IN11891 |
Title
INSIGHTi Attacks against the United Arab Emirates: Issues for Congress March 16, 2022 Overview In early 2022, the Iran-backed, Yemen-based Ansar Allah/Houthi movement ( the Houthis ) launched several missile and drone attacks against targets in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), killing three foreign nationals. Targets in the UAE included Al Dhafra Air Base, which hosts the United States Air Forces ...
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| Date March 16, 2022 |
Report No. IF12061 |
Title
March 16, 2022 Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience: Countering Russian and Other Nation-State Cyber Threats The United States and its allies have levied economic sanctions against Russia following its invasion of Ukraine. Many observers fear Russian state or state-sponsored cyberattacks against U.S. critical infrastructure in response. Critical infrastructure is defined in statute as ...
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| Date March 15, 2022 |
Report No. IN11890 |
Title
INSIGHTi Ukraine: New U.S. Deployments to Europe Might Raise War Powers Resolution Questions March 15, 2022 In response to Russia s invasion of Ukraine, and in coordination with NATO allies, President Biden has announced the deployment of U.S. armed forces to Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Greece, and the Czech Republic, as well as Germany, to defend the eastern flank of ...
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